This document discusses various antianginal agents used to treat angina pectoris including nitrates, calcium channel blockers, and beta blockers. It provides details on the pharmacology of nitroglycerin and calcium channel blockers, how they work to treat angina by dilating blood vessels, their common uses, dosages, side effects, and precautions. The summary discusses the classes of antianginal drugs, how they work to treat angina by relaxing blood vessels to increase blood flow to the heart, and some of their common side effects like headaches and low blood pressure.
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It describes several factors that influence the choice of route, including the drug's properties, desired site of action, absorption rate, and patient condition. Systemic routes aim to distribute drugs through the bloodstream and include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (injections, inhalation, transdermal) routes. Local routes deliver high drug concentrations locally with minimal systemic absorption. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular and intravenous injections.
Oral , Parentral and Topical Route (Fundamental of Nursing)MO FAISHAL
The document provides information on various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. It discusses absorption, advantages, disadvantages, common sites, and proper techniques for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, inhalation, intraosseous, intrathecal, epidural, intraperitoneal, sublingual, and buccal routes. It also covers potential errors in drug administration and safe handling of medications.
21. UNIT 7_RESPIRATORY DRUGS_.......TK.pptloreensinkende
The document discusses various drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes antihistamines like promethazine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate which are used to treat allergic reactions. Bronchodilators such as salbutamol, terbutaline and formoterol are used to dilate the bronchi and relieve bronchospasms. Expectorants like guaifenesin are used to liquefy mucus while antitussives like codeine suppress coughing. Corticosteroids including beclomethasone are used to reduce inflammation in respiratory conditions.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical routes. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parenteral routes include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, inhalation, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intramedullary, intra-arterial, intra-articular, and topical routes like transdermal patches. Each route is described in terms of site of administration, merits, demerits and examples of drugs administered via that route. The document provides a comprehensive overview of different routes used to deliver drugs to the body.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
This document classifies and describes various routes of drug administration, including their advantages and disadvantages. It discusses enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal. It also covers parenteral routes such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and others. Other routes described are inhalation, topical, and transdermal administration. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics of different administration routes and examples of drugs commonly used with each.
NSAIDS /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document discusses routes of drug administration. It describes several factors that influence the choice of route, including the drug's properties, desired site of action, absorption rate, and patient condition. Systemic routes aim to distribute drugs through the bloodstream and include enteral (oral, sublingual, rectal) and parenteral (injections, inhalation, transdermal) routes. Local routes deliver high drug concentrations locally with minimal systemic absorption. Proper administration techniques are outlined for intramuscular and intravenous injections.
Oral , Parentral and Topical Route (Fundamental of Nursing)MO FAISHAL
The document provides information on various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. It discusses absorption, advantages, disadvantages, common sites, and proper techniques for oral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, inhalation, intraosseous, intrathecal, epidural, intraperitoneal, sublingual, and buccal routes. It also covers potential errors in drug administration and safe handling of medications.
21. UNIT 7_RESPIRATORY DRUGS_.......TK.pptloreensinkende
The document discusses various drugs that act on the respiratory system. It describes antihistamines like promethazine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate which are used to treat allergic reactions. Bronchodilators such as salbutamol, terbutaline and formoterol are used to dilate the bronchi and relieve bronchospasms. Expectorants like guaifenesin are used to liquefy mucus while antitussives like codeine suppress coughing. Corticosteroids including beclomethasone are used to reduce inflammation in respiratory conditions.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including enteral, parenteral, and topical routes. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parenteral routes include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, inhalation, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intramedullary, intra-arterial, intra-articular, and topical routes like transdermal patches. Each route is described in terms of site of administration, merits, demerits and examples of drugs administered via that route. The document provides a comprehensive overview of different routes used to deliver drugs to the body.
Drugs may be administered by various routes. The choice of the route in a given patient depends on the tissue or organ to be treated, the characteristics of the drug and urgency of the situation, etc. Knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the different routes of administration is essential. The routes can be broadly divided into Enteral, Parenteral, and Local.
Definition and Classification of routes of drug administration. Along with an explanation of it. Advantages and Disadvantages of different routes of administration. Intravenous routes give faster onset of action than any other route. 100% bioavailability is possible in the case of IV. The choice of route depends upon the patient condition.
