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Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 almost by accident. Upon returning from vacation, Fleming noticed a mold growing in one of his culture plates that contained staphylococci bacteria. He observed a clear zone around the mold where no bacteria was growing, indicating that the mold was secreting a substance that was killing the bacteria. The mold was later identified as penicillium mold. This was a seminal discovery as it showed that microbes could be used to kill other microbes. However, it took over a decade for penicillin to be mass produced and used widely to treat bacterial infections during World War II, saving many lives. While penicillin revolutionized medicine, drug resistance has since emerged as a major challenge.
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Discovery of Penicillin
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Penicillin
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928. While searching for antibacterial agents after World War I, Fleming noticed that a fungus in one of his staphylococci cultures had destroyed the surrounding bacteria. He identified the fungus as Penicillium and the substance it produced as penicillin. Although Fleming struggled to develop penicillin further, his discovery later helped scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain purify and mass produce penicillin during World War II, saving countless lives. Fleming received widespread recognition for his discovery, including the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Pptinglese
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 while studying influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He noticed that a mold had developed on a culture of staphylococci bacteria plates and created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Fleming experimented further and named the active substance penicillin. This discovery of antibiotics in mold led to the development of modern antibiotics and significantly increased lifespans in the 20th century. Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Florey and Chain for his role in the discovery of penicillin.
Pptinglese
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 while studying influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He noticed that a mold had developed on a culture of staphylococci bacteria plates and had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Upon further experimentation, Fleming named the active substance penicillin. This discovery of penicillin led to the development of modern antibiotics. In 1945, Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine with Florey and Chain for their work in developing penicillin.
Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist best known for discovering penicillin in 1928. While studying Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Fleming noticed the presence of a mold called Penicillium that was inhibiting the bacteria's growth. He realized the mold was secreting an enzyme with antibacterial properties. Although Fleming was unable to purify and stabilize penicillin, his discovery laid the groundwork for later scientists to develop it into the first widely used antibiotic. Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain for their work developing penicillin.
Alexander fleming
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish microbiologist who worked at St. Mary's Hospital in London. During his work there researching vaccines and treatments for infections, he accidentally discovered that mold in one of his culture dishes had lysed and killed some of the surrounding bacteria. Upon further investigation, he discovered the mold was Penicillium notatum and was producing penicillin, which had antibacterial effects. This accidental finding of penicillin's ability to kill pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus was a seminal discovery, though it was initially underestimated. Fleming went on to publish his discovery of penicillin's antibacterial properties in 1929.
Running head ALEXANDER FLEMING7ALEXANDER FLEMINGALEXAND.docx
Running head: ALEXANDER FLEMING
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ALEXANDER FLEMING
ALEXANDER FLEMING
Student Name
University Affiliation
Alexander Fleming is synonymous with Penicillin, an antibiotic which has contributed immensely in the fight against bacteria. What few appreciate is the fact that the road to making the drug not only practical but acceptable was not an easy one and it took many years and a lot of effort for it to be produced in large quantities. Flemings experience teaches us that change can only occur through consistent and systematic efforts rather than instant fixes. This paper examines Alexander Fleming’s life, his work on penicillin and how this work has contributed a positive change to the world.
Childhood and early career
Born in 1881 on the 6th of August in Scotland few would predict that the third born of a farmer by the name Hugh Fleming would grow to become one of the most renowned scientists in the medicine world. He attended the Loudoun Moor School where he earned a scholarship at Kilmarnock Academy and later moved to London to study at an institute named Royal Polytechnic. He was attached in a shipping Company for four years working as a shipping officer. However his uncle John Fleming was determined that Alexander should follow in his footsteps to be a physician and thus after inheriting some money from him, Alexander enrolled at a medical school in Paddington where he successfully completed his course in 1906 with a distinction in a MBBS degree. Later in 1908 he added to his increasing accolades, a BSc degree in Bacteriology and later went back to his previous medical institute to become a lecturer. In addition to his careers in the medical world, Fleming as evoked by Fleming (2007) is also known to have participated in the First World War where he took up the position of a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps and thereafter he went back to the St Mary’s hospital where he had previously worked in 1918. In 1928 he added to his long career another accolade by becoming a professor in Bacteriology at the University of London where he wrote may articles on Bacteriology, immunology and Chemotherapy.
