The document summarizes the research goals and methods of Giuseppe Puzzo's PhD thesis on the production of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for pharmaceutical applications. The research will explore using bacterial fermentation and microwave-assisted synthesis to obtain new polyhydroxyalkanoate polymers with improved yields, structures and properties compared to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Methods include using Pseudomonas aeruginosa to produce PHAs from long chain fatty acids and vegetable oils. New copolymers and terpolymers will also be synthesized using microwave-assisted transesterification reactions.
Smart packaging - From the shelf and dairy case to the internet of thingsGail Barnes
A major trend feeding the growth of active and intelligent packaging for dairy is the demand for longer shelf life. For retailers this demand results from product loss due to shrink, which includes product going out of date code, which runs at between 2-5% in the United States.
Addressing shrink by adding even a few days shelf life through Extended Shelf Life (ESL) technologies including UV photopurification, could save retailers hundreds of thousands of dollars a year and thus help to increase the profitability of the category. For consumers the demand stems from an increasing desire for fresh and unaltered foods.
In addition to standard ESL technologies, RFID tags by enabling the accurate tracking and tracing of product throughout the supply chain could play a role in both increasing efficiency as well as increasing sustainability. Printing with thermochromic inks could indicate if a product has suffered temperature abuse as well as the best temperature for consumption by consumers, while biosensors could indicate if a product has spoiled and should be discarded. Printable electronics will lower the cost of technology as such biosensors or RFID tags.
This presentation will cover the impact of these technologies through the use of case studies and industry concepts and examples from around the world.
Done by Science group, Karaana Independent secondary school for boys
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
Draft on how to underestimate the user packaging in keeping fast food materials so that they are less expensive and are easy to carry
Smart packaging for connected food (l)inks [compatibility mode]Jan Willem Slijkoord
In the food chain 1.3 billion ton is wasted in the world annually. In addition, 925 milliion suffer due to food shortages. Therefore, foodwaste has a tremendous enviroment & social impact. Retailers and distributors could save costs & environmental significantly by reducing their food wastes. The presentation offers TNO's smart packaging solutions and technology developments in the field of food safety, sensor technology and 3D printing technology.
Done by Earth group, Mohamed bin AbdulAziz Almana Independent secondary school for boys
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
The sodium benzoate used in refrigerators plastic cans to increase the duration of food preservation thus increase food shelf life
Done by Plastic group, Mohamed bin AbdulAziz Almana Independent secondary school for boys
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
High-performance plastic packaging, that can extend food shelf life and minimize spoilage, offers significant opportunities to reduce waste while having a valuable impact on food supply and global sustainability.
Characterization of biodegradable poly(3 hydroxybutyrate-co-butyleneadipate) ...Giuseppe Puzzo
Copolymers containing (R)-3 hydroxybutyric acid (HB), 1,4-butanediol (B), and adipic acid (A) were synthesized by microwave assisted transesterification of biodegradable poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(1,4-butyleneadipate) (PBA) in solution at different reaction times, composition of the starting mixture, and amount of 4-toluenesulfonic acid, used as a catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized with regard to their molecular weights, thermal properties, molar composition, and average block length of repeating units by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, respectively. Random and microblock copolymers could be obtained depending on experimental conditions, with weight-average molecular weight of up to 17000. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all samples lay in the range between the Tgs of PBA and PHB, while their structure varied from partially crystalline to totally amorphous. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra of copolymers allowed us to ascertain that they were hydroxyl and carboxyl chain-end terminated.
Accessing genetically tagged heterocycle libraries via a chemoresistant DNA s...Laura Berry
Presented at the Global Medicinal Chemistry and GPCR Summit. To find out more, visit:
www.global-engage.com
Andreas Brunschweiger, an Independent Group Leader at TU Dortmund, discusses the limitations of DNA-encoded compound libraries (DELs) and getting around these.
Smart packaging - From the shelf and dairy case to the internet of thingsGail Barnes
A major trend feeding the growth of active and intelligent packaging for dairy is the demand for longer shelf life. For retailers this demand results from product loss due to shrink, which includes product going out of date code, which runs at between 2-5% in the United States.