This document classifies and describes various routes of drug administration, including their advantages and disadvantages. It discusses enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal. It also covers parenteral routes such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, and others. Other routes described are inhalation, topical, and transdermal administration. The document provides detailed information on the characteristics of different administration routes and examples of drugs commonly used with each.
NSAIDS /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document provides guidelines for using aciclovir to treat herpes simplex encephalitis and neonatal herpes simplex and varicella zoster infections. It details the indications, dosing, administration, side effects and incompatibilities of both intravenous and oral aciclovir formulations for neonatal use.
Angina pectoris is a syndrome characterized by sudden severe pressing substernal chest pain or heaviness radiating to the neck, jaw, back and arms.
Those drugs used to prevent, abort or terminate angina are anti angina drugs.
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformationnaseemashraf2
The document provides an overview of routes of drug administration and biotransformation. It defines routes of administration as enteral or parenteral, depending on whether the drug passes through the intestinal tract. Oral administration is the most common route due to convenience, but has limitations including first-pass metabolism in the liver. Other routes discussed include sublingual/buccal, rectal, parenteral (intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous), and emerging routes like transdermal delivery. The document also defines biotransformation as the process by which organisms metabolize compounds not normally part of their metabolism, and outlines drug metabolizing organs, enzymes, and factors affecting metabolism.
This document discusses the nature and sources of drugs as well as routes of drug administration. It defines a drug and categorizes drugs based on their purpose. The sources of drugs are described as being natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans. Common routes of drug administration are described as enteral (oral), parenteral (injection), and local. Specific types of injections like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation are outlined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration. It outlines 4 main categories: enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intramedullary, intrathecal, and intraarticular administration. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like absorption rate, first-pass effect, patient condition, and drug properties. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of various enteral and parenteral administration methods.
A nebulizer converts liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled directly into the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of medication effects. There are different types of nebulizers that administer medication via mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers are commonly used to treat conditions involving airflow obstruction like asthma. Proper use involves preparing equipment and medication, positioning the patient, administering the treatment, and monitoring for side effects.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
This document discusses sources and routes of drug administration. It notes that drugs can come from plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms and humans. It also discusses that most drugs are now synthetic. The main routes of administration covered are enteral (oral), parenteral (injections including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), local (topical), inhalation, transdermal and transmucosal. Factors affecting route choice and advantages and disadvantages of different routes are provided.
This document discusses routes of drug administration (ROA). It describes factors that influence ROA choice such as ease of use, site of action, onset and duration. It then summarizes various ROAs including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral and inhalation. For each ROA it provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like first pass effect, types of parenteral routes and references.
The document discusses various risks associated with local anesthesia administration including:
1) Toxic effects from high plasma concentrations of local anesthetics which can cause CNS and cardiovascular issues.
2) Allergic reactions ranging from mild to potentially life-threatening anaphylactic shock.
3) Local hazards like pain on injection, paresthesia, hematoma, and trismus caused by trauma during administration.
Proper technique, aseptic protocols, and management of complications are emphasized to minimize risks.
This document discusses the use of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in oral and maxillofacial surgery patients. It begins by defining inflammation and outlining the fundamental events and major mediators of the inflammatory process. It then describes how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by interfering with the cyclooxygenase pathway. The document goes on to classify and discuss individual NSAIDs, including aspirin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, and valdecoxib. It covers their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, dosages, and adverse effects. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib are emphasized as
This document discusses various dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It defines dosage forms as how drug molecules are delivered to the site of action in the body. Various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, and ointments are described. Different routes of administration like oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, and topical are also explained. Factors influencing the selection of a particular route include the drug's properties, the rate of absorption needed, bypassing liver metabolism, targeting specific sites, dosage accuracy, and patient condition.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors to consider when choosing a route. The main routes discussed are oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral (which includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal), and inhalation. For each route, the key advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document emphasizes that no single route is ideal for all drugs or situations, and the properties of the drug as well as patient factors must be considered when determining the optimal administration route.