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Presentation1 Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 by accident. Before antibiotics, bacterial infections routinely killed millions as there were no effective treatments. Fleming was studying influenza when he noticed a mold in his lab that prevented bacterial growth, which he identified as penicillin. Penicillin proved effective against certain bacteria like streptococcus and helped reduce deaths from infections. It revolutionized medicine and led to advances like organ transplants. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased resistance from bacteria over time.
Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 almost by accident. When he returned from vacation, he noticed a contaminant mold in one of his culture plates had destroyed some Staphylococcus aureus bacteria surrounding it. This mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum. Further investigation revealed it produced an antibiotic substance, which Fleming named penicillin. A team at Oxford including Howard Florey and Ernst Chain later isolated and purified penicillin, allowing its clinical use during World War II and revolutionizing medicine by enabling the treatment of infections. Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for their contributions to developing penicillin.
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming made an accidental discovery that changed medicine. While studying Staphylococcus bacteria under his microscope, he noticed that a blue-green mold that had contaminated one of his culture plates seemed to prevent the bacteria from growing around it. The mold was penicillin, which Fleming realized had antibacterial properties. He spent years after his initial discovery isolating and studying penicillin. His work led to the development of penicillin as the first widely used antibiotic, saving millions of lives by treating bacterial infections.
CfE2-S-74-Alexander-Fleming-PowerPoint-English_ver_2.ppt
Alexander Fleming was born in 1881 in Ayrshire, Scotland. He became interested in bacteria and studied medicine, focusing his later work on microbes. In 1928, while on holiday, Fleming discovered that a mold that had grown in one of his petri dishes had killed the bacteria, revealing the antibacterial agent penicillin. This discovery led to the development of antibiotics which have saved millions of lives by treating bacterial infections. Fleming was knighted for his work and received the Nobel Prize in 1945.
History of Bacteria
Louis Pasteur in 1859 used swan-necked flasks to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that liquids in the flasks did not grow microbes due to being protected from dust and microbes in the air. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for smallpox in the late 1700s by inoculating people with material from cowpox lesions. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after observing a mold that produced a chemical clearing surrounding bacteria on a culture plate.
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Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist who accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928. While studying staphylococci bacteria cultures in his London laboratory, he noticed a mold that had contaminated one of the plates was killing the deadly bacteria around it. This led to his discovery of penicillin, now considered one of the greatest medical discoveries of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize in 1945 for his work developing penicillin as an antibiotic treatment. Mary Mallon was an Irish immigrant cook who spread typhoid fever through the households she worked for in the early 1900s, infecting over 50 people and killing one. Authorities eventually identified her as the cause and kept her isolated on an island for over two decades to prevent further
Ppt alexander fleming
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland in 1881 and studied bacteriology, graduating from medical school in 1906. During World War I he observed that soldiers infected with mold were surviving infections that killed others. In 1927, he discovered penicillin after observing that a mold in his laboratory killed staphylococci bacteria. Although he published his findings in 1929, penicillin was not purified and developed into a widely used antibiotic until Howard Florey and Ernst Chain's work during World War II. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945 along with Florey and Chain for discovering penicillin.
Florey brochure
Lord Howard Florey was a scientist who played a key role in developing penicillin. While Fleming discovered penicillin, Florey and his team were able to extract and purify it, proving its effectiveness. Their work showed penicillin was not toxic and could successfully treat bacterial infections. The development of penicillin relied on a series of fortunate events and circumstances, as well as Florey's resourcefulness in securing funding and collaborating with experts from various fields. This allowed penicillin to be mass produced, saving millions of lives during World War 2.
Sir alexander fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who made two major discoveries: the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. His discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine by enabling the effective treatment of many bacterial infections that were previously fatal. The development of penicillin also spurred further research that led to new classes of antibiotics. It completely changed outcomes for illnesses like pneumonia and bacterial endocarditis.
Penicillin
Penicillin is a group of drugs produced naturally by mold that can stop the growth of certain infections and diseases. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered that the blue-green mold Penicillium notatum released a substance that killed bacteria. Researchers later experimented with Fleming's discovery and by 1941 were able to produce enough penicillin to treat patients, which saved lives during World War 2. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin later determined penicillin's chemical structure, allowing it to be produced synthetically.
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The document summarizes the contributions of several physicians who helped advance medicine and public health:
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 which was pivotal in eradicating the disease.
- Ignaz Semmelweis discovered in 1847 that handwashing reduced maternal mortality from puerperal fever in hospitals.
