Power Distribution Report: PGVCL Amreli Division

REPORT ON
POWER DISTRIBUTION
AT
PGVCL AMRELI DIVISION-1
&
VISIT AT
GETCO 66/11 KV KERIYA ROAD SUB-STATION AMRELI
PREPARED BY:
ANKUR S PITHADIYA
PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLUEM UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Industrial Training Report about testing is an authentic
record of my own work as requirements of 1-month Industrial Training during
the period from 8/6/2016 to 8/7/2016 for the award of Master in Electrical
Engineering (Power system), School of Technology, Pandit deendayal petroleum
University,Gandhinagar under the ANKUR PITHADIYA
(Signature of student)
Ankur Pithadiya
15MTEE017
Date: ____________________
Certified that the above statement made by the student is correct to the best of
their knowledge and belief.
Industry Guide:
Name: shri N.F.Doshi (EE) Name: shri K.D.Patel(JE)
Sign: _______________________ Sign:
______________________
Name: shri R.S.parmar (DE)
Sign: _______________________
Head of Department (Signature and Seal)

ABSTRACT
Industrial training is a part of the after 1th
year. In this training we get practical
knowledge about real work and problem of the industrial product. In this training, we learn
about testing of the meter. We get experience about the industrial work. In daily life, all the
companies are tried to improve performance and their reputation. All the workers are work
with together. We work in practical view. I manage the relation between workers and
supervisor. I try to give best to the company. I really thank to our H.O.D Mr.Vivek Pandya to
suggest to take one month of training. I tried helpful to the company. I also thankful to our
faculty members to teach theoretical knowledge in electrical branch to improve my practical
knowledge in industries. I also thankful to grand the permission for giving me training.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am the student is highly thankful for introducing such an existing way of developing
their knowledge regarding the industrial training.
First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest sense of gratitude and sincere
thanks to all the faculty of electrical department & staff of the PGVCL for their timely co-
operation in finding out solution without fault.
I am also thankful to those who directly or indirectly helped us in my training and
those names might have been mentioned, this training is dream come true. I express my
sincere thanks to the entire faculty for their unfailing inspiration…
Ankur Pithadiya

Contents Page No.
Chapter 1: BREIF OVER VIEW OF ELECTRICITY IN GUJARAT
1.1. Functions of GUVNL 11
1.2. Subsidiaries Companies 11
Chapter 2: PROFILE OF PGVCL
2.1 Aim 12
2.2 Organization and Employees 12
Chapter 3: ERECTION OF HT & LT LINE
3.1 Introduction 14
3.2 Element in Power Distribution 14
3.3 Overhead Line Insulators 17
3.4 HT Transmission line 21
3.5 LT Transmission line 24
Chapter 4: RELEASING NEW CONSUMER
4.1 Brief overview 26
4.2 Introduction and Working with GIS Module 27
Chapter 5: METER LEBORETORY & ELECTRICITY THEFT
5.1 Information of meter 29
5.2 Technical Aspects 30
5.3 Market Potential 30
5.4 Single phase Eppeltone Engineers Pvt.Ltd 31
5.5 To check the meter some machine are used 33
5.6 Three phase Genus power infrastructures Ltd., Haridwar 35
5.7 Electricity theft 39
Chapter 6: AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
LAYOUT AND ITS EQUIPMENTS
6.1 Introduction 44
6.2. High-voltage breakers are broadly classified by 49
Chapter.7 TRANSFORMER
7.1 Transformer 50
7.1.1 Principal Operation 50
7.1.2 Distribution Transformer 51
7.1.3 Accessories Of Transformer 51
7.2 Type Of Windings 54
7.3 Material Used In Transformer Construction 56
7.4 Rating 59
7.5 Principal Parameters 59
7.6.Service condition 60

