Rabies is a fatal viral infection caused by a neurotropic virus. It is transmitted via bites from infected animals and causes neurological dysfunction. Signs and symptoms progress from non-specific illness to severe neurological problems. Treatment involves wound cleansing and vaccination, while prevention focuses on vaccinating animals and prompt post-exposure prophylaxis in humans. Viral haemorrhagic fevers are illnesses caused by RNA viruses transmitted from animal reservoirs to humans. They damage blood vessels and organs, causing bleeding and organ failure. There are no established treatments, and prevention centers on avoiding exposure and controlling animal vectors.
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses several major arbovirus types including flaviviruses, togaviruses, and bunyaviruses. Key aspects summarized are:
1. Arboviruses can infect both humans and animals, with transmission occurring via bites from infected mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies.
2. Major arboviruses described include yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Symptoms range from mild fever and rash to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever
Rabies Clinical Disease Mangement By Waqas Siddiqe.pptxwaqassiddiqe
Rabies pathophysiology and disease management includes therapies and adverse effects and drug interactions.
Content taken from published articles and books valid and accurate content.
The document discusses the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, which was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO. It provides details on the Ebola virus, including its transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The outbreak began in Guinea in December 2013 and involved the Zaire species of the Ebola virus. As of August 2014, there were over 2,000 suspected and confirmed cases reported across Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the nervous system that primarily affects dogs and can also be transmitted to humans. It is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a virus. The word Rabies originated about 3000BC from the word Rabha, which means, “violence”
Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals. It causes 59,000 human deaths annually, with over 95% occurring in Africa and Asia. Rabies virus infects the nervous system and is fatal if left untreated. The document discusses rabies epidemiology, etiology, transmission, incubation period, clinical signs including hydrophobia, diagnosis, management, and prevention through post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing and vaccination, and pre-exposure prophylaxis for at-risk groups like veterinarians. Rabies remains a major public health problem in Yemen, with 148 reported human deaths annually and a vaccination coverage of only 18.5% of dogs.
Arboviruses are viruses spread by arthropods like mosquitoes. They are found worldwide depending on the mosquito species present. Prevention includes avoiding mosquito bites by wearing repellent and clothing, and removing standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Common arboviruses include Eastern Equine encephalitis, Western Equine encephalitis, and dengue.
EMERGING AND RE EMERGING DISEASESPPT.pptxJose Anilda
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including influenza, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and HIV/AIDS. It provides definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and describes some of the driving forces for their emergence such as human intrusion into new ecosystems, climate change, urbanization, and international travel. Prevention and treatment strategies are summarized for some of the diseases.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals like dogs, cats, and wildlife. The rabies virus affects the central nervous system. In India, most human rabies cases result from bites by rabid domestic dogs. The rabies virus is excreted in an animal's saliva and transmitted via bites or contact between saliva and open wounds or mucous membranes. After exposure, symptoms may take 1-3 months to appear. Once symptoms develop, rabies is nearly always fatal. Post-exposure prophylaxis, including wound cleansing, vaccine, and possibly immunoglobulin administration, must begin as soon as possible to prevent onset of the disease.
This document provides an overview of arboviruses, which are RNA viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. It discusses several major arbovirus types including flaviviruses, togaviruses, and bunyaviruses. Key aspects summarized are:
1. Arboviruses can infect both humans and animals, with transmission occurring via bites from infected mosquitoes, ticks, or sandflies.
2. Major arboviruses described include yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and chikungunya viruses. Symptoms range from mild fever and rash to severe encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever
Rabies Clinical Disease Mangement By Waqas Siddiqe.pptxwaqassiddiqe
Rabies pathophysiology and disease management includes therapies and adverse effects and drug interactions.
Content taken from published articles and books valid and accurate content.
The document discusses the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, which was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO. It provides details on the Ebola virus, including its transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The outbreak began in Guinea in December 2013 and involved the Zaire species of the Ebola virus. As of August 2014, there were over 2,000 suspected and confirmed cases reported across Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the nervous system that primarily affects dogs and can also be transmitted to humans. It is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by a virus. The word Rabies originated about 3000BC from the word Rabha, which means, “violence”
Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals. It causes 59,000 human deaths annually, with over 95% occurring in Africa and Asia. Rabies virus infects the nervous system and is fatal if left untreated. The document discusses rabies epidemiology, etiology, transmission, incubation period, clinical signs including hydrophobia, diagnosis, management, and prevention through post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleansing and vaccination, and pre-exposure prophylaxis for at-risk groups like veterinarians. Rabies remains a major public health problem in Yemen, with 148 reported human deaths annually and a vaccination coverage of only 18.5% of dogs.
Arboviruses are viruses spread by arthropods like mosquitoes. They are found worldwide depending on the mosquito species present. Prevention includes avoiding mosquito bites by wearing repellent and clothing, and removing standing water where mosquitoes can breed. Common arboviruses include Eastern Equine encephalitis, Western Equine encephalitis, and dengue.
