Chem 132 principles of chemistry lab ii montgomeryAtherstonez
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Principles of Chemistry Lab II Montgomery College, Rockville
Acids and Bases, pH, Buffers and Hydrolysis Introduction
Acids and Bases
Aqueous solutions of acids and bases are recognized as “acidic” or “basic” because they contain
appreciable concentrations of either hydronium (H3O+) or hydroxide (OH–) ions. Hydronium ions are
produced from the reaction of covalent molecules like HCl with water.
Chem 132 principles of chemistry lab ii montgomeryAtherstonez
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
Principles of Chemistry Lab II Montgomery College, Rockville
Acids and Bases, pH, Buffers and Hydrolysis Introduction
Acids and Bases
Aqueous solutions of acids and bases are recognized as “acidic” or “basic” because they contain
appreciable concentrations of either hydronium (H3O+) or hydroxide (OH–) ions. Hydronium ions are
produced from the reaction of covalent molecules like HCl with water.
Introduction
History
Acid & Base
Ionization of water
Definitions of pH
(1) Mathematical Definition
(2) pH
(3) pOH
Buffer solution
(1) Types
(2) Buffer action
(3) Biological buffer systems
Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation
Measurement of pH
(1) pH Scale
(2) pH indicators
(3) pH meter
pH in human body and nature
Importance
Conclusion
Reference
The objective is to understand the buffer equation, factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions, Buffer capacity, Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system, Influence of buffer capacity and pH on tissue, pH and solubility
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
It is an informative article about the pH and buffer system which is related to technology and science. It consist information about the pH and buffer solution which is widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals as well as science and technology .
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Introduction
History
Acid & Base
Ionization of water
Definitions of pH
(1) Mathematical Definition
(2) pH
(3) pOH
Buffer solution
(1) Types
(2) Buffer action
(3) Biological buffer systems
Henderson – Hasselbalch Equation
Measurement of pH
(1) pH Scale
(2) pH indicators
(3) pH meter
pH in human body and nature
Importance
Conclusion
Reference
The objective is to understand the buffer equation, factors influencing the pH of buffer solutions, Buffer capacity, Buffer in pharmaceutical systems and biologic system, Influence of buffer capacity and pH on tissue, pH and solubility
Acids and bases buffers ARRHENIUS CONCEPT
THE LEWIS CONCEPT-THE ELECTRON DONOR ACCEPTOR SYSTEM
BRONSTED-LOWRY CONCEPT (PROTON TRANSFER
THEORY
buffer action
ph scale
buffer capacity
acid base balance
isotonicity method
isotonic soltions
buffer solutions in pharmaceutical preparations
It is an informative article about the pH and buffer system which is related to technology and science. It consist information about the pH and buffer solution which is widely used in the fields of pharmaceuticals as well as science and technology .
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
1. CONCEPT Of pH
Definition:-
1. The pH of a solution may be defined as the negative logarithm of the reciprocal of the
hydrogen ion concentration.
pH = - log10[H+
] where, [H+
] = concentration of hydrogen ions.
Or
2. pH is a measurement of hydrogen ion concentration also a measurement of acidity or
alkalinity of a solution.
The pH scale is a series of numbers, which express the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the
solution.
The minimum value of pH is 0(zero) and the maximum value is 14(fourteen). The pH range
between 0 and 7 indicates acidic nature of the solution while between 7 and 14 indicates alkaline
nature of the solution. pH 7 indicates neutral solution.
The concept of pH was introduced by Sorensen (1909), a Danish Biochemist.
Unknown definition of p is given by many scientists. Where p is equal to power and we refer
it as power of hydrogen ions. Some scientists refer it to potenz (german word). Potenz means
power again. Jens Norby said that p is the constant and stands for negative logarithm. This
definition of p is widely accepted at international level.
pH of solution is temperature dependent. As temperature of solution is change the pH of
solution is change.