Chapter 8: Conclusion
8.1 introductions 61
8.2 knowledge gained 61

LIST OF FIGURE
NO NAME OF FIG. PAGE NO.
1.1 list of company 10
2.1 Vertical Hierarchy in PGVCL 13
3.1 Guy Clamp 14
3.2 Guy Insulator 14
3.3 3 Lightning Arrester 15
3.4 Bushing Insulators 15
3.5 Conductors 150 mm2
16
3.6 11 Ampere Fuse 16
3.7 250/5 CT coil 17
3.8 Pin Type Insulator 18
3.9 Composite Pin Insulator 18
3.10 11 kv pin insulator 19
3.11 Suspention Type Insulator 19
3.12 Strain Type Insulator 20
3.13 Shackle Type Insulator 21
3.14 HT transmission line 21
3.15 HT line construction 23
3.16 LT Transmission line 24
5.1 Single phase meter 29
5.2 Single phase two wire meter 31
5.3 Accucheck machine 33
5.4 Rounder RS 232 9 in connecter 33
5.5 Single phase testing bench 34
5.6 Three phase 4 wire meters 35
5.7 Three phase testing bench 36
5.8 For three phase voltage testing bench 37
5.9 For three phase current testing bench 38
5.10 other ways to steal electricity 41
5.11 solution of theft reduction 42
5.12 Electronic Tamper Detection Meters 43
5.13 Plastic meter enclose 43
6.1 substation layout 44
6.2 Lightning arrestors 45
6.3 PT 46
6.4 Isolator 46
6.5 CT 47
6.6 CB 48
6.7 Busbar 49
7.1 Transformer 50
7.2 Elementary Transformer 50

7.3 Distribution Transformer 51
7.4 Accessories of Transformer 51
7.5 Parts of TC 52
7.6 Breather 53
7.7 Concentratic Cylindrical Type
Winding
54
7.8 Sandwitch Type Winding 54
7.9 Primary Delta Connected 55
7.10 Secondry Star Connected 55
7.11 Core 56
7.12 Winding 56
7.13 Insulation 57

List of Table
NO NAME PAGE NO.
3.1 Technical information of 11
KV pin insulator
18
3.2 Technical information of 11
KV disc insulator
20
3.3 Material used in HT
transmission line
22
3.4 Material used in LT
transmission line
25
4.1 Types of category 27
5.1 Zone for energy calculation 36
7.1 No. of coils HV/Phase 57
7.2 Radial clearance of LV coil
to core
58
7.3 Radial clearance between
HV &. LV
58
7.4 Rating 59
7.5 Principal Parameters 59
7.6 Service Condition 60

Chapter 1: BREIF OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICITY IN
GUJARAT
 The Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) is an electrical services umbrella
company in the state of Gujarat, India. It was set up in May 1999 and is registered
under the Companies Act, 1956. The Company was created by the Gujarat Electricity
Board (GEB) as it’s wholly owned subsidiary in the context of liberalization and as a
part of efforts towards restructuring of the power sector with the aim of improving
efficiency in management and delivery of services to consumers. As a part of Power
Reform Process, the Electricity Act, 2003, was passed by the Central Government and
Gujarat Electricity Industry (Re-organization & Regulation) Act, 2003, was passed by
the Government of Gujarat to restructure the Electricity Industry with an aim to
improve efficiency in management and delivery of services to consumers.
 Under the provisions of the said Acts Govt. of Gujarat framed the Gujarat Electricity
Industry Re-organization & Comprehensive Transfer Scheme, 2003, (the Transfer
Scheme) vide Government Notification dated 24-10-2003 for transfer of
assets/liabilities etc. of erstwhile GEB to the successor entities.
 Accordingly erstwhile Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) was reorganized effective
from 1 April 2005 into Seven Companies with functional responsibilities of Trading,
Generation, Transmission and Distribution etc.
 The Companies incorporated are as under:
Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd. (GUVNL) Holding Company
Gujarat State Electricity Corp. Ltd.(GSECL) Generation
Gujarat Energy Transmission Corp. Ltd.(GETCO) Transmission
Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (UGVCL) Distribution
Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (DGVCL) Distribution
Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (MGVCL) Distribution
Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (PGVCL) Distribution
Fig 1.1.list of company

1.1 FUNCTIONS OF GUNVL
 The Company was incorporated to take over the assets, liabilities and personnel of the
GEB in accordance with Schedule G of the Main Transfer Scheme Notification dated
24 October 2003. The Company has to carry out the residual functions (including
power trading) of the defunct GEB.
 One of the functions of the Company includes coordination of the activities of its
subsidiaries, business, and works to determine their economic and financial objectives
and targets and to review, control, guide and direct their performance with a view to
secure optimum utilization of all resources placed at their disposal
1.2 SUBSIDARIES COMPANIES
 Gujarat State Electricity Corporation Limited (GSEC)
 Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited (GETCO)
 State Load Dispatch Center (SLDC)
 Dakshin Gujarat Vij Company Limited (DGVCL)
 Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited (MGVCL)
 Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Limited (PGVCL)
 Uttar Gujarat Vij Company Limited (UGVCL)
 Gujarat Energy Training and Research Institute (GETRI)