Addressing shrink by adding even a few days shelf life through Extended Shelf Life (ESL) technologies including UV photopurification, could save retailers hundreds of thousands of dollars a year and thus help to increase the profitability of the category. For consumers the demand stems from an increasing desire for fresh and unaltered foods.
In addition to standard ESL technologies, RFID tags by enabling the accurate tracking and tracing of product throughout the supply chain could play a role in both increasing efficiency as well as increasing sustainability. Printing with thermochromic inks could indicate if a product has suffered temperature abuse as well as the best temperature for consumption by consumers, while biosensors could indicate if a product has spoiled and should be discarded. Printable electronics will lower the cost of technology as such biosensors or RFID tags.
This presentation will cover the impact of these technologies through the use of case studies and industry concepts and examples from around the world.
Done by Science group, Karaana Independent secondary school for boys
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
Draft on how to underestimate the user packaging in keeping fast food materials so that they are less expensive and are easy to carry
Smart packaging for connected food (l)inks [compatibility mode]Jan Willem Slijkoord
In the food chain 1.3 billion ton is wasted in the world annually. In addition, 925 milliion suffer due to food shortages. Therefore, foodwaste has a tremendous enviroment & social impact. Retailers and distributors could save costs & environmental significantly by reducing their food wastes. The presentation offers TNO's smart packaging solutions and technology developments in the field of food safety, sensor technology and 3D printing technology.
Done by Earth group, Mohamed bin AbdulAziz Almana Independent secondary school for boys
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
The sodium benzoate used in refrigerators plastic cans to increase the duration of food preservation thus increase food shelf life
Done by Plastic group, Mohamed bin AbdulAziz Almana Independent secondary school for boys
Food packaging is packaging for food. A package provides protection, tampering resistance, and special physical, chemical, or biological needs.
High-performance plastic packaging, that can extend food shelf life and minimize spoilage, offers significant opportunities to reduce waste while having a valuable impact on food supply and global sustainability.
Characterization of biodegradable poly(3 hydroxybutyrate-co-butyleneadipate) ...Giuseppe Puzzo
Copolymers containing (R)-3 hydroxybutyric acid (HB), 1,4-butanediol (B), and adipic acid (A) were synthesized by microwave assisted transesterification of biodegradable poly(R-3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(1,4-butyleneadipate) (PBA) in solution at different reaction times, composition of the starting mixture, and amount of 4-toluenesulfonic acid, used as a catalyst. The copolyesters were characterized with regard to their molecular weights, thermal properties, molar composition, and average block length of repeating units by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS), 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR, respectively. Random and microblock copolymers could be obtained depending on experimental conditions, with weight-average molecular weight of up to 17000. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of all samples lay in the range between the Tgs of PBA and PHB, while their structure varied from partially crystalline to totally amorphous. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectra of copolymers allowed us to ascertain that they were hydroxyl and carboxyl chain-end terminated.
Accessing genetically tagged heterocycle libraries via a chemoresistant DNA s...Laura Berry
Presented at the Global Medicinal Chemistry and GPCR Summit. To find out more, visit:
www.global-engage.com
Andreas Brunschweiger, an Independent Group Leader at TU Dortmund, discusses the limitations of DNA-encoded compound libraries (DELs) and getting around these.
Alcohols (R-OH), and alkyl halides, R-X (X = F, Cl, Br or I) are important functional groups as they are fundamental building blocks (starting materials, reagents) for the synthesis of more complex organic materials.
Alkyl halides can be prepared via substitution reactions:
• Radical halogentaion of alkanes R-H + X2 R-X + HX
• Reaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides, R-OH + HX R-X + H2O
• Reaction of alcohols with reagents such as SOCl2, PCl3, PBr
1. UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI CATANIA
FACOLTA’ DI FARMACIA
PhD in Medicinal Chemistry
GIUSEPPE PUZZO
BACTERIAL FERMENTATION AND MICROWAVE-
ASSISTED SYNTHESIS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
BIODEGRADABLE AND BIOCOMPATIBLE
POLYMERS USABLE IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL
FIELD.