- John Snow conclusively linked a cholera outbreak in 1854 to a contaminated water pump, helping establish germ theory and epidemiology.
- Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, reducing surgical infections through carbolic acid and dressings.
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after noticing bacteria-killing mould in his lab, though it
Alexander fleming
Alexander Fleming was a British scientist who in 1928 discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic substance produced by a microorganism. While working with staphylococci bacteria, he noticed the antibacterial properties of the Penicillium mold that inhibited their growth. He published his findings in 1929 and his discovery of penicillin led to the development of other antibiotics and revolutionized medicine by allowing previously deadly diseases to be treated. In 1945, Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery of penicillin.
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Project Antibiotics(by:harkiran)
Antibiotics are drugs derived from microorganisms that are used to treat bacterial infections by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he observed that a mold that had contaminated a culture plate was releasing a substance that was killing the surrounding bacteria. Penicillin was the first widely used antibiotic and revolutionized medicine, but bacteria have increasingly developed resistance requiring new antibiotics to be discovered and developed.
Penicillin
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928. While searching for antibacterial agents after World War I, Fleming noticed that a fungus in one of his staphylococci cultures had destroyed the surrounding bacteria. He identified the fungus as Penicillium and the substance it produced as penicillin. Although Fleming struggled to develop penicillin further, his discovery later helped scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain purify and mass produce penicillin during World War II, saving countless lives. Fleming received widespread recognition for his discovery, including the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
Pptinglese
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 while studying influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He noticed that a mold had developed on a culture of staphylococci bacteria plates and created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Fleming experimented further and named the active substance penicillin. This discovery of antibiotics in mold led to the development of modern antibiotics and significantly increased lifespans in the 20th century. Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Florey and Chain for his role in the discovery of penicillin.
Pptinglese
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 while studying influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He noticed that a mold had developed on a culture of staphylococci bacteria plates and had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Upon further experimentation, Fleming named the active substance penicillin. This discovery of penicillin led to the development of modern antibiotics. In 1945, Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine with Florey and Chain for their work in developing penicillin.
Alexander Fleming
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist best known for discovering penicillin in 1928. While studying Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, Fleming noticed the presence of a mold called Penicillium that was inhibiting the bacteria's growth. He realized the mold was secreting an enzyme with antibacterial properties. Although Fleming was unable to purify and stabilize penicillin, his discovery laid the groundwork for later scientists to develop it into the first widely used antibiotic. Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Howard Florey and Ernst Chain for their work developing penicillin.
Alexander fleming
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish microbiologist who worked at St. Mary's Hospital in London. During his work there researching vaccines and treatments for infections, he accidentally discovered that mold in one of his culture dishes had lysed and killed some of the surrounding bacteria. Upon further investigation, he discovered the mold was Penicillium notatum and was producing penicillin, which had antibacterial effects. This accidental finding of penicillin's ability to kill pathogenic bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus was a seminal discovery, though it was initially underestimated. Fleming went on to publish his discovery of penicillin's antibacterial properties in 1929.
Running head ALEXANDER FLEMING7ALEXANDER FLEMINGALEXAND.docx
Running head: ALEXANDER FLEMING
7
ALEXANDER FLEMING
ALEXANDER FLEMING
Student Name
University Affiliation
Alexander Fleming is synonymous with Penicillin, an antibiotic which has contributed immensely in the fight against bacteria. What few appreciate is the fact that the road to making the drug not only practical but acceptable was not an easy one and it took many years and a lot of effort for it to be produced in large quantities. Flemings experience teaches us that change can only occur through consistent and systematic efforts rather than instant fixes. This paper examines Alexander Fleming’s life, his work on penicillin and how this work has contributed a positive change to the world.
Childhood and early career
Born in 1881 on the 6th of August in Scotland few would predict that the third born of a farmer by the name Hugh Fleming would grow to become one of the most renowned scientists in the medicine world. He attended the Loudoun Moor School where he earned a scholarship at Kilmarnock Academy and later moved to London to study at an institute named Royal Polytechnic. He was attached in a shipping Company for four years working as a shipping officer. However his uncle John Fleming was determined that Alexander should follow in his footsteps to be a physician and thus after inheriting some money from him, Alexander enrolled at a medical school in Paddington where he successfully completed his course in 1906 with a distinction in a MBBS degree. Later in 1908 he added to his increasing accolades, a BSc degree in Bacteriology and later went back to his previous medical institute to become a lecturer. In addition to his careers in the medical world, Fleming as evoked by Fleming (2007) is also known to have participated in the First World War where he took up the position of a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps and thereafter he went back to the St Mary’s hospital where he had previously worked in 1918. In 1928 he added to his long career another accolade by becoming a professor in Bacteriology at the University of London where he wrote may articles on Bacteriology, immunology and Chemotherapy.