Chapter 2: PROFILE OF PGVCL
Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. is an electricity company that was incorporated on 15th
September, 2003 with certificate of business w.e.f. 15th October, 2003. Commercial
operation of company is started on 1st April 2005. PGVCL is feeding electricity in 12 district
of Gujarat namely Rajkot, Jamnagar, Junagadh, Porbandar, Bhuj, Bhavnagar, Surendranagar,
Amreli, Botad, Morbi, Devbhumi Dwarka and Gir Somanath. For better administration and
consumers' conveniences, administrative area of company is divided in to total 11 and out of
which 6 circles are under direct control of Corporate Office and 4 circles are under the
control of Bhavnagar Zonal Office and 1 circle under the control of Bhuj Zonal Office.
 Total Area covered by company: 99,771 sq. km. approx.
 Population Of area covered by company: 17.5 million approx.
 Total Consumers of company : 5133305( As on 31.10.2015)
 Total Circles : 12
 Total Divisions : 45
 Total Sub Divisions : 240
 Total Employees : 13260
 Total Assessment of PGVCL for the year 2014-15 : Rs. 11009.43 (Crores)
 Total Assessment of PGVCL up to Oct-15 : 7269.05( Crores)
2.1 Aim
1. Our main aim is to supply of quality power to our valued consumers.
2. Reduction of AT & C losses.
3. Better services to consumers in all respect.
4. Minimize the grievances of our valued consumers.
2.2 Organization and Employees
 PGVCL works on a very strict vertical hierarchy for working and it also follows a very
strict hierarchy in a single subdivision office also. The cooperate headquarter office is
situated at Rajkot. The zonal office for Amreli is situated at Bhavanagar. Amreli circle
office is headquarter for all company’s activity in amreli district. Division office is a
step down to circle office which co-ordinates the activities in selected region of amreli
district.
 Amreli town subdivision is the last in the hierarchical level and one of those offices in
all districts which is in direct exposure to consumers. I worked as trainee at Amreli
Town Subdivision. The flowchart of organizational offices is as given below:

Fig. 2.1 Vertical Hierarchy in PGVCL
 The different departments in a subdivision are Technical, Cash, Billing, Human
Resource, Store, Theft and legal. The subdivision town office is also known as the
office of Deputy Engineer. The general employees in a subdivision office are Deputy
Engineer, Junior Engineer, Deputy Senior Assistant, Senior Assistant, Junior
Assistant, Line Inspector and Line staff.
Headquarter Office
Zonal Office
Circle Office
Division Office
Subdivision Office

Chapter 3: ERECTION OF HT & LT LINE
3.1 Introduction
 I take training in Amreli town sub division of line department & lab department for
meter testing .There I had learn how to install the HT & LT transmission line & meter
testing.
 In the testing side various kind of machine is use to test difference test.
3.2 Element in Power Distribution
1. Guy Clamp:
It is used to attach guy insulator with pole. It is usually made of insulating material
and uses 2.5 mm bolt
Fig. 3.1 Guy Clamp
2. Guy Insulator:
It is used to earth the pole and also provide mechanical support to pole. It is especially
used at right angle pole and end pole. It is made of insulating material mainly
porcelain.
Fig. 3.2 Guy Insulator

3. Lightning arrester:
It is provided at the top of support structure. It is for sole purpose of safety from
lightning incidents. It is directly connected to earth to avoid electrical component to
damage.
Fig. 3.3 Lightning Arrester
4. Bushing Insulators:
They are insulating support to conductors installed on poles. There sizes vary
according to voltage level in conductors.
Fig. 3.4 Bushing Insulators

5. Conductors:
Conductors are the main parts of electricity transmission. Their size varies according
to allowable current which is going to pass through it. Different conductors of 150
mm2
, 70 mm2
, 50 mm2
, 25 mm2
are used according to current levels.
Fig. 3.5 Conductors 150 mm2
6. Fuse:
Fuse is very important electrical device used for protection of costly apparatus. They
are available in different sizes and ampere capacity but their working principle is
same. An 11 ampere fuse is as shown below:
Fig. 3.6 11 Ampere Fuse