Coordinator: Tutor:
Prof. Giuseppe Ronsisvalle. Prof. Alberto Ballistreri.
Ciclo XXIV
8. The aim of the thesis
Explore new strategies for obtaining new polymers which, in the
pharmaceutical field, have feature of biodegradability and
biocompatibility with wider opportunity of utilization with respect
to poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) by:
1. The study on the capabilty to P. aeruginosa to grow and
synthesize PHAs from Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFA) or
vegetable oils, with better yields or with new structures and new
properties.
2. Chemical synthesis of new coplymers and terpolymers by
transesterification reaction microwave assisted.
18. Assuming a Bernoullian (random) distribution of repeating units
in these copolymers, the probability of finding a given Ax,
By…Nz can be calculated by the Leibnitz formula as follows:
A measure of the fit of the calculated oligomers intensities to
the experimental ones is given by the agreement factor (AF);
the lower AF, the closer fit.
∑(I + I
expi
. calci
. )2
AF= i
∑I 2
exp.i
i
19. R R
R CH CH CO [O ]
CH CH2 CO n O CH CH2 COOH
Negative ion ESI mass spectrum of the partial pyrolisate of the PHA from
enicosanoic acid. R may be an un n-etyl, n-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-
decyl and n-dodecyl group.
21. Brassica carinata
production’s seeds
Remaining
Oil De-oiling flour
Modified As such As such Formulation
Lubricants Lubrificants Fertilizer Soil products
Energy products
Biofuels
Agricoltural
oils
22. Table 4. PHA production from P. aeruginosa cultured on
differents substrates.
Substrate Dry cell weight PHA content PHA yield
(mg/L) (% dry cell weight) (mg/L)
B. Carinata oil 1000 5,0 50
Oleico acid 380 15,0 57
Erucic acid 2 866 9,3 81
Nervonic acid 416
416 10
10.0 42
29. T:3 T:3
12 8, 11
T:3
T:1 D:1 T:2 ∆:1 T:1
6 T:2
6 8 T:2 9 6 5
O:1 ∆:1 D:1 8
6
6 7 7 O:1
T:3 T:2 5
9 T:3
5
5
138 136 134 132 130 128 126 124 122 120
(ppm)
13C-NMR spectra of the PHA obtained from B. carinata oil in the region
of the olefinc signals.
30. Chemical structure of the PHA from B. carinata oil. This PHA
is made up of all the repeating units constituting the PHA
from erucic acid, plus the unsatureted ones shown here.
O:1 D:1 ∆:1 T:2 T:3
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
O CH CH CO O CH CH CO O CH CH CO O CH CH CO O CH CH CO
2 n 2 o 2 p 2 r 2 s
4CH 4CH 4 CH 4 CH 4 CH
2 2 2 2 2
5 CH 5CH 5 CH 5 CH 5 CH
2 2
6CH 6CH 6 CH 6 CH 6 CH
2
7CH 7CH 7 CH 7 CH 7 CH
2 2 2
8CH 8 CH 8 CH 8 CH 8 CH
3 2
9CH 9 CH 9 CH 9 CH
2 2
10 CH 10 CH 10CH 10CH
3 2 2 2
11CH 11 CH 11CH
2 2
12CH 12CH 12CH
3 2
13CH 13CH
2 2
14CH 14CH
3 3
31. Table 6. Physical characteristics of the PHAs isolated from
P. aeruginosa grown on B. carinata oil and on oleic, erucic
and nervonics acids.
Sustrate Tg (°C) Tm (°C) ΔHm (J/g) Mw x 10-3 Mw/Mn
B.carinata oil -47 - - 56 1,8
Oleico acid -52 - - 57 2,2
Erucic acid -46 50 16,1 122 1,9
Nervonic acid -43 50 15,5 114 2
32. Dimeri
R R
311 R CH CH CO [O ]
CH CH2 CO n O CH CH2 COOH
100 283
% Intensità
339
Trimeri
Tetrameri
60 453 481
255 367 425 509 595 623
393 535 567 651 679
20
300 400 500 600 700
x3 (m/z)
100
Pentameri
% Intensità
Esameri
765 Eptameri
60 737 793 907
879 935 1049
709 821 1077
851 963 1021 1105
991 1133
1161
20
700 800 900 1000 1100
(m/z)
Negative ion ESI mass spectrum of the partial pyrolisate of the PHA
from erucic acid. R may be a n-propyl, n-pentyl, n-heptyl, n-nonyl or n-
undecenyl group.