EMERGING AND RE EMERGING DISEASESPPT.pptxJose Anilda
This document discusses several emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including influenza, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and HIV/AIDS. It provides definitions of emerging and re-emerging diseases and describes some of the driving forces for their emergence such as human intrusion into new ecosystems, climate change, urbanization, and international travel. Prevention and treatment strategies are summarized for some of the diseases.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals like dogs, cats, and wildlife. The rabies virus affects the central nervous system. In India, most human rabies cases result from bites by rabid domestic dogs. The rabies virus is excreted in an animal's saliva and transmitted via bites or contact between saliva and open wounds or mucous membranes. After exposure, symptoms may take 1-3 months to appear. Once symptoms develop, rabies is nearly always fatal. Post-exposure prophylaxis, including wound cleansing, vaccine, and possibly immunoglobulin administration, must begin as soon as possible to prevent onset of the disease.
This document provides an overview of Ebola virus, including its taxonomy, history, molecular biology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Ebola virus is a negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. It is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and has a high fatality rate. The current 2014 outbreak in West Africa involving the Zaire species is the largest on record. There is no approved treatment but supportive care and experimental therapies are being used. Strict isolation protocols are necessary to prevent spread in healthcare settings.
This document discusses several viral diseases including arboviruses, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. It describes the general properties, classification, medically important types, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and methods of prevention and control for each virus. Key points include that arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, Japanese encephalitis virus causes encephalitis in Asia and is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, and prevention strategies involve mosquito control and vaccination.
The document discusses the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak in history. Key points:
- The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO in August 2014 due to the high risks of international spread.
- Factors exacerbating the outbreak included widespread transmission in communities and healthcare settings, weak infrastructure in affected countries, and lack of knowledge about the disease leading to unsafe practices.
- The outbreak had massive social and economic impacts on the affected regions through disruption of industries, increased poverty, orphaning of children, and lack of access to healthcare for other conditions.
Ebola gets introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. Follow the preventive measures for betterment.
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can survive for days outside the body. While treatments can slow the virus, there is currently no cure and those infected have it for life. The pandemic originated in Africa and has led to millions of deaths worldwide. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies and CD4 cell counts, while prevention focuses on avoiding fluid exchange and using protection during sex or needle sharing. Combination drug regimens can suppress the virus but not eliminate it.
The document discusses several arthropod-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, encephalitis, epidemic typhus, and bubonic plague. It then focuses on arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted between animals and humans by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. Major arboviruses include those in the Togavirus, Bunyavirus, and Flavivirus families that cause diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and eastern and western equine encephalitis.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals like dogs. It has an incubation period of 2 weeks to over a year. Once symptoms start, it is almost always fatal. The main symptoms are extreme fear of water (hydrophobia) and respiratory paralysis. There is no cure so prevention through animal vaccination and human post-exposure prophylaxis are key. Yemen has an estimated 148 human deaths from rabies annually. Post-exposure treatment involves wound cleansing, vaccine doses on days 0, 3, 7, and 28, and possibly immunoglobulin depending on the exposure. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses. EVD was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, body aches, diarrhea and sometimes internal and external bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine yet, treatment focuses on supportive care to help the immune system fight the virus.
The Rift Valley fever virus is spread primarily by mosquitoes and affects livestock like cattle, sheep and goats. It can also infect humans. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 during a sheep epidemic. It causes high fever, hemorrhagic disease and death in animals and humans. While most human cases are mild, some can develop vision loss, hemorrhagic fever or thrombosis. There is no specific treatment, but vaccination has been developed for animals to control outbreaks.
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It causes fever, jaundice and can potentially progress to bleeding, organ failure and death. The virus is transmitted between monkeys, mosquitoes and humans. Prevention focuses on vaccination and mosquito control measures.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
1. Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through bites from infected animals that causes acute inflammation of the brain.
2. The rabies virus travels through the nervous system to the brain. Early symptoms are flulike but the disease progresses to neurological symptoms and ultimately death.
3. Post-exposure prophylaxis, including wound cleaning and a vaccine series, must begin before symptoms occur to prevent death from rabies. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever and Lassa virus hemorrhagic fever. It describes the etiology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the two viral hemorrhagic fevers. Ebola virus causes a severe multisystem disease in humans characterized by fever, headache and bleeding. Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and transmitted from rodents to humans, causing fever, bleeding and organ dysfunction. Treatment involves supportive care and the antiviral drug ribavirin.