7. CT coil:
As discussed earlier, CT coil are mainly useful in measurements. They step down the
dangerously high level current to low level of current. A typical 250/5 CT coil is as give
below:
Fig. 3.7 250/5 CT coil
3.3 Overhead Line Insulators:-
 Over head line conductors are bare not covered with insulating coating.
 So they are secure from supporting structure by means of insulating fittings known as
insulators.
 This insulator impede flow of current from conductor to earth through conductor
supports.
 Material used for insulators are
- porcelain
- glass
- steatite
- composite insulator etc.
Types of insulators:-
(a) Pin Type Insulator.
(b) Suspention Type Insulator.
(c) Strain Type Insulator.
(d) Shackle Type Insulator.

(a) Pin Type Insulator:-
Fig.3.8 Pin Type Insulator Fig.3.9 Composite Pin Insulator
 This type of insulator is small,simple and cheap.
 These type of insulator monted on crossarm of pole.
 The line conductor placed in groove at top of insulator and it tied down with binding
wire of the same material as conductor.
 This type of insulator use for transmission and distribution voltage upto 33KV.
TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND GUARANTEED TECHNICAL
PARTICULARS FOR 11 KV PIN INSULATOR
Sr no specification Rating
1 Creepage distance(min) 320mm
2 Mechanical failing load (Min) 10 KN (1020KGfor Pin Insulator)
3 Impulse withstands test voltage. a) 1.2/50 micro sec. +ve wave - 110 KV
b) 1.2/50 Micro sec. -ve Wave - 110 KV
4 Impulse flashover test voltage a) 1.2/50 micro sec +ve wave 120 KV
b) 1.2/50 Micro sec -ve Wave 130 KV
5 Power frequency withstand test
voltage
a) Dry. 70 KV
b) Wet. 45 KV
6 Power frequency flashover test
voltage.
a) Dry. 80 KV
b) Wet .50 KV
7 Power frequency puncture voltage 110 KV
8 Visible discharge 9KV
Table.3.1 Technical information of 11 kv pin insulator
groove
Pin rod

Fig.3.10(11 kv pin insulator)
(b) Suspention Type Insulator:-
Fig.3.11 Suspention Type Insulator
 For voltage above 33KV suspention type or disc type insulator is used.
 Number of seprate disc are joined to each other by using metal link to form string.
 Each unit of suspention insulator is designed for low voltage about 11KV and
depending upon the operating voltage the number of units can be connected to series
by link.

TECHNICAL INFORMATION AND GUARANTEED TECHNICAL
PARTICULAR FOR 11 KV PIN INSULATORS
Sr no Specification rating
1 Creepage distance(min) 320mm
2 Mechanical failing load (Min) 70 KN (7140 KG for Disc Insulator)
3 Impulse withstands test voltage. a) 1.2/50 micro sec. +ve wave - 110 KV
b) 1.2/50 Micro sec. -ve Wave - 110 KV
4 Impulse flashover test voltage a) 1.2/50 micro sec +ve wave 120 KV
b) 1.2/50 Micro sec -ve Wave 130 KV
5 Power frequency withstand test
voltage
a) Dry. 70 KV
b) Wet. 45 KV
6 Power frequency flashover test
voltage.
a) Dry. 80 KV
b) Wet .50 KV
7 Power frequency puncture voltage 110 KV
8 Visible discharge 9KV
Table.no.3.2 (Technical information of 11 kv disc insulator)
(c) Strain Type Insulator:-
Fig3.12 Strain Type Insulator
 This type of insulator is used for handling the mechanical stresses at angle position of
the line i.e, corner or sharp curve ,end of line,long river crossing etc.
 The discs of this insulator are same as susoention type insulator but are arranged in
horizontal plane.
 So for HT line strain insulator consisting of assembly of suspention type insulator are
used.
strain type
insulator

(d) Shackle Type Insulator:-
Fig.3.13 Shackle Type Insulator
 This type of insulator is used as strain insulator.but these are used for low voltage
distribution lines.
 These insulators are also used in end poles, sharp curves and for service connection.
 These are bolted to the pole or cross arm.
3.4 HT transmission line
Fig 3.14 HT transmission line
 Electricity is transmitted at high voltage that transmission line is called HT
transmission line.