Importance of pH measurement is in medicine / pharma industries, food science (agro
processing industries), environmental science, oceanography etc.
We can measure pH of solution by pH meter and pH strips. Litmus paper is also used to
check that the solution is acid or base. By using pH strips, we get rough idea about pH of
solution. pH meter gave us exact number of pH of solution.
Electrodes of pH meter:-
Glass and quinhydrone electrodes are used in conjunction with saturated calomel electrode to
measure the pH of solution.
It is necessary to standardize pH meter prior to use because of the time and temperature
dependent of asymmetric potential of the glass electrode. For the standardization of pH meter buffer
solutions are used frequently.
Buffer solutions :-
The solutions which resist change in pH on dilution or with the addition or small amounts of
acid or alkali are called Buffer solutions.
A mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate acts as buffer solution around pH 4.75 and a
mixture of ammonium chloride(NH4Cl) and ammonium hydroxide/ammonia (NH3[aq]) acts as a
buffer around pH 9.25. Now, a days tablets are available in market which we can dissolve in some
amount of water we get a pH 4, 7, 9.25 as per our requirement.
pOH:-
pH is used for the measurement of hydrogen ions. Same way, pOH is used for the measurement
of hydroxyl ions (OH-
) or alkaliny of solutions.
pOH is not measured directly but is derived from pH.
pH + pOH = 14
_____________________________________________________________________
CALCULATE THE EXAMPLES: (for practice purpose only)
1. If the pH of basic solution is 8.23 than what is the pOH of that solution?
2. If the pH of acidic solution is 6.15 than what is the pOH of that solution?
3. If the pH of acidic solution is 2.22 than what is the pOH of that solution?
4. If the pH of acidic solution is 3.65 than what is the pOH of that solution?
5. If the pH of basic solution is 12.11 than what is the pOH of that solution?
.
2. Acid-Base Concept
Robert Boyle, some three hundred years back, was first to pronounce that a
reaction between an acid and base will result in formation of salt and water.
Based upon this, the properties of acids and bases were described for the firs
time. They are as under :
Acids and Bases described by three leading and useful theories:
i) Arrhenius Acid-Base Principle.
ii) Lowry-Bronsted Acid-Base Principle.
iii) Lewis Acid-Base Principle.
Arrhenius Acid-Base Principle.
Arrhenius defined acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions when
dissolved in water and bases as those which produced hydroxyl ions.
Thus, H+
were considered responsible for acidic properties of HCl and OH-
ions
responsible for basic properties of NaOH.
Arrhenius definition laid down the bases for understanding the acid base
reactions.
Some limitations also found in Arrhenius acid-base principle.
a) The nature of H+
(proton) in aqueous solution can’t be explained.
b) Some compounds behave as bases even when they do not have
OH-
hydroxyl ions, for eg. NH3, NH2CO3.
c) This principle does not explain the role of water, even though
water is essential for acid base reactions.
Lowry-Bronsted Acid-Base Principle:
Lowry and Bronsted in 1923, gave a wider definition of the acids and bases than
the Arrhenius theory.
According to them acids are substances that are capable of loosing a proton and
bases are substances that are capable of accepting a proton. According to this principle
acid-base reaction is a proton transfer reaction.
Lewis Acid-Base Principle:
Lewis further extended the principle of acid-base in 1923, in which the basic
requirement of proton transfer was given up and called this process as electron
transfer process.
A base is a compound that donates a pair of electrons and acid is compound that
accepts a pair of electrons in an acid-base reaction.
Acid Properties Base
Sour TASTE Bitter
Turn blue litmus
paper into red
EFFECT ON
LITMUS
PAPER
Turn red litmus
paper into blue
When react with
base the result is
neautralisation.
REACTION When react with
acid the result is
neautralisation.
0-7 pH Scale 7-14
Acid donate the
hydrogen ions
HYDROGEN
IONS
Base accept the
hydrogen ions.