This document summarizes information about various infectious diseases including food poisoning, novel influenza, coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, and defines epidemic, pandemic and endemic. It describes the symptoms and causative agents of food poisoning, as well as the treatment of rehydration. It provides details on novel influenza viruses and human infections. For coronaviruses, it describes the family and subtypes, and provides facts about SARS-CoV and MERS. For Ebola viruses, it outlines the symptoms, case fatality rates for different strains, and transmission routes. It concludes by defining an epidemic as a disease affecting a large population locally, an endemic as a disease regularly found in a region, and a pandemic as a
This document provides an overview of several important RNA viruses of medical significance, including influenza virus, HIV, rabies virus, and viruses contained in the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella). Key details are provided on the structure, transmission, life cycles, and diseases caused by these viruses. Treatment and prevention strategies like vaccination and antiviral drugs are also summarized.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the Nervous system, caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The virus is commonly transmitted to man through the bite of a rabid animal. More than 3.3 billon people are at risk of rabies worldwide, with approximately 55,000 deaths estimated per year. Rabies epidermis occurs in Asia with an estimated 31,000 deaths and Africa with an estimated 24,000 deaths. Rabies virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family (Genus: Lyssavirus). The virus travels to the brain through the peripheral nerves causing acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals (man). Early symptoms associated with the virus includes Malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, restlessness, hyperactivity, uncontrolled excitement, depression, hydrophobia, etc.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system in humans and other mammals. It is transmitted most commonly via bites or scratches from rabid animal hosts such as dogs, bats, and wild carnivores. The virus causes acute inflammation of the brain and is almost always fatal once symptoms develop. There is no cure for human rabies, making prevention through vaccination of animal hosts and timely treatment of exposures critical for control of the disease.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
This document provides an overview of Ebola virus, including its taxonomy, history, molecular biology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and management. Ebola virus is a negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and non-human primates. It is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and has a high fatality rate. The current 2014 outbreak in West Africa involving the Zaire species is the largest on record. There is no approved treatment but supportive care and experimental therapies are being used. Strict isolation protocols are necessary to prevent spread in healthcare settings.
This document discusses several viral diseases including arboviruses, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue virus, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. It describes the general properties, classification, medically important types, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and methods of prevention and control for each virus. Key points include that arboviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks, Japanese encephalitis virus causes encephalitis in Asia and is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, and prevention strategies involve mosquito control and vaccination.
The document discusses the 2014-2016 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa, the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak in history. Key points:
- The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the WHO in August 2014 due to the high risks of international spread.
- Factors exacerbating the outbreak included widespread transmission in communities and healthcare settings, weak infrastructure in affected countries, and lack of knowledge about the disease leading to unsafe practices.
- The outbreak had massive social and economic impacts on the affected regions through disruption of industries, increased poverty, orphaning of children, and lack of access to healthcare for other conditions.
Ebola gets introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals. Follow the preventive measures for betterment.
HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by weakening the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can survive for days outside the body. While treatments can slow the virus, there is currently no cure and those infected have it for life. The pandemic originated in Africa and has led to millions of deaths worldwide. Diagnosis involves testing for antibodies and CD4 cell counts, while prevention focuses on avoiding fluid exchange and using protection during sex or needle sharing. Combination drug regimens can suppress the virus but not eliminate it.
The document discusses several arthropod-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, encephalitis, epidemic typhus, and bubonic plague. It then focuses on arboviruses, which are viruses transmitted between animals and humans by arthropod vectors like mosquitoes and ticks. Major arboviruses include those in the Togavirus, Bunyavirus, and Flavivirus families that cause diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and eastern and western equine encephalitis.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through the bites of rabid animals like dogs. It has an incubation period of 2 weeks to over a year. Once symptoms start, it is almost always fatal. The main symptoms are extreme fear of water (hydrophobia) and respiratory paralysis. There is no cure so prevention through animal vaccination and human post-exposure prophylaxis are key. Yemen has an estimated 148 human deaths from rabies annually. Post-exposure treatment involves wound cleansing, vaccine doses on days 0, 3, 7, and 28, and possibly immunoglobulin depending on the exposure. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure.
Ebola virus disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by ebolaviruses. EVD was first discovered in 1976 near the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus spreads through direct contact with body fluids from infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, body aches, diarrhea and sometimes internal and external bleeding. While there is no approved vaccine yet, treatment focuses on supportive care to help the immune system fight the virus.
The Rift Valley fever virus is spread primarily by mosquitoes and affects livestock like cattle, sheep and goats. It can also infect humans. The virus was first identified in Kenya in 1931 during a sheep epidemic. It causes high fever, hemorrhagic disease and death in animals and humans. While most human cases are mild, some can develop vision loss, hemorrhagic fever or thrombosis. There is no specific treatment, but vaccination has been developed for animals to control outbreaks.
Yellow fever is an acute viral disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. It causes fever, jaundice and can potentially progress to bleeding, organ failure and death. The virus is transmitted between monkeys, mosquitoes and humans. Prevention focuses on vaccination and mosquito control measures.