 Ht transmission line is a line which can transfer the high current to one place to
another.
 Electric power transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating
power plants to electrical substation.
 Most transmission lines are high voltage three phase alternating current (AC).
 Single phase ac is sometimes used in railway electrification system.
 High voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is used for greater efficiency at very
long distance.
 To reduce the energy losses in long distance transmission line is used so the power is
usually transmitted through overhead power lines.
 The transmission line when interconnected with each other becomes transmission
network.
 The combined transmission and distribution network is known as the “power grid”.
 This is distinct from the local wiring between high voltage substation and customers,
which is typically referred to as electric power distribution.
 Historically, transmission and distribution lines were owned by the same company, but
started in the 1990.
MATERIAL USED IN HT TRANSMISSION LINE
No Particulars unit qty
1 PSC pole 8m No. 1
2 11kv cross arm. No. 1
3 Back clamp for fixing cross arm. (d clap)
Side clamp (50 * 6m.s flat)
No.
No.
1
1
4 HT top fittings No. 1
5 Earthing of poles (coil type)
Material required for 1 no. earthing
(a ) GI wire no 8
(b) rigid PVC pipe 20mm dia (1.5 metre)
No.
KG.
No.
1
3.24
1

6 Caution & danger board No. 1
7 11kv pin insulator
(a) 11kv pin insulator
(b) 11kv GI pin (pin road)
No.
No.
No.
1
3
1
8 Sundry material such as PG clamp, binding wire, taps, bolt, nuts
with perform fitting.
(a) M.S. bolts & nuts 65 * 16mm
(b) Alum. Binding wire
(c) HT tape
KG.
KG.
metre
2.40
0.09
10
Table.3.3 Material used in ht transmission line
CONSTRUCTION & WORKING OF HT TRANSMISSION LINE
Fig.3.15 HT line construction
 At first to construct the HT transmission line take an 8 meter pole.
 After that put that pole in to the earth or ground 4 feet.
 Then take the cross arms of 11kv and fit on the top of the pole with nuts.
 Keep an insulator on the cross arms so that the conductor can pass through insulator.
 Take a conductor as per the distance from one pole to other pole.
 When the pole is ready with the conductor then earthing is done.
 In each pole earthing is compulsory.

3.5. LT TRANSMISSION LINE
Fig.3.16 LT Transmission line
 The electricity is transmitted from pole mounted substation to consumer house
that transmitting line is called low transmitting line.
 This will start from pole mounted transformer because when the HT line comes
to pole mounted after that the transformer will step down and the high voltage
will convert into low voltage after that the low transmission line will start and it
transfer the low voltage to the consumer.
Construction and working of LT line
 Take 8 meter pole
 After put the pole into the ground 4 feet.
 Then take the shackle insulator with u clamp.
 Keep the insulator on the u clamp so the line can pass through that
 After that take a alloy conductor of 34mm2
size as per the distance.
 Do the eathing of pole.
 The pole is earthed with coil type earthing.

L.T. line 1PH, 2 wire on PSC pole
No Particular unit qty
1 PSC pole 8M/200kg
GUY sts with preformed fitting
Material requirement for 1 no. guy set
(a) Ancher rod
(b) Turn buckle
(c) Eye bolt
(d) Stay wire
(e) LT guy insulator
(f) Guy clamp
No
No
No
No
No
KG
No
SET
25
6
1
1
1
3.24
1
1
2 Earthing of pole
Material required for 1 no reathing
(a) GI wire no 8
(b) Rigid PVC pipe – 20mm dia (1.5) metre
No
KG
No
25
3.24
1
3 L.T. shackle insulator comp. with firring viz. u clamp and GI
bolt
(a) LT shackle insulator
(b) LT shackle bolt
(c) C clamp
No
No
No
No
50
1
1
1
4 ALL ALU. ALLOY conductor 34mm2
size of phase, neutral
and ST light
ALL ALU ALLOY conductor 34mm2
KM
KM
2.06
2.06
5 Sundry material such as bolts nuts/pg clamp, GI wire, binding
taps & binding wire, line spacer etc with performed fitting
(a) M.S. bolt & nuts
(b) M.S. bolts & nuts
(c) Alu binding wire
(d) Line spacers of 3 wire line
KG
KG
KG
No
4.80
17.80
1.00
75
Table.3.4.Material used in LT Transmission line