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It was penicillin that really put Alexander Fleming on the map though the discovery was accidental. Initially, Fleming was investigating properties of staphylococci. However, his laboratory was often untidy due to a lot of research work. He once stacked all his cultures of staphylococci in a bench in his laboratory and upon his return he found that the culture had been contaminated with a fungus, and after spotting the mould, Fleming spotted a ‘mould juice’ that he later renamed penicillin (Hugh, 2002). He carried out some investigations which proved that penicillin has some positive effects of anti-bacteria affected various bacteria such as staphylococci and other pathogens that cause diphtheria, meningitis and pneumonia but the drug nevertheless did not address the problem of Gram negative bacteria that cau ...
Presentation1 Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 by accident. Before antibiotics, bacterial infections routinely killed millions as there were no effective treatments. Fleming was studying influenza when he noticed a mold in his lab that prevented bacterial growth, which he identified as penicillin. Penicillin proved effective against certain bacteria like streptococcus and helped reduce deaths from infections. It revolutionized medicine and led to advances like organ transplants. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased resistance from bacteria over time.
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Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 almost by accident. When he returned from vacation, he noticed a contaminant mold in one of his culture plates had destroyed some Staphylococcus aureus bacteria surrounding it. This mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum. Further investigation revealed it produced an antibiotic substance, which Fleming named penicillin. A team at Oxford including Howard Florey and Ernst Chain later isolated and purified penicillin, allowing its clinical use during World War II and revolutionizing medicine by enabling the treatment of infections. Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for their contributions to developing penicillin.
Sir Alexander Fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming made an accidental discovery that changed medicine. While studying Staphylococcus bacteria under his microscope, he noticed that a blue-green mold that had contaminated one of his culture plates seemed to prevent the bacteria from growing around it. The mold was penicillin, which Fleming realized had antibacterial properties. He spent years after his initial discovery isolating and studying penicillin. His work led to the development of penicillin as the first widely used antibiotic, saving millions of lives by treating bacterial infections.
CfE2-S-74-Alexander-Fleming-PowerPoint-English_ver_2.ppt
Alexander Fleming was born in 1881 in Ayrshire, Scotland. He became interested in bacteria and studied medicine, focusing his later work on microbes. In 1928, while on holiday, Fleming discovered that a mold that had grown in one of his petri dishes had killed the bacteria, revealing the antibacterial agent penicillin. This discovery led to the development of antibiotics which have saved millions of lives by treating bacterial infections. Fleming was knighted for his work and received the Nobel Prize in 1945.
History of Bacteria
Louis Pasteur in 1859 used swan-necked flasks to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation by showing that liquids in the flasks did not grow microbes due to being protected from dust and microbes in the air. Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine for smallpox in the late 1700s by inoculating people with material from cowpox lesions. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after observing a mold that produced a chemical clearing surrounding bacteria on a culture plate.
Jigsaw reading
Alexander Fleming was a Scottish bacteriologist who accidentally discovered penicillin in 1928. While studying staphylococci bacteria cultures in his London laboratory, he noticed a mold that had contaminated one of the plates was killing the deadly bacteria around it. This led to his discovery of penicillin, now considered one of the greatest medical discoveries of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize in 1945 for his work developing penicillin as an antibiotic treatment. Mary Mallon was an Irish immigrant cook who spread typhoid fever through the households she worked for in the early 1900s, infecting over 50 people and killing one. Authorities eventually identified her as the cause and kept her isolated on an island for over two decades to prevent further
Ppt alexander fleming
Alexander Fleming was born in Scotland in 1881 and studied bacteriology, graduating from medical school in 1906. During World War I he observed that soldiers infected with mold were surviving infections that killed others. In 1927, he discovered penicillin after observing that a mold in his laboratory killed staphylococci bacteria. Although he published his findings in 1929, penicillin was not purified and developed into a widely used antibiotic until Howard Florey and Ernst Chain's work during World War II. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945 along with Florey and Chain for discovering penicillin.