33. Table 7. Experimental and calculated relative amounts of
the partial pyrolisis products of the PHA produced by P.
aeruginosa from erucic acid.
m/z ESI Calculated
Dimers
C-O 255 10 9
C-D; O2 283 24 24
C-Δ; O-D 311 26 26
O-Δ; D2 339 18 19
O-T:1 365 6 7
D-Δ 367 8 7
D-T:1 393 6 4
Δ-T:1 421 2 2
Trimers
C22 397 4 4
C24 425 12 12
C26 453 20 19
C28 481 18 20
C30 :1 507 5 7
C30 509 13 13
C32:1 535 10 9
C32 537 6 5
C34:1 563 8 6
34. R R
Dimeri
R CH CH CO [O ]
CH CH2 CO n O CH CH2 COOH
311
100
283
339
% Intensità
Trimeri
60 255 Tetrameri
453 481
367 425 509 623 651
393 535 567 595 679
20
300 400 (m/z) 500 600 700
100 x 4
Pentameri
% Intensità
737 765 793 Esameri
60 709 821 907 Eptameri
879 935 963
849
991 1021 1049 107711051133
20
700 800 900 (m/z) 1000 1100
Negative ion ESI mass spetrum of the partial pyrolisate of the PHA
from B. carinata. R may be a n-pentaenyl, n-heptaenyl, n-nonaenye, n-
undecadieyil or n-undecatrienyl group.
35. Design For Efficient Energy: Energy requirements should be recognized for their
environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be
conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
Heating mechanisms heat exchange Heating with Microwave
Benefits:
Energy saving
Process Efficiency
Restrictions on the use of halogenated
solvents
36. What are the microwave
The microwaves are not ionizing electromagnetic waves having a
wavelength between 1 mm (ν = 300 GHz) and 1 m (ν = 300 MHz),
they are located in the area of the spectrum between the
frequencies of the infrared and the radio waves.
The frequency of 2.45 (± 0.05) GHz, corresponding in vacuum at a
wavelength (λ) of 12.2 cm, is that used for applications in the
domestic field, scientific, medical, and for many industrial
processes.
37. Chemical synthesis of copolyesters.
CH 3 O O
O CH CH 2 C + O CH 2 CH 2 CH2 CH2 CH 2 C
PHB n PCL m
1. PTSA·H2O, Chloroform, Toluene (reflux)
2. Azeotropic (dehydration)
CH 3 O O
O CH CH 2 C O CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C
n m
P(HB-co-CL)
38. Table 8. Transesterification Conditions, Yields, Molecular
Weights, and Degree of Transesterification of P(HB-co-CL)
Copolymers.
Sample HB/CLa Yield (%) Mw·103 b Mw/Mn c DT d DR e RT(h) f
Conventional
heating
A 54/46 15 7.8 1,41 0,16 0,3 1/2
B 45/55 23 n.d. n.d. 0,21 0,52 2/2
C 75/25 19 n.d. n.d. 0,42 0,92 3/2
D 55/45 10 7.9 1,3 0,37 0,74 5/2
Microwave
heating
E 55/45 52 5.2 1,3 0,1 0,21 1/2
F 48/52 49 6.4 1,27 0,12 0,25 2/2
G 55/45 30 9 1,2 0,17 0,36 3/2
H 46/54 26 12 1,24 0,31 0,63 5/2
aMolar composition of the resulting copolymers. b Weight-average molecular weight.
c Molecular weight distribution. d Degree of transesterification at the end of the second
stage of the reaction. e Degree of randomness at the end of the second stage of the
reaction. f Duration in hours of the two transesterification stages. n.d.: not detemined.
39. a
O CH3 O
O CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 C O CH CH2 C
e f g h i l m b c d n
a
e g
f+h
i
c
b
7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
(ppm)
200 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P(HB–co-45%mol CL)
(sample D) obtained with conventional heating.