Chapter 4: Releasing New Consumer
4.1 Brief overview
During my stay as trainee at town subdivision office, I was introduced to Technical Section
of the office. It was handled by Junior Engineer Shri K. D. Patel sir and assisted by Junior
Assistant Shri P.H. Gothi sir. The major work range of this section consists following points:
 Application for new electrical connection.
 Application for load change of existing connection.
 Consumer Complaints.
 Management of line staff.
I went through the whole process of new consumer creation from an employee’s point of
view. The step by step procedure of new consumer creation is done on an Oracle based
Application “Eurja”. It is a heart of all major activities done in PGVCL. The whole process
of new consumer creation is narrated below:
 Form Filling and Document Submission from applicant:
The applicant for new electrical connection must first fill an A1 form which asks for
details like Name, Address for proposed connection, Purpose of new connection,
Total Electrical load required etc. Applicant is also supposed to submit a copy of
photo identity, Ration card, and property agreement of the given place, a notary for
electrical connection and a nearest electricity bill.
 Service Request (SR) creation:
After through checking of documents and filled form by five employees, a service
request is generated in E-urja by feeding data given in form. It carries a unique 7 digit
number for each application. It is noted down carefully.
 Registration Charges:
Once SR is created, it is required to pay a registration charge. The charge depends
upon purpose of connection. It is 40 for Residential Connection, 100 for Commercial
Connection and 400 for Industrial or HT Connection.
 General Priority Register:
Once the Reg. Charges are paid, all necessary information of the given application is
noted down in a General Priority Register date wise and time wise.
 Site Survey task:
A through survey of proposed new connection site is done by one of the PGVCL
employees and category is defined. Here definition of different category is tabulated
below.

Category Definition
A The proposed connection is within 30 m range of nearest pole.
B The proposed connection is more than 30 m away from nearest pole.
In this case LT line is supposed to be extended.
C Augmentation of transformer is required
D A new transformer and Electrical network required to be setup in
vicinity of this proposed connection.
Table.4.1 (types of category)
A category applicant must give a test report of internal wiring of their proposed application
place attested by an electrical supervisor.
 Firm Quotation Issue:
After Survey is done, a quotation of total estimated cost to applicant is calculated and
sent to the applicant via RPAD or courier. Applicant is required to pay the firm
quotation in order to get electrical connection.
 Paid Pending Register:
After Quotation is paid, it is noted down in another register called paid pending
register.
 Meter Issue :
To the proposed new connection, it is required to install an energy meter in order to
calculate the amount of energy that will be consumed. It is first tested in laboratory
and issued with unique meter number and Lab number.
 Installation:
A service wire after all these process is given to consumer from nearest pole which
carries power to consumer’s place. Energy meter is connected in series with the
service wire and main switch.
4.2 Introduction and Working with GIS Module:
GIS Module is very important part of maintaining solid database of all the consumers. It
stands for geographic Information system. It comes under the union government project
RAPDRP (Restructured Accelerated Power Development & Reforms Program).The step by
step process of creating consumer in GIS module. In GIS module a consumer is known as a
service point.
 Assigning Job from E-urja:
Once the site survey of the proposed place is done, It is required to create a service point
in GIS module as per detailed obtained from site survey. For this it is required to assign
SR to GIS from E-urja.

 Job Assignment:
The assigned SRs can be seen on Job assignment of RAPDRP Portal. It is then
initiated for workflow with proper remarks. Now the job moves to my job list.
 My Job List:
In my job list the newly added SRs shows pending status. It also has an option of open
map. By clicking on open map, the map zooms to consumer’s location remarking the
nearest consumer.
 Creating Service Point:
On the map page there is an editor panel. Clicking on it opens several editing options.
In composite creation panel, there is a composite consumer creation option, selecting
this option enables us to create a new service point. By dragging an intersection line
with LT up to desired location and then double clicking it creates new consumer. It is
required to save edits once work is done.
 Load flow Analysis:
Once the service point is created, it is required to create a report which known as load
flow analysis report. It can be found under network tools option. Once the report is
created, it is supposed to be sending to CRM. It can be found under map tools options.