The document summarizes information about the Ebola virus. It discusses that Ebola causes a severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates with high mortality rates. It was first identified in 1976 near the Ebola River in Africa. Transmission occurs through contact with body fluids of infected humans or animals. Symptoms include fever, weakness, and bleeding. There is currently no approved vaccine or treatment, though experimental therapies are being studied. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with infected animals/people and bodily fluids through protective equipment and safe burials.
1. Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through bites from infected animals that causes acute inflammation of the brain.
2. The rabies virus travels through the nervous system to the brain. Early symptoms are flulike but the disease progresses to neurological symptoms and ultimately death.
3. Post-exposure prophylaxis, including wound cleaning and a vaccine series, must begin before symptoms occur to prevent death from rabies. Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for those at high risk of exposure.
The document summarizes information about Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever and Lassa virus hemorrhagic fever. It describes the etiology, epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the two viral hemorrhagic fevers. Ebola virus causes a severe multisystem disease in humans characterized by fever, headache and bleeding. Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and transmitted from rodents to humans, causing fever, bleeding and organ dysfunction. Treatment involves supportive care and the antiviral drug ribavirin.
This document summarizes information about various infectious diseases including food poisoning, novel influenza, coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, and defines epidemic, pandemic and endemic. It describes the symptoms and causative agents of food poisoning, as well as the treatment of rehydration. It provides details on novel influenza viruses and human infections. For coronaviruses, it describes the family and subtypes, and provides facts about SARS-CoV and MERS. For Ebola viruses, it outlines the symptoms, case fatality rates for different strains, and transmission routes. It concludes by defining an epidemic as a disease affecting a large population locally, an endemic as a disease regularly found in a region, and a pandemic as a
This document provides an overview of several important RNA viruses of medical significance, including influenza virus, HIV, rabies virus, and viruses contained in the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella). Key details are provided on the structure, transmission, life cycles, and diseases caused by these viruses. Treatment and prevention strategies like vaccination and antiviral drugs are also summarized.
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the Nervous system, caused by the virus Neurotropic Lyssavirus. The virus is commonly transmitted to man through the bite of a rabid animal. More than 3.3 billon people are at risk of rabies worldwide, with approximately 55,000 deaths estimated per year. Rabies epidermis occurs in Asia with an estimated 31,000 deaths and Africa with an estimated 24,000 deaths. Rabies virus, the agent of the disease is a member of the Rhabdoviridae family (Genus: Lyssavirus). The virus travels to the brain through the peripheral nerves causing acute encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in warm-blooded animals (man). Early symptoms associated with the virus includes Malaise, headache and fever, progressing to acute pain, restlessness, hyperactivity, uncontrolled excitement, depression, hydrophobia, etc.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of bioterrorism and discusses several pathogenic agents that could potentially be used in bioterrorism attacks. It describes the CDC's classification of bioterrorism agents into categories A, B and C based on their ease of transmission and potential to cause harm. Category A agents like anthrax, smallpox and plague are discussed in more detail, outlining their history, clinical features, diagnosis and recommended treatments. The role of public health systems in responding to potential bioterrorism is also mentioned.
Rabies is a viral disease that affects the central nervous system in humans and other mammals. It is transmitted most commonly via bites or scratches from rabid animal hosts such as dogs, bats, and wild carnivores. The virus causes acute inflammation of the brain and is almost always fatal once symptoms develop. There is no cure for human rabies, making prevention through vaccination of animal hosts and timely treatment of exposures critical for control of the disease.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
3. LearningTasks
By the end of this session students are
expected to be able to:
Describe causative agent, transmission,
signs and symptoms of rabies
Describe treatment, prevention and
control of rabies
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 3
4. Causes andTransmission of Rabies
Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central
nervous system that affects all mammal.
Rabies is caused by the Rabies virus infects the
central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in
the brain and death.
Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that belongs to
the genus lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae
Rabies virus is a rod- or bullet-shaped, single-stranded,
negative-sense, unsegmented, enveloped RNA virus
Rabies is transmitted to man by a bite wound from
an infected animal via infected secretions, usually
saliva.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 4
6. Cycle
◦ After inoculation, rabies virus may enter the
peripheral nervous system directly and
migrates to the brain or may replicate in
muscle tissue, remaining sequestered at or
near the entry site during incubation, prior to
central nervous system invasion and
replication.
◦ It then spreads centrifugally to numerous
other organs.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 6
7. Signs and Symptoms of Rabies
Rabies infection has five general stages in humans:
incubation, prodrome, acute neurologic period, coma,
and death.
The incubation period is exceptionally variable, ranging
from fewer than 10 days to longer than 2 years, but is
usually 1–3 months.
