The document discusses the phases of neural development involved in learning. It explains that genetics alone do not determine neural development and that experience plays a role through strengthening neural connections. When neurons fire together they become more closely linked, creating neural pathways that are active during learning. Studies show animals reared in enriched environments have greater synapse formation and dendrite development, supporting the idea that use of neurons improves their function. Long-term potentiation is identified as a crucial mechanism of learning, strengthening synaptic connections and enhancing neuronal function along pathways when activated.

1. PHASES OF NEURAL DEVELOPMENT IN LEARNING Phases of Neural Development

2. Revision a) Identify and explain 5 key areas of the brain thought to be involved in learning (5 marks)

3. Why is learning important............ It is crucial to SURVIVAL

4. Donald Hebb (1946) Theorised that when two neurons are jointly activated they become more closely linked ‘ neurons that fire together wire together’ This creates neural pathways (neural circuits) which are an interconnected groups of neurons organised as a network that is active during the learning process

5. Zygote (single cell) Cells multiply They differentiate (become specialised) Cells must form relationships with cells around them - They form synapses in a process called synaptogenesis

6. Synaptogensis Synaptogensis occurs throughout a healthy person’s lifetime This happens rapidly from 2months before birth - 2years of age

7. Effects of Experience on Neural Development Genetics alone do not determine neural development Experience plays a part in neural development Hebb proposed that use of neurons improved their function ‘Use it or loose it’

8. Studies Supporting the Hebb idea Animals reared in the dark (Cragg, 1976) were found to have fewer synapses and fewer dendrites in their visual cortices Rats raised in a enriched environment show greater synapse formation and grater dendrite development Kandel’s research and LTP theory

9. What is LTP again.......... The long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections resulting in enhanced function of neurons along a neural pathway whenever activated LTP is a crucial mechanism of learning: Learning may not be possible without it

10. The role of neurotransmitters in learning NT’s involved in learning: Glutamate: Strengthens connections at the synapse during learning Dopamine: May be involved through rewarding ‘pleasure’ experience. Acetylcholine: Present in some learning experiences but specific role unclear