Chapter 5: METER LEBORETORY & ELECTRICITY THEFT
5.1 Information of Meter
Fig.5.1 Single phase meter
 The energy meter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to record Electrical
Energy Consumed over a specified period of time in terms of units.
 An electric meter or energy meter is a device that measure the amount of electrical
energy supplied to or produced by a residential, business or machine.
 The most common type is a kilowatt hour meter.
 When used in electricity retailing, the utilities record the values measured by these
meter to generate an invoice for the electricity.
 They may also record other variable including the time when the electricity was used.
 Modern electricity meters operate by continuously measuring the instantaneous
voltage and current.

5.2 Technical Aspects
Process of Manufacture
 Energy meter is basically an assembly of electrical and mechanical components. The
design of energy meter depends upon which rating of current and voltage upon meter
has to work.
 The components like potential coils and current coils are to be designed in accordance
with customer's requirements.
 Other components like magnets, terminals, Disc and reading registration mechanism
are to be designed accordingly.
 All these components fixed in housing and connection to be made as per circuit
designed.
 Every step needs to be checked, electrical parameters before sub assembly. Complete
assembly put on testing bench for final testing to set accuracy of the meter.
 This testing bench is very important equipment fully computerized.
 In this bench we have to set power factor frequency, current ratings and speed of
rotating disc.
 When every electrical parameter is checked than meter is to be sent for despatch and
ready to install in the customer's premises.
5.3 Market Potential
 Every house, small factory, business establishment, shops, offices etc. need at least
one energy meter to register power consumption.
 The supplier of electrical raises the bill on the basis reading shown by this meter.
 The producer of electricity sale the electricity to the electricity boards and boards has
to sale this energy to the consumer.
 Consumer needs to pay the amount against the bill raised by the supplier.
 This product is available in single phase and three phases at different current rating as
per customer's requirement.

5.4 Single phase Eppeltone Engineers Pvt.Ltd
 Specification given on the single phase two wires static.
Fig 5.2.Single phase two wire meter
1) Capacity of meter 5-30 amp
2) Input voltage constant 240 volt
3) Class 1.0
4) Frequency 50 Hz
5) 3200 impulse/kWh
6) PROPERTY OF PASCHIM GUJARAT VIJ CO LTD
7) Manufactured by Eppeltone Engineers Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.
8) GAURANTED PERIOD: 5½ Year.
When the meter will start at that time some specification will come on
the display are given below:
1) Company code
2) Meter serial no
3) Date & time
4) Voltage
5) Amp

6) Kw
7) Kwh
8) Maximum demand(kw)
9) Date
10) Time
 After this we can see the record stored in meter.
 If we want to see the record of last 3 month then we call easily see by the
SCROLL/BATT
(DISPLAY PERAMETER)
Ex: maximum demand: 00.94 kW
Date: 21-04-16 1st
month
Time: 17; 00
Maximum demand: 00.96 kW
Date: 28-05-16 2nd
month
Time: 17:30
Maximum demand: 00.85 kw
Date: 18-06-16 3rd
month
Time: 16; 30

5.5 To check the meter some machine are used
Now there is some machine that can useful at the time of meter testing
1) Accucheck
Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4
Accucheck machine Rounder RS 232 9 in connecter
 This is Accucheck machine.
 In this 230 input given.
 In the bottom right side of the accucheck there will be a black code. It gives 230v to
Accucheck.
 Same as in bottom white code is connected that is of CT CLAMP CODE
 Black is snap switch code
 The last bottom left side is to attach with the computer (rounder RS 232 9 in
connecter)

2) Single phase testing bench
Fig 5.5 Single phase testing bench
 This is a single phase testing bench.
 This machine can check 10 meter at one time.
 At the left side main switch is there in testing bench.
 In this machine there is different type of on/off indicators like mains, voltage,
voltage/current, current & same switch is also given down side of the on/off switch.
 At down side there is some digital meter like frequency, voltage, current, power factor.
 In this there is different on/off switch like voltage, current & CT ratio selection
In CT ratio selection there is given below
1) 5A/5a (MF-1)
2) 10A/5A(MF-2)
3) 25A/5A(MF-5)
4) 40A/5A(MF-8)
 The current output is given at the down side of the c.t. ratio selection there we have to
connect the CT.
 At the left side if the testing bench the main switch is there to on the testing bench.