Early or prodromal clinical features of the disease are
non-specific and include
Fever, general malaise and fatigue
Respiratory system features (sore throat, cough, and dyspnea),
gastrointestinal system features (anorexia, dysphagia, nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea)
Central nervous systems (headache, vertigo, anxiety, apprehension,
irritability, and nervousness
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 7
8. ◦ The late features of the disease are:
Excessive motor activity and agitation, confusion,
hallucinations, excessive salivation, convulsions, priapism,
increased libido, hydrophobia, insomnia, nightmares and
depression
Death is considered as invariable outcome.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 8
9. Treatment, Prevention and Control of
Rabies
Treatment of rabies include;
◦ Local wound therapy
The bite wound is thoroughly washed with water and soap for 15 minutes
Then washed with 0% Povidone iodine to prevent secondary bacterial infection
◦ To prevent or treat bacterial infection antibiotics are used;
Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid, Ciprofloxacin , Clindamycin,
Trimothoprime/sulphamethoxazole
◦ Passive immunization
Anti-rabies human immunoglobulin on day 0
40 IU/kg body weight for Equine (ERIG)
20 IU/kg body weight for Human (HRIG
Parenterally and the other half injected into and around the wound
◦ Active immunization
Human Diploid CellVaccine (HDCV)
Tetanus toxoid vaccine
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 9
10. Administer antirabies vaccines
◦ 0.2ml (ID) in divided doses of 0.1 ml on deltoid
on one hand and another 0.1ml on the deltoid of
the second hand on days 0, 3, 14 and 28
◦ 1 ml (IM) on deltoid muscle for days 0, 3,7,14, and
28
Note 1: Children are given the same doses
but vaccine should be administered on the
lateral part of the thigh
Note 2: The World Health Organization
recommends ID route of vaccination
administration because it is cost effective.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 10
11. Prevention and control
Animal rabies is prevented by vaccinating
susceptible species, particularly dogs and cats.
This reduces transmission to humans
Human rabies is best prevented by avoiding
exposures to the disease
If exposure occurs, postexposure prophylaxis is
necessary and should be initiated promptly.
Postexposure prophylaxis consists of the
combination of local wound cleansing, human rabies
immune globulin (HRIG) and rabies vaccine.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 11
12. Key Points
Rabies is a fatal viral infection that attacks the central
nervous and respiratory systems of mammals,
including humans.
It is caused by a bite from an infected animal via
secretions usually saliva. Human infection can be from
rabid dogs, bats and other animals.
The disease attacks the central nervous system
causing non-specific illness which later develop to
severe neurological dysfunction and death
Rabies is best prevented than treated by avoiding
exposure to the virus through vaccination of animals
and in case exposure occurs immediate institution of
post exposure prophylaxis.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 12
13. Evaluation
What is rabbies?
What are the signs and symptoms of
rabbies?
What are the medicines used in the
treatment of rabies?
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 13
15. LearningTasks
By the end of this session students are
expected to be able to:
Describe causative agents, transmission,
signs and symptoms ofViral haemorrhagic
fevers
Describe treatment, prevention and
control ofViral haemorrhagic fever
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 15
16. Introduction to Haemorrhagic
Fevers
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a
group of illnesses caused by several distinct
families of viruses
Common features ofVHFs;
They affect many organs
They damage the blood vessels
They affect the body's ability to regulate
itself
SomeVHFs cause mild disease, but some,
like Ebola or Marburg, cause severe disease
and death
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 16
17. VHFs are caused by viruses of five distinct
families;Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae,
Flaviviridae, and Paramyxoviridae
These five families share the following features;
They are all RNA viruses, and are all covered, or
enveloped, in a fatty (lipid) coating
Their survival is dependent on an animal or insect
host, called the natural reservoir
Humans are not the natural reservoir for any of
these viruses
Humans are infected when they come into
contact with infected hosts
However, with some viruses, after the accidental transmission
from the host, humans can transmit the virus to one another
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 17
18. Human cases or outbreaks of haemorrhagic
fevers caused by these viruses occur
sporadically and irregularly; occurrence of
outbreaks cannot be easily predicted
With a few noteworthy exceptions, there is
no cure or established drug treatment for
VHFs
The viruses are geographically restricted to
the areas where their host species live
Lassa fever is limited to rural areas ofWest Africa where
rats and mice carry the virus
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 18
19. EBOLA
Ebola Hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a
severe often fatal disease in humans and
non-humans (monkeys, gorillas and
chimpanzees).
It caused by ebola virus of the family
Filoviridae.