This document provides a nursing student's response to a case study on medications for a patient named Mr. MP. It includes details of the medications, their uses, dosages, side effects and special considerations. It also lists potential problems related to the medications, assessments to monitor for side effects, and healthcare providers to collaborate with including the physician, respiratory therapist, pharmacist, and physical therapist. The student identifies risks of bleeding, infection, and falls and interventions like careful injections, hand washing, and fall precautions. Assessments include respiratory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal exams.
www.linkedin.com/in/dr-aboobecker-siddique-p-a-200783a0
\
Routes of drug administration:
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.[1] Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but delivered by routes other than the GI tract)
This document discusses various drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions like heart failure and hypertension. It covers different classes of drugs like cardiotonics, antianginals, and antihypertensives. Cardiotonics like digoxin and milrinone work by increasing calcium levels in heart muscle to boost contraction and output. Antianginal drugs like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers aim to restore the heart's oxygen supply-demand balance. Antihypertensive drug classes discussed are diuretics, adrenergic inhibitors, angiotensin inhibitors, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs, their mechanisms, indications, dosages and nursing considerations are provided for each class.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, parenteral, and topical. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient needs. Common routes include oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation, and transdermal. Each route has advantages and disadvantages with respect to onset of action, convenience, and safety.
Routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. The goal is to deliver drugs to the target organ or tissue to exert maximum effect. Oral administration is convenient but absorption may be delayed or enhanced by food. Sublingual administration provides quick absorption bypassing the liver and intestines. Intramuscular injection delivers drugs reliably but can be painful, while subcutaneous injection allows for sustained effect through slow absorption. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract but must be administered carefully to avoid infection.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
This document provides guidelines for using aciclovir to treat herpes simplex encephalitis and neonatal herpes simplex and varicella zoster infections. It details the indications, dosing, administration, side effects and incompatibilities of both intravenous and oral aciclovir formulations for neonatal use.
Angina pectoris is a syndrome characterized by sudden severe pressing substernal chest pain or heaviness radiating to the neck, jaw, back and arms.
Those drugs used to prevent, abort or terminate angina are anti angina drugs.
Seminar on routes of drug administratin and biotranformationnaseemashraf2
The document provides an overview of routes of drug administration and biotransformation. It defines routes of administration as enteral or parenteral, depending on whether the drug passes through the intestinal tract. Oral administration is the most common route due to convenience, but has limitations including first-pass metabolism in the liver. Other routes discussed include sublingual/buccal, rectal, parenteral (intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous), and emerging routes like transdermal delivery. The document also defines biotransformation as the process by which organisms metabolize compounds not normally part of their metabolism, and outlines drug metabolizing organs, enzymes, and factors affecting metabolism.
This document discusses the nature and sources of drugs as well as routes of drug administration. It defines a drug and categorizes drugs based on their purpose. The sources of drugs are described as being natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms, and humans. Common routes of drug administration are described as enteral (oral), parenteral (injection), and local. Specific types of injections like intravenous, intramuscular, and inhalation are outlined along with their advantages and disadvantages.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration. It outlines 4 main categories: enteral, parenteral, inhalation, and topical. Enteral routes include oral, sublingual, and rectal administration. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intradermal, intramedullary, intrathecal, and intraarticular administration. Each route has advantages and disadvantages depending on factors like absorption rate, first-pass effect, patient condition, and drug properties. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of various enteral and parenteral administration methods.
A nebulizer converts liquid medication into a mist that can be inhaled directly into the lungs, allowing for rapid onset of medication effects. There are different types of nebulizers that administer medication via mouthpiece or mask. Nebulizers are commonly used to treat conditions involving airflow obstruction like asthma. Proper use involves preparing equipment and medication, positioning the patient, administering the treatment, and monitoring for side effects.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, and topical routes. The oral route is the most commonly used as it is convenient, allows self-administration, and is inexpensive. However, it has disadvantages like first-pass metabolism and variable absorption. Parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous allow direct entry of drugs into systemic circulation but require more technical skill. Topical routes provide local drug effects without systemic absorption. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient condition.
This document discusses sources and routes of drug administration. It notes that drugs can come from plants, animals, minerals, microorganisms and humans. It also discusses that most drugs are now synthetic. The main routes of administration covered are enteral (oral), parenteral (injections including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous), local (topical), inhalation, transdermal and transmucosal. Factors affecting route choice and advantages and disadvantages of different routes are provided.
This document discusses routes of drug administration (ROA). It describes factors that influence ROA choice such as ease of use, site of action, onset and duration. It then summarizes various ROAs including oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral and inhalation. For each ROA it provides advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses concepts like first pass effect, types of parenteral routes and references.