 Down side of the main switch there is one fuse of 2A for the safety of testing bench.
 Emergency stop
5.6 Three phase Genus power infrastructures Ltd., Haridwar
1) Specification given on the three phases four wire static.
Fig.5.6 Three phase 4 wire meters
1) Three phase 4 wire meter
2) 3 * 240 voltage
3) IB: 10A, Imax : 60A
4) Class: 1.0
5) Ref temp:- 270
C
6) Firmware Version: LC001.63159
7) Guarantee period: 5½ years
8) Pulse rate: 1200 imp/kWh
9) MF: 1 Freq: 50Hz
10) property of PGVCL

There are three zones in meters for energy calculation as per norms:
TOD Timings Detail
TOD-1 07:00Hrs TO 11:00 Hrs & 18:00 Hrs to 22:00 Hrs. Peak
TOD-2 00:00Hrs TO 06:00 Hrs & 22:00 Hrs to 24:00 Hrs. Night
TOD-3 06:00 Hrs to 07:00Hrs Rest
TOD-4 11:00 Hrs to 18:00 Hrs Off peak
Table.5.1.Zone for energy calculation
 There are two RED LED indicators shown on meter for kWh & kVArh blinking
indicators when energy recorded in meter.
 Reset button: monthly reset purpose as per requirement. Now a days in static
meter MD reset automatically every first day of the month.
 Two Push button
 MRI knob:
MRI data is taken by CMRI (common meter reading instrument) on this port to
collect meter data from this port & download in PC related software for analysis
purpose
 From this CMRI data download in computer.
2) Three phase testing bench
Fig. 5.7 Three phase testing bench

 This is a three phase testing bench
 In this we can test the three phase meter
 This machine can check 20 three phase meter at one time.
 To on this testing bench one main switch is kept.
 Three phase testing bench have two parts
a) Voltage
b) Current
a) Voltage
Fig 5.8 for three phase voltage testing bench
 In voltage testing parts there are three main on switch
1) R-phase
2) Y- phase
3) B-phase
 After at the down of main on switch the supply frequency and output
voltage digital meter are kept in that digital meter we can see the
frequency & output voltage that the machine shows.
 Now there is 3 different voltage output
1) R-phase
2) Y-phase

3) B-phase
 Last is output voltage selection. In this we can select the two phase like
RY,YB,BR,RN,YN,BN so if we select RY then the digital AC meter
gives the output of RY.
 Same as single phase testing bench one fuse (fuse -2A) is also in three
phase testing bench
 At last 2 switches is kept for output on/of
 There are 3 separate fuse for RY&B.
b) Current
(Fig 5.9 for three phase current testing bench)
 There are two indicators of voltage & current.
First & second indicator is for voltage on and off.
Third & fourth indicator is for current and off.
 In this three phase current testing bench three separate fuse is kept for
RY&B.
 In the left side of the current testing bench one output load C.T.
secondary current digital A.C ammeter is kept to see the output.
 At the down side the current output on/off switch is given for R, Y & B.
 The current output on & off switch is kept.

 The digital output load power factor is kept to see the P.F. of current &
also shown that it is leading current or lagging current.
 At the last three separate current terminals is kept for RYB to connect the
CT.
5.7 ELECTRICITY THEFT
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY THEFT….???
• It is the use of electrical power without a contract with a supplier with total
or partial bypassing metering system
MAJOR CAUSES OF ELECTRICITY THEFT
• Absence of accountability.
• Inadequate and ineffective enforcement of law.
• Political protection to employees and influential customers.
• Customer attitude: “Immoral to steal from neighbor but legitimate to steal
from state’’.
ELECTRICITY THEFT METHODS
 Meters:
• Tampering with meters and seals
• By-passing the meters
• Damaging or removing meter
 Wires/ Cables:
• Illegal tapping to bare wires or underground cables
 Transformers:
• Illegal terminal taps of overhead lines on the low side of the transformer
 Billing irregularities made by meter readers.
 Unpaid bills by individuals, government institutions and “untouchable” VIPs.

FEW OTHER WAYS FOR POWER THEFT
• Use of single phase supply from three phase supply.
• Disconnected neutral from both the ends.
• Used earth/separate neutral for return circuit.
• Connecting phase voltage to neutral of used single phase supply. Potential difference
w.r.t. neutral of used single phase supply is zero. Hence power product of voltage and
current, will be zero.
• Isolating neutral from both ends.
THEFT OCCURS WHEN:
• An illegal consumer (not a registered customer) steals directly from the distribution
lines or from another legal customer.
• A legal