Transmission
◦ Researchers have hypothesized that the first
patient becomes infected through contact
with an infected animal.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 19
20. Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever
Cause andTransmission
Ebola is an acute viral infection caused by
Ebolavirus, a filovirus that causes haemorrhage,
multiple organ failure, and high mortality rates
Primary transmission is from animal to human,
through contact with an infected animal or its
product
Secondary transmission is from person to person
through:
Broken skin, mucous membrane or exchange of bodily fluids
or ingestion, inhalation and injection of infectious material
Breast feeding
Sexual contact
The disease can spread rapidly within the health care setting.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 20
21. After the first case-patient in an outbreak setting is
infected, the virus can be transmitted in several ways:
◦ Direct contact with blood or other secretions of an
infected person (blood, secretions, organs or other bodily
fluids)
◦ Exposure to Ebola virus through contact with objects, such
as needles, that has been contaminated with infected
secretions
◦ Nosocomial transmission i.e. exposure to the virus has
occurred when health care workers treated individuals
with Ebola HF
◦ Burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact
with the body of the deceased person
◦ Through handling of infected chimpanzees, gorillas, and
forest antelopes- both dead and alive
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 21
22. Signs and Symptoms
Incubation period is 2 to 20 days
High grade fever
Head ache
Body ache
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
Photophobia, conjunctival injection, jaundice, and
lymphadenopathy
Upper respiratory symptoms (cough, chest pain,
pharyngitis)
Haemorrhagic symptoms (unexplained bleeding)
CNS symptoms (Delirium, stupor, and coma)
A maculopapular rash, primarily on the trunk,
begins around day 5
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 22
23. Treatment and Prevention
Non-PharmacologicalTreatment
There is no specific treatment for Haemorrhagic Fever
Supportive therapy includes
Mechanical ventilation, renal dialysis, and anti-seizure therapy
may be required
Management of complications symptomatically
Maintaining Oxygen status and blood pressure
Pharmacological Treatment
Paracetamol
Treat for any complicating infection and co-morbid
condition B:
Oxygen and management of hypoglycaemia if present
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Sodium Lactate Compound (Ringers Lactate)
NS intravenously if patient cannot take fluids orally
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 23
24. Prevention
Strictly isolation and handling of patients
Wearing of completely body covering protective
gears when handling patients
Special and strictly handling of the dead
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 24
25. Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever
Cause andTransmission
Marburg is severe type of haemorrhagic fever which affects
both animals and humans
It is caused by the Marburg virus and it is related to Ebola
virus and a parent type belongs to viral haemorrhagic fevers
of Filoviridae family
Transmission
Spread of the virus between humans has occurred in a setting of
close contact, often in a hospital
Droplets of body fluids, or direct contact with persons,
equipment, or other objects contaminated with infectious blood
or tissues are all highly suspect as sources of disease
Transmission through infected semen can occur up to seven
weeks after clinical recovery
Transmission does not occur during the incubation period
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 25
26. Signs and Symptoms
Incubation period is between 3-9 days
All age groups are susceptible but most case
to adults
Signs and symptoms occur in two phases:
Phase One
Sudden onset of fever, chills, headache and myalgia
Phase Two
Maculopapular rashes,Trunk rash, Nausea,Vomiting, Sore throat,
Abdominal pain, Diarrheal, Jaundice, Pancreas inflammation, Severe
weight loss
Liver failure, Massive haemorrhage (all orifices), Multi-organ
dysfunction, Delirium, Shock, and Death
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 26
27. Treatment and Prevention
There is no specific treatment, cure, or
vaccine for Marburg Haemorrhagic fever
Supportive hospital therapy:
Fluid and Electrolyte balancing
Oxygen
Blood transfusion and clotting factors
Treatment of complicating infections
Prevention
Isolation of patients
Wearing protective gears when attend patients or
dead bodies
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 27
28. RiftValley Fever
This is a viral zoonosis that is primarily spread amongst
animals by the bite of infected mosquitoes, transmitting the
RiftValley virus
Aedes mosquitoes are the main vector biting animals
Transmission to human is mainly by direct or indirect contact
with blood or organs of infected animals through;
Handling of animal tissue during slaughtering or butchering
Assisting with animal births, conducting veterinary
procedures
Direct inoculation e.g. via wound from infected knife or
through contact with broken skin or through inhalation of
aerosols produced during the slaughter of an infected animal
Bite of an infected mosquito
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 28
29. Human become viraemic; capable of infecting
mosquitoes shortly before onset of fever
and for the first 3–5 days of illness. Once
infected, mosquitoes remain so for life.
Incubation period is between 2-6 days. Signs
and symptoms are Influenza like illnesses:
sudden onset of fevers, headache, myalgia,
backache neck stiffness photophobia,
vomiting and Clinical jaundice
Meningoencephalitis and haemorrgic fever
syndrome follow thereafter.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 29
30. Treatment and Prevention
There is no any established course of
treatment of this disease.
Most of human cases are relatively mild
and of short duration so will not require
any specific treatment
Prevention
Mosquito control
Wearing proactive gears when handling
animals or their fluids
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 30
31. Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
Dengue fever is transmitted by the bite of an
Aedes aegypti mosquito infected with a dengue
virus.
The mosquito becomes infected when it bites a
person with dengue virus in their blood.
Dengue does not spread directly from
person to person.
It is only spread through the bite of an infected
mosquito.
This type of mosquito breeds in clean water and
has a flight range of only 100 – 200 metres and
likes to bite in the afternoon unlike the anopheles
mosquito which bites in the night.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 31
32. Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms usually begin three (3)days and lasts up to fourteen
(14)days after infection.