The document discusses various risks associated with local anesthesia administration including:
1) Toxic effects from high plasma concentrations of local anesthetics which can cause CNS and cardiovascular issues.
2) Allergic reactions ranging from mild to potentially life-threatening anaphylactic shock.
3) Local hazards like pain on injection, paresthesia, hematoma, and trismus caused by trauma during administration.
Proper technique, aseptic protocols, and management of complications are emphasized to minimize risks.
This document discusses the use of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in oral and maxillofacial surgery patients. It begins by defining inflammation and outlining the fundamental events and major mediators of the inflammatory process. It then describes how non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) work by interfering with the cyclooxygenase pathway. The document goes on to classify and discuss individual NSAIDs, including aspirin, ibuprofen, celecoxib, and valdecoxib. It covers their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, dosages, and adverse effects. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib are emphasized as
This document discusses various dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It defines dosage forms as how drug molecules are delivered to the site of action in the body. Various dosage forms like tablets, capsules, solutions, and ointments are described. Different routes of administration like oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, and topical are also explained. Factors influencing the selection of a particular route include the drug's properties, the rate of absorption needed, bypassing liver metabolism, targeting specific sites, dosage accuracy, and patient condition.
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors to consider when choosing a route. The main routes discussed are oral, sublingual, rectal, parenteral (which includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal), and inhalation. For each route, the key advantages and disadvantages are provided. The document emphasizes that no single route is ideal for all drugs or situations, and the properties of the drug as well as patient factors must be considered when determining the optimal administration route.
This document provides a nursing student's response to a case study on medications for a patient named Mr. MP. It includes details of the medications, their uses, dosages, side effects and special considerations. It also lists potential problems related to the medications, assessments to monitor for side effects, and healthcare providers to collaborate with including the physician, respiratory therapist, pharmacist, and physical therapist. The student identifies risks of bleeding, infection, and falls and interventions like careful injections, hand washing, and fall precautions. Assessments include respiratory, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal exams.
www.linkedin.com/in/dr-aboobecker-siddique-p-a-200783a0
\
Routes of drug administration:
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.[1] Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be topical (local), enteral (system-wide effect, but delivered through the gastrointestinal tract), or parenteral (systemic action, but delivered by routes other than the GI tract)
This document discusses various drugs used to treat cardiovascular conditions like heart failure and hypertension. It covers different classes of drugs like cardiotonics, antianginals, and antihypertensives. Cardiotonics like digoxin and milrinone work by increasing calcium levels in heart muscle to boost contraction and output. Antianginal drugs like nitrates, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers aim to restore the heart's oxygen supply-demand balance. Antihypertensive drug classes discussed are diuretics, adrenergic inhibitors, angiotensin inhibitors, and direct vasodilators. Specific drugs, their mechanisms, indications, dosages and nursing considerations are provided for each class.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, parenteral, and topical. The choice of route depends on the drug properties and patient needs. Common routes include oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, inhalation, and transdermal. Each route has advantages and disadvantages with respect to onset of action, convenience, and safety.
Routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. The goal is to deliver drugs to the target organ or tissue to exert maximum effect. Oral administration is convenient but absorption may be delayed or enhanced by food. Sublingual administration provides quick absorption bypassing the liver and intestines. Intramuscular injection delivers drugs reliably but can be painful, while subcutaneous injection allows for sustained effect through slow absorption. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract but must be administered carefully to avoid infection.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
pharmacology notes.docx
1. 2. PHARMACOLOGY RELATED TO CARDIAC TECHNOLOGY
Course and
toxicity, management of toxic effect, drug interaction, knowledge of chemical and
trade names,
importance of manufacture and expiry dates and instructions about handling each
drug.
1. Anti-anginal agents
Beta blockers-propranolol, atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol carvedilol, esmolol.
Nitrates-nitroglycerine, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, transdermal
nitrate patches
Calcium channel blockers-nifedipine, verapamil, dilteazem, amlodipine
Nicorandil, Trimetazidine, Ranolazine, Ivabradine,
Routes of Administration :
Sublingual and buccal routes. ...
Rectal route. ...
Vaginal route. ...
Otic route. ...
Nasal route
Transdermal route.
Oral
Intra venous
Intra dermal
Subcutaneous
Intra cardiac
2. Advantage and disadvantages of routes :
Sublingual route :
Advantages of the Sublingual Route
Rapid drug absorption.
Quick onset of action.
Avoids first-pass metabolism.
The patient can self-administer.
Convenient for the patient.
Can be quickly terminated by spitting out the sublingual tablet if required.
This route can be used by people who have difficulty in swallowing tablets.
Disadvantage
Disadvantages of the Sublingual Route
Most drugs are not available as sublingual formulations.
The taste of the sublingual dosage form may not be liked by the patient.
Placing the sublingual dosage form under the tongue until it dissolves may be
considered inconvenient by some patients.
Irritation to the oral mucosa.
Advantages of oral route of drug administration
It is the simplest, most convenient, and safest means of drug administration.
It is convenient for repeated and prolonged use.
It can be self-administered and pain-free.
It is economical since it does not involve the patient in extra cost. ...
3. No sterile precautions needed.
Disadvantages of the Oral Route
Drug absorption may vary. ...
Subject to first-pass metabolism.
Oral route not possible in unconscious patients.
Unsuitable in patients who are vomiting.
Slow onset of action.
Rectal route
The drug may be destroyed by digestive enzymes and/or stomach acid.
Rectal absorption results in more of the drug reaching the systemic circulation with
less alteration on route. As well as being a more effective route for delivering
medication, rectal administration also reduces side-effects of some drugs, such as
gastric irritation, nausea and vomiting
Disadvantages of Rectal Route
Uncomfortable and messy to use.
Inconvenient for the patient.
Absorption can be slow and erratic.
Not well accepted by the patient.
Advantage of vaginal route
Vaginal drug delivery offers many advantages; the avoidance of hepatic first-pass
metabolism, a reduction in the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal side effects, a
decrease in hepatic side effects and avoidance of pain, tissue damage, and infection
commonly observed for parenteral drug delivery
Disadvantages of Vaginal Route
4. Uncomfortable and messy to use.
Patient compliance.
Local irritation.
Inconvenient to the patient.
Not well accepted by the patient.
Advantages intra muscular
Rapid and uniform absorption of the drug, especially those of the aqueous solutions.
Rapid onset of the action compared to that of the oral and the subcutaneous routes.
IM injection bypasses the first-pass metabolism.
It also avoids the gastric factors governing the drug absorption.
Disadvantages
Expert and a trained person is required for administrating the drug by IM route.
The absorption of the drug is determined by the bulk of the muscle and its vascularity.
The onset and duration of the action of the drug is not adjustable.
An advantage of IV administration
is the ability to rapidly titrate the dosage to achieve the desired depth of sedation.
Depending on patient need, sedation can vary from light to profound and nearly all
patients can be adequately sedated with this method.
Disadvantage
Disadvantages of the Intravenous Route
Possible anaphylaxis.
Risk of infection.
Inconvenient to the patient.
Painful.
5. Expensive compared to other routes.
Risk of phlebitis or extravasation.
Requires trained medical/nursing staff to administer.
Once injected, the drug cannot be recalled.
Advantages Subcutaneous :
subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels, the injected drug is diffused very slowly at
a sustained rate of absorption. Therefore, it is highly effective in administering
vaccines, growth hormones, and insulin, which require continuous delivery at a low
dose rate.
Disadvantages of the Subcutaneous Route
Variable drug absorption dependent on blood flow.
Only a small volume of the drug can be administered.
What is intracardiac route of administration?
Intracardiac injections are injections that are given directly into the heart muscles or
ventricles. They can be used in emergencies, although they are rarely used in modern
practice.
What is the purpose of intracardiac injection?
Intracardiac injection should be considered when vascular access is not readily
available in a patient in cardiac arrest. The goal of the procedure is to administer
epinephrine rapidly to improve the likelihood of achieving a return of spontaneous
circulation
Where do you give an intracardiac injection?
Intracardiac injection. The needle is inserted 1 cm to the left of the xiphoid process
and aimed toward the left shoulder. The needle may also be inserted parasternally in
the left fourth or fifth intercostal space
6. ANTI ANGINAL AGENTS
Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart
disease. It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This
usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked,
also called ischemia.
What are Antianginal agents?
Nitrates (eg, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin). ...
Calcium antagonists (eg, diltiazem, nifedipine, nimodipine, verapamil). ...
Beta blockers (eg, atenolol, pindolol, propranolol, metoprolol). ...
Ranolazine.
Nitrates :
Nitrates (eg, isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, nitroglycerin). These relax
smooth muscle within the blood vessels, widening them and making it easier for
blood and oxygen to reach the heart. Calcium antagonists (eg, diltiazem, nifedipine,
nimodipine, verapamil).
Nitrates are a vasodilator. Vasodilators widen (dilate) the blood vessels, improving
blood flow and allowing more oxygen-rich blood to reach the heart muscle. Nitrates
also relax the veins to ease the workload on the heart when blood is returning to the
heart from the arms and legs.
Nitroglycerine
The body breaks nitroglycerin down into nitric oxide. Nitric oxide causes the smooth
muscle within the blood vessels to relax. This allows the arteries and veins to open up,
7. allowing more blood to flow through. Healthcare professionals call this action
vasodilation.
During an angina attack, a person will experience intense chest pain. Nitroglycerin will
start working within 1–3 minutesTrusted Source, but its maximal effect occurs after 5
minutes.
Different forms of the medication start working at different time periods, depending
on their formulation. For example:
sublingual tablet: 1–3 minutes
translingual spray: 1–3 minutes
extended-release tablet: 60 minutes
topical ointment: 15–30 minutes
transdermal patch: 30 minutes
intravenous: immediately
The medication’s maximal effect also depends on its formation. For example:
sublingual tablet: 7 minutes
translingual spray: 4–15 minutes
extended-release tablet: 2.5 to 4 hours
topical ointment: 60 minutes
transdermal patch: 120 minutes
intravenous: immediately
When people use nitroglycerin for anal fissures, the ointment will relax the anal
sphincter, which is the muscle tissue around the anus, and lower pressure in the anus.
This promotes blood flow to the area and helps the fissure heal.
Uses
8. Doctors usually use nitroglycerin to treat the pain associated with angina.
The narrowing of the arteries that supply the heart with blood is what causes unstable
angina. Doctors call this condition coronary artery disease (CAD).
CAD is the most common type of heart disease. Almost 366,000 peopleTrusted
Source in the United States die every year because of CAD.
Nitroglycerin allows the blood vessels to open up, letting oxygen and nutrient-rich
blood feed the heart muscle. This action offers immediate relief from chest pain.
People can also use nitroglycerin to treat anal fissures. Anal fissures are tears in the
skin of the anus. People can develop anal fissures from passing hard stools.
Similar to its effects on angina, nitroglycerin as a rectal ointment helps the healing
process by stimulating blood flow to the affected area.
How to take it
The following table lists the different formulations of nitroglycerin.
Form of nitroglycerin How to use
aerosol solution
packet
pumpspray
tablet
dissolve under the tongue
ointment
24-hour patch
apply to the skin
rectal ointment rectal use only
Angina
9. When someone is experiencing intense chest pain, it is vital to resolve this symptom as
quickly as possible. People can also take fast-acting nitroglycerin formulations 5–10
minutes before doing an activity that may cause an angina attack.
The aerosol spray, pumpspray, packet, and tablet are all fast-acting forms of
nitroglycerin. The following sections look at these forms in more detail.
Aerosol spray and pumpspray
People can use these devices by giving one or two sprays on or under the tongue once
they feel angina pain. They should not inhale the spray.
Packet
A sublingual packet of nitroglycerin contains 400 micrograms of nitroglycerin powder.
A person places the contents of the packet under their tongue when angina pains
begin.
Tablet
At the first sign of angina pain, a person should place the tablet under their tongue or
between the gums and the cheek. The tablet will dissolve and absorb through the
tissues of the mouth.
People who use the aerosol spray, pumpspray, packet, or tablet should not swallow
the drug. Nitroglycerin will absorb through the mouth tissues on its own. This provides
faster relief than swallowing the medication. People should also avoid rinsing or
spitting for 5 minutes after administering the dose.
A person can take each of these forms of fast-acting nitroglycerin at 5-minute intervals.
If they do not feel relief from the intense chest pain, they can take two more doses 5
minutes apart.
If someone has taken three doses of a fast-acting formulation and does not experience
any pain relief, they need medical attention immediately.
10. There are also two other formulations of nitroglycerin that can prevent angina attacks.
These are not fast-acting, so people should not use them to stop an attack when it is
happening.
Ointment
People can apply nitroglycerin ointment to their skin using a dose-measuring
applicator that comes with the tube. A person measures the desired dose onto the
measuring applicator and then places the applicator ointment side down on the skin.
They then spread the ointment across the skin. The person should not rub the
medication in but allow the ointment to absorb across the skin. Finally, they tape the
applicator to the skin.
People apply two doses of ointment each day. Doctors usually tell people to use the
ointment first thing in the morning and reapply it 6 hours later.
Side effects
People may experience many side effects when using nitroglycerin, including:
headaches
dizziness
weakness
an irregular heartbeat
nausea
vomiting
excessive sweating
11. fainting
When people use nitroglycerin for relieving angina, they should be in a relaxed, seated
position.
A person’s blood pressure can drop significantly after using nitroglycerin. If they stand
up too quickly after administering the dose, their blood pressure may drop even lower
and put them at risk of fainting.
The most common side effect of long-acting nitroglycerin is a headache, but this side
effect decreases with medication use.
Although people only apply rectal ointment to the anus, they may still experience
headaches and dizziness.
Precautions and risks
Some people may have allergies to nitroglycerin, so doctors do not recommend that
people use it if they have a history of allergic reactions to this medication.
Doctors do not prescribe nitroglycerin to anyone with a history of severe anemia, heart
attack occurring on the right side of the heart, or increased pressure in the brain.
Contraindications
Nitroglycerin contraindications include allergic reactions, though these reactions are
rare. Other contraindicationsTrusted Source include:
increased intracranial pressure
severe anemia
heart attack
hypersensitivity to nitroglycerin
12. Calcium channel blockers
Calcium channel blockers are medications used to lower blood pressure.
They work by preventing calcium from entering the cells of the heart and
arteries. Calcium causes the heart and arteries to squeeze (contract) more
strongly. By blocking calcium, calcium channel blockers allow blood vessels to
relax and open.
Why do I need to take a calcium channel blocker?
Calcium channel blockers are used to control high blood pressure (hypertension), chest
pain (angina), and irregular heartbeats (arrhythmia).
How do calcium channel blockers work?
Calcium channel blockers slow the rate at which calcium passes into the heart muscle
and into the vessel walls. This relaxes the vessels. The relaxed vessels let blood flow
more easily through them, thereby lowering blood pressure.
How much do I take?
There are many different kinds of calcium channel blockers. The amount of medicine
you need to take may vary. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist for more information
about how and when to take this medicine.
If you are taking an “extended-release” calcium channel blocker (any that end in XL,
XR, XT), do not chew or crush the pills.
What if I am taking other medicines?
Other medicines that you may be taking can increase or decrease the effect of calcium
channel blockers. These effects are called an interaction. Be sure to tell your doctor
about every medicine and vitamin or herbal supplement that you are taking, so he or she
can make you aware of any interactions.
The following are categories of medicines that can increase or decrease the effects of
calcium channel blockers. Because there are so many kinds of medicines within each
13. category, not every type of medicine is listed by name. Tell your doctor about every
medicine that you are taking, even if it is not listed below.
Other medicines used to treat high blood pressure, especially beta-
blockers and ACE inhibitors.
Medicines to treat an irregular heartbeat (antiarrhythmics).
Diuretics.
Digitalis.
Certain medicines for your eyes.
Corticosteroids or any cortisone-like medicines.
Large doses of calcium or Vitamin D supplements.
While on calcium channel blockers, you should also avoid smoking. Smoking while you
are on calcium channel blockers may cause a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia). Also, some
studies have shown that grapefruit juice interferes with your body’s absorption of this
medicine. If you are going to drink grapefruit juice, you should wait at least 4 hours
after having taken your medicine.
What are the side effects?
Sometimes a medicine causes unwanted effects. These are called side effects. Not all of
the side effects for calcium channel blockers are listed here. If you feel these or any
other effects, you should check with your doctor.
Common side effects:
Feeling tired
Flushing
Swelling of the abdomen, ankles, or feet
Heartburn
Less common side effects:
Very fast or very slow heartbeat
Wheezing, coughing, or shortness of breath
Trouble swallowing