40. m’ n’ a
H HO O CH O
3
H3C S O CH CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 C O CH CH2 C
n e 2 f g h i l m b c d n
H HO
m n
e
g
f+h
a
i
c
m+m’ n+n’ b
7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
(ppm)
200 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P(HB–co-54%mol CL)
(sample H) obtained with microwave heating.
41. a
O CH3 O
O CH2 CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 C O CH CH2 C
e f g h i l m b c d n
f g
e h
i
c
a
b
l d
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
(ppm)
50 MHz 13C-NMR spectra of the copolymer P(HB–co-45%mol CL)
(sample D) obtained with conventional heating.
42. m’ n’ a
H HO O CH O
3
H3C S O CH CH2 CH 2 CH 2 CH2 C O CH CH2 C
e 2 f g h i l m b c d n
H HO
m n h
g
e i f
c
a
l b
d m+m’ n+n’
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
(ppm)
50 MHz 13C-NMR spectra of the copolymer P(HB–co-54%mol CL)
(sample H) obtained with microwave heating.
43. CCC
BCC
BBC
BBB
BCB CBB
CCB
CBC
174.5 174.0 173.5 173.0 172.5 172.0 171.5 171.0 170.5 170.0 169.5 169.0 168.5
(ppm)
13C-NMR spectral expansion of the carbonyl region of the copolymer
(sample H).
44. 2X B 2XC
LB = LC =
( I BC + I CB )
( I BC + I CB )
where XB and XC are the dyad mole fractions of HB and CL calculable by the
equations:
X B = I BB + 1 2 ( I BC + I CB ) X C = I CC + 1 2 ( I BC + I CB )
DT = I BC + I CB DR = 1 LB + 1 LC
For a random copolymer of 1:1 composition, these parameters are expected
to assume the values LB = LC = 2, DT = 0.5 and DR = 1.
45. : Spettro MALDI-TOF della frazione eluita dopo il massimo del tracciato GPC del copolimero P(HB-co- 45 mol%CL) (campione D).
5894
5810
5838
5754
5866
5782
5922
5950
1000
800
5750 5850 5950
600 (m/z)
400
200
4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
(m/z)
MALDI-TOF mass spectrum of the fraction eluting after the maximum
of the GPC trace of the copolimer P(HB-co- 45 mol%CL) (sample D).
46. : Spettro MALDI-TOF della frazione eluita dopo il massimo del tracciato GPC del copolimero P(HB-co- 45 mol%CL) (campione D).
Chemical synthesis of terpolyesters.
CH3
O CH O CH2 O
3
O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C + O CH CH2 C O CH CH2 C
m n o
PCL P(HB-co-HV)
1. PTSA·H2O, Chloroform, Toluene (reflux)
2. Azeotropic (dehydration)
CH
3
O CH O CH2 O
3
O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C O CH CH2 C O CH CH2 C
m n o
P(HB-co-HV-co-CL)
47. Table 9:Transesterification Conditions, Yields, Molecular
Weights, and Degree of Transesterification of P(HB-co-HV-
co-CL) Terpolymers.
Sample HB/HV/CLa Resa (%) Mw·103 b Mw/Mn c DT d DR e RT(h) f
Conventional
heating
L 51/15/34 30 6.7 1,36 0,61 1,05 1/2
M 47/12/41 19 11.3 1,16 0,71 1,41 2/2
N 48/13/39 13 8.1 1,12 0,81 1,54 3/2
Microwave
heating
P 62/14/24 51 8.1 1,3 0,64 1,64 1/2
Q 58/15/27 37.5 9.1 1.9 0,7 1,27 2/2
R 68/13/19 35 6.7 1,2 0,75 1,47 3/2
aMolar composition of the resulting terpolymers. b Weight-average molecular weight.
c Molecular weight distribution. d Degree of transesterification at the end of the second
stage of the reaction. e Degree of randomness at the end of the second stage of the
reaction. f Duration in hours of the two transesterification stages.