Clinical features of the disease can be divided into three groups
and this forms the basis of the standard case definition;
Dengue Febrile Illness (DF):
Retro-orbital or ocular pain, headache, rash, myalgia, arthralgia
Haemorrhagic manifestations (epistaxis, gum bleeding; blood in vomitus, urine,
stool; or vaginal bleeding
Anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, and persistent vomiting may also occur
Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF)
Persistent high grade fever lasting from 2-7 days
Spontaneous bleeding
Retro-orbital pain
Joint, muscle and abdominal pain
Macular or confluent blanching rash (noted during recovery period)
Thrombocytopenia (>100,000 cells per mm3)
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 32
Sometimes symptoms are mild and can be mistaken for those of the flu or
another viral infection.
33. Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)
Circulatory failure as evidenced by rapid and weak
pulse and narrow pulse pressure (<20mm Hg)
Age-specific hypotension and cold, clammy skin and
restlessness
Treatment and Prevention
No specific treatment is available for
Dengue fever
Supportive Treatment
Paracetamol
Fluids (Ringers lactate, NS)
Blood transfusion and clotting factors
Oxygen and management of hypoglycaemia if present
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 33
34. Prevention
◦ Do not allow empty vessels, coconut shells, plastic
containers, flower pots, tires etc to collect rain
water in them
◦ Cover your over tanks to prevent mosquitoes
breeding in fresh water
◦ Screen your homes with wire mesh
◦ Wear full clothing – long sleeves
◦ Apply mosquito repellents
Note: True community participation is key. Integrated
vector management (IVM) is the strategic approach to
vector control promoted by WHO and includes
control of the vectors of dengue
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 34
35. Yellow Fever
Cause andTransmission
Yellow fever is an acute viral infection that is
transmitted to human through a bite of infected
mosquito-predominantly Aedes mosquitoes.
It is caused by a virus that belongs to Flavivirus.
Though many cases of yellow fever are mild and self-
limiting, the disease can also be a life threatening
causing hemorrhagic fever and hepatitis.
Incubation period of 2-6 days and human become
viremic - capable of infecting mosquitoes, shortly
before onset of fever and for the first 3–5 days of
illness.
Once infected, mosquitoes remain so for life
The disease can be life threatening causing
haemorrhagic fever and hepatitis
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 35
36. Treatment, prevention and control
◦ No specific anti-viral treatment, supportive therapies
are recommended.
◦ Prevention and Control involve mosquito control and
provision of yellow fever vaccine.
Indication forYellow fever vaccine:
◦ persons ≥ 9 months of age
Planning travel to or residence in an endemic area
Planning travel to a country with an entry requirement
◦ Needs to be given ≥ 10 days prior to arrival in
endemic area
◦ Revaccination at 10 year intervals
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 36
37. Key Points
VHFs are caused by RNA viruses of five
distinct families;Arenaviridae,
Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, and
Paramyxoviridae
VHFs affect many organs, damage the
blood vessels and affect the body's ability
to regulate itself
There is not specific treatment for the
VHFs
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 37
40. LearningTasks
By the end of this session students are
expected to be able to:
Describe causative agents, transmission,
signs and symptoms of HIV and AIDS
Describe treatment, prevention and
control of HIV and AIDS
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 40
41. HIV/AIDS
AIDS (Acquired immune Deficiency
Syndrome)
~Is a set of symptoms (syndrome) caused by
HIV virus.
◦ The illness was first described in 1981, and HIV-1 was
isolated by the end of 1983.
◦ Since then, AIDS has become a worldwide epidemic,
expanding in scope and magnitude as HIV infections
have affected different populations and geographic
regions.
◦ Millions are now infected worldwide.
42. HIV (Retrovirus)
AIDS is caused by a Human Immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) which infect CD4 cells of immune system.
HIV is an enveloped RNA-containing virus belonging to
the family Retroviridae.
It is:-
◦ Spherical
◦ Single strand (ss) RNA, positive-sense.
◦ Reverse transcriptase, RT (RNA-dependent DNA
polymerase) Enzyme.
Very few viruses have this enzyme
Retroviruses replicate backwards, hence the prefix ‘retro’ in their
name. RNA is transcribed from DNA, but retroviruses are capable of
transcribing DNA from RNA by use of the RT
44. There are two distinct types of human
AIDS viruses:
◦ HIV-1 and
◦ HIV-2
In Tanzania, HIV infection is caused by HIV-1
subtype.
The common HIV-1 subtypes in Tanzania are A, C,
D, and their recombinants.There is no HIV-2
subtype infection has been reported to date.
45. HIV Transmission
HIV infection is acquired through:
◦ Unprotected sexual intercourse with an
infected partner;
◦ Exposure to infected blood and blood products;
or
◦ Transmission from an infected mother to the
unborn child :-
In the uterus,
During delivery, or
From breast milk
46. More than 90% of adults in sub-Saharan Africa
acquire HIV infection through unprotected sexual
intercourse with infected partners.
