Public health involves protecting and improving community health through education, policymaking, and research. It is a multidisciplinary field that applies biology, social sciences, and other areas to address health problems. An epidemic affects a large number of people within a community, while a pandemic spreads over multiple countries or continents. In India, public health focuses on prevention and has led to improved health outcomes such as reduced mortality, control of diseases like polio and tetanus, and use of digital tools to track health programs.

1. PHD ASSIGNMENT
BY PALLAV PRAKASH
ROLL NO.- 170391061
1. What is public health?
- Public health is defined as the science ofprotectingthe safety and
improving the health of communitiesthrough education,policy making and
research fordiseaseand injury prevention.
The definition of public health is differentforevery person.Whetheryou like
to crunch numbers,conductlaboratory or field research,formulate policy,
or work directly with people to help improve their health,there is a place for
you in the field of public health. Being a public health professionalenables
you to work around the world, address health problems of communities as
a whole,and influence policies thataffectthe health of societies.
Public health involves the applicationof many differentdisciplines:
• Biology
• Anthropology
• Public policy
• Mathematics
• Engineering
• Education
• Psychology
• Computerscience
• Sociology
• Medicine
• Business
• and others.

2. 2. Define Pandemicand epidemic with examples?
- Not all infectious disease terms are created equal, though often
they’re mistakenly used interchangeably. The distinction between
the words “pandemic,” “epidemic,” and “endemic”is regularly
blurred, even by medical experts. This is because the definition of
each term is fluid and changes as diseases become more or less
prevalent over time.
While conversational use of these words might not require precise
definitions, knowing the difference is important to help you better
understand public health news and appropriate public health
responses.
Let’s start with basic definitions:
• AN EPIDEMIC is a disease that affects a large number of
people within a community, population, or region.
• A PANDEMIC is an epidemic that’s spread over multiple
countries or continents.
• ENDEMIC is something that belongs to a particular people or
country.
• AN OUTBREAK is a greater-than-anticipated increase in the
number of endemic cases. It can also be a single case in a
new area. If it’s not quickly controlled, an outbreak can
become an epidemic.
Epidemic vs. Pandemic
A simple way to know the difference between an epidemic and a
pandemic is to remember the “P” in pandemic, which means a
pandemic has a passport. A pandemic is an epidemic that travels.

3. PANDEMIC: The term pandemic can be used for disease that has
spread across an entire country or other larger masses , the word is
generally reserved for diseases that have spread across continents
or the entire world.
For example: The current situation of COVID 19 virus
Epidemic: An epidemic disease is one affecting many persons at a
time, and spreading person to person in a locality where the disease
is not permanently prevalent. It is a community level spread of a
disease.
For example: 1974 smallpox epidemic in India
3. Short note on effect of public health in the Indian health
sector
Ans: Public health is concerned with the following concepts in india
:
1. Provision of basic health services through the medium of PHC
and sub centres
2. Community development program for promoting village
development
3. The focus is on prevention, support and awareness
4. Reduced neonatal mortality rates
5. Tackling anti microbial resistance
6. Digital health and artificial intelligence for social impact.
Outcomes:
1. Dramatically improved health outcomes across the country

4. 2. Improvements across the spectrum of health and development,
average life expectancy has risen steadily from 64 to 68 years
between 2005 and 2015
3. A downtrend in communicable diseases:
* India became polio free in 2014
* India became free from tetanus in 2015
* India has set strict targets for elimination of malaria, tuberculosis
and lymphatic filariasis in the coming years
4. In the past decade India has implemented a digital health
program called eVIN to track immunization
5. ANMOL is another such program providing betterhealth services
to pregnant and lactating women as well as newborns.
Thank you!