48. Spettro 1H-NMR a 200 MHz del terpolimero P(3HB-co-12%mol 3HV-co-41%mol CL) (campione M).
m
g CH
3
O CH O n CH O
3 2
O CH CH CH CH CH C O CH CH C O CH CH C
2 2 2 2 2 2 p 2 q o
a b c d e f m h i l n o
g+n
a b+d
i+p e
m
h+o c
8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
(ppm)
200 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of the terpolymer P(HB-co-12%mol HV-co-
41%mol CL) (sample M).
49. m
x’ y’ CH
g 3
H HO O CH O n CH O
3 2
H3C S O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH C O CH CH C O CH CH C
a b c d e2 f m h i 2 l
n o p2 q o
H HO
x y
g+n
i+p b+d
a
e m
y+y’ x+x’ h+o
c
8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
(ppm)
200 MHz 1H-NMR spectra of the terpolymer P(HB-co-15%mol HV-co-
27%mol CL) (sample Q).
50. m
CH3
g
O CH3 O nCH O
2
O CH CH2 CH2 CH CH2 C O CH CH C O CH CH C
2 2 2 o p2 q o
a b c d e f m h i l n
g
i
h
ed
a
b c
l+q
n m
f o p
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
(ppm)
50 MHz 13C-NMR of the terpolymer P(HB-co-12%mol HV-co-41%mol CL)
(sample M).
51. m
x’ y’ CH 3
g
H HO O CH3 O
nCH O
2
H3C S O CH2 CH CH2 CH CH C O CH CH2 C O CH CH 2 C
a b2 c d2 e 2 f m h i l n o p q o
H H O
x y g
i
h
e
l+q a
b cd
m
o n
y+y’ x+x’ p
f
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
(ppm)
50 MHz 13C-NMR spectra of the terpolymer P(HB-co-15%mol HV-co-
27%mol CL) (sample Q).
52. Espansione dello spettro 13C NMR della regione dei carbonili del terpolimero M.
BB
BV,VB
CC
BC
BC
CV
VC VV
173.6 173.2 172.8 172.4 172.0 171.6 171.2 170.8 170.4 170.0 169.6 169.2 168.8
(ppm)
13C-NMR spectral expansion of the carbonyl region of the terpolymer
(sample M).
53. 2 XB 2 XV
LB = LV =
( I CB + I BC + I CV + I BV + IVB ) ( I CB + I BC + I CV + I BV + I VB )
2 XC
LC =
( I CB + I BC + I CV + I BV + I VB )
where XB, XV, and XC are the dyad mole fractions of HB, HV and CL calculable by
the equations:
X B = I BB + 1 2 ( I CB + I BC + I CV + I BV + I VB ) X V = I VV + 1 2 ( I CB + I BC + I CV + I BV + I VB )
X C = I CC + 1 2 ( I CB + I BC + I CV + I BV + I VB )
DR = 1 LB + 1 LC + 1 LV DT= ICB+IBC+ICV+IVC+IBV+IVB/2XB XC+2XCXV+2XBXV
54. Conclusion 1
Through bacterial fermentation were obtained for the first
time PHA using very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), more
than 20 C atoms and B. carinataI oil. The PHA produced by
fatty acid with odd number of carbon atoms are flexible
materials whose physical characteristics do not vary
significantly as a function of the side chain, although longer
pendant groups confer a greater speed of recrystallization.
The PHA produced by using erucic and nervonic acids, are
transparent as well, partially crystalline and therefore they
show rubber-like characteristics. Their proposed use is as
scaffold in tissue engineering and in the pharmaceutical
delivery system.
The PHA from B. carinata oil is a transparent material, totally
amorphous. The presence of double bonds allows the
derivatization and functionalization.
55. Conclusion 2
By chemical synthesis were obtained biodegradable and
biocompatible copolymers and terpoIymers. The structure of
these polymers is random or microblock depending on the
duration of the reaction or the amount of catalyst used and
the type of heating used. At equal number of hours of
reaction, and degree of transesterification catalyst used, the
use of microwaves has allowed to obtain higher yields for
both copolymers that for the terpolymers.
Copolymers and terpolymers obtained by this method are
capable of producing micro-and nanoparticles used in the
drug delivery system.