Transmission of HIV through body fluids other than
blood and genital secretions such as cerebrospinal
fluid, pleural fluid and amniotic fluids are also
possible.
◦ However, unless blood is visibly present, saliva, sputum,
sweat, tears, faeces, nasal secretions, urine, and vomits
carry a very low risk of transmission of HIV2
47. Interaction between the viral envelope proteins
(gp120) and receptors on the cell membrane is
critical for the HIV to enter and infect the host
cell.
◦ High concentrations of the CD4 molecule and co-
receptors have been detected on the surface of
T-lymphocytes and macrophages.
◦ Other cells that have been found to have CD4
molecules on their surface include the Langerhans
cells (found in the skin) and the microglial cells of the
brain.
48. ◦ Following entry of the HIV into a susceptible host
cell using the enzyme reverse transcriptase, the viral
genome copies itself from RNA to DNA genetic
material.
◦ The viral DNA copy enters the nucleus of the host
cell and becomes intimately incorporated into the host
cell’s own DNA using the enzyme integrase.
◦ The virus thus becomes a permanent part of an
infected person’s nuclear proteins.
◦ There follows a latent period during which the provirus
in the infected nucleus waits for an external stimulus to
start reproducing
49. Signs and Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
HIV is associated with three presentations;
Asymptomatic infection
Acute infection with symptoms
May include fever, sweats, myalgia or arthralgia, sore throat,
lymphadenopathy, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, persistent
headaches, rash and generalized pruritus
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Characterized by progressive immune deficiency accompanied
by a wide range of opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and
neurologic abnormalities, including progressive dementia and
peripheral neuropathy.
Most patients, however, present with symptoms
due to opportunistic infections e.g. tuberculosis,
candidiasis or pyogenic infections.
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 49
50. Diseases Associated by HIV
Main effect of HIV in the human is that it weakens
the immune system hence rendering it incapable
of fighting against disease.
HIV does not cause one disease condition but
associated with a group diseases and conditions.
HIV can also directly affect other organs of the
body such as brain, heart, kidney and skin.
51. Example of diseases associated with HIV can be
grouped as follows:
◦ Viral infections;
e.g. herpes virus infections and reactivation diseases.
◦ Bacterial infections;
E.g. Mycobacteria species, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcal and
Streptococcal.
◦ Fungal infection;
Candida spp, Cryptococcus spp, Pneumocystis spp,
◦ Parasitic infections,
Toxoplasmosis, Strongyloidiasis
◦ Malignant conditions (Cancer)
E.g. Kaposi’s sarcoma, Cervical cancer (HPV), Lymphoma.
52. HIV Management
The management of HIV includes
treatment of the associated infections or
conditions and specific treatment to
control the HIV.
Most drugs used in HIV target the
enzymes used in the viral replication cycle
where by the treatment involves
simultaneous use of more than one drug
of different classes.
53. Drugs used to treat/control HIV can be divided
into classes as follows:
◦ Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI’s)
Eg. Lamivudine(3TC), Zidovudine (AZT/ZDV), Emtricitabine
(FTC),Tenofovir (TDF), Didanosine (ddl),Abacavir (ABC)
◦ Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
(NNRTI’s)
Eg. Efavirenz, Nevirapine
◦ Protease Inhibitors (PI’s)
Lopinavir (LPV), Ritonavir (RTV),Atanazavir (ATV), Saquinavir
(SQV)
55. Prevention and control of HIV/AIDS
Safe sex practices e.g. use of condoms
Post exposure prophylaxis for people at risk
e.g. medical staff
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission
Avoid sharing skin piercing instruments e.g.
needles
Avoid drug abuse
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 55
56. Key Points
HIV is the virus that cause AIDS
A person may have HIV but not AIDS
AIDS occur when the body’s immune system is
weakened by the virus so that the body cannot
defend against infectious pathogens.
Treatment of HIV/AIDS involves the use of
antiretroviral drugs which lower viral load and
improve the immunity and quality of life in HIV/AIDS
patients
Prevention of HIV transmission involves wide aspects
of behavioural changes, post exposure prophylaxis
and prevention of mother-to-child transmission
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 56
57. Evaluation
What is the difference between HIV and
AIDS?
How is HIV transmitted?
What are the classes of medications used
for treatment of HIV/AIDS?
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 57
58. QUESTION
What are the regimes (including drug name, dose
and dose schedule) of antiretroviral drugs used;
◦ In treatment of adults and adolescents without
tuberculosis
◦ In treatment of adults and adolescents with
tuberculosis
◦ In pregnancy
◦ Drug abusers
◦ For post-exposure prophylaxis of medical staff
◦ For prevention of mother-to-child transmission
◦ In prophylaxis of babies born from infected mothers
BY PHARM MLACHA JO. 58