Florey brochure
Lord Howard Florey was a scientist who played a key role in developing penicillin. While Fleming discovered penicillin, Florey and his team were able to extract and purify it, proving its effectiveness. Their work showed penicillin was not toxic and could successfully treat bacterial infections. The development of penicillin relied on a series of fortunate events and circumstances, as well as Florey's resourcefulness in securing funding and collaborating with experts from various fields. This allowed penicillin to be mass produced, saving millions of lives during World War 2.
Sir alexander fleming
Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who made two major discoveries: the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. His discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine by enabling the effective treatment of many bacterial infections that were previously fatal. The development of penicillin also spurred further research that led to new classes of antibiotics. It completely changed outcomes for illnesses like pneumonia and bacterial endocarditis.
Penicillin
Penicillin is a group of drugs produced naturally by mold that can stop the growth of certain infections and diseases. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered that the blue-green mold Penicillium notatum released a substance that killed bacteria. Researchers later experimented with Fleming's discovery and by 1941 were able to produce enough penicillin to treat patients, which saved lives during World War 2. Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin later determined penicillin's chemical structure, allowing it to be produced synthetically.
Physicians that changed our world
The document summarizes the contributions of several physicians who helped advance medicine and public health:
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 which was pivotal in eradicating the disease.
- Ignaz Semmelweis discovered in 1847 that handwashing reduced maternal mortality from puerperal fever in hospitals.
- John Snow conclusively linked a cholera outbreak in 1854 to a contaminated water pump, helping establish germ theory and epidemiology.
- Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, reducing surgical infections through carbolic acid and dressings.
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after noticing bacteria-killing mould in his lab, though it
Alexander fleming
Alexander Fleming was a British scientist who in 1928 discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic substance produced by a microorganism. While working with staphylococci bacteria, he noticed the antibacterial properties of the Penicillium mold that inhibited their growth. He published his findings in 1929 and his discovery of penicillin led to the development of other antibiotics and revolutionized medicine by allowing previously deadly diseases to be treated. In 1945, Fleming was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his discovery of penicillin.
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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- 1. By- SWIKRITI JAIN Roll No.- 87 Guide- Dr. Gaurav kapil sir ALEXANDER FLEMING & DISCOVERY OF PENICILLIN
- 2. Prior to the discovery of penicillin patients often died from trivial injuries or infections. Physicians had little ability to help patients suffering from infections. Physicians could only watch and wait hoping a patient’s immune system could topple an infection or not. PRIOR TO PENICILLIN
- 3. Discovery of Lysozyme In 1922 Fleming described lysozyme when he noted that lysozyme-containing material would interfere with the growth of bacterial cultures Fleming found that a culture of his own nasal mucous inhibited the growth of staph cultured from that same mucous Fleming’s background with lysozyme research prepared him for his next major discovery STORY BEGINS
- 4. Fleming had a very disorganized lab. In 1928 after returning to his lab following a two week vacation, Fleming encountered the place in its usual disarray. Fleming had inoculated a number of petri dishes with staphylococci prior to leaving on vacation. He hadn’t placed them in an incubator because he knew that the staph would sufficiently multiply over the long vacation. Little did he know that penicillium mold grows well at room temperature. DISORGANIZATION LEADS TO DISCOVERY
- 5. Fleming returned to his lab to find many of his culture plates contaminated with fungus. He immediately started preparing to clean all his plates but it happened that a former member of his lab was visiting that day. Fleming took some of the contaminated cultures to show his visitor and that’s when he noticed the inhibition zone around the fungus. Fleming was not very knowledgeable about fungi but knew that the mold in his dish was a species of penicillium. Which eventually determined to be Penicillium notatum. FLEMING’S OBSERVATION
- 6. Fleming’s observation was made under some accidental circumstances but clearly made sense in light of Fleming’s research background Fleming had the sophistication to realize that anti-bacterial agents existed – this view was really fueled by his background in lysozyme research In 1929 Fleming published a paper detailing his discovery This was also a crucial moment because his ideas reached a large audience ACCIDENTAL?
- 7. Penicillin Production began in Britain on a small scale in 1941 During WWI the death rate from pneumonia in the US Army totaled 18% but during WWII the death rate fell to less than 1% , all credit goes to penicillin. MASS PRODUCTION
- 8. Although the discovery of penicillin is arguably one the greatest discoveries of humankind, penicillin resistance poses an enormous problem today. DRUG RESISTANCE
- 9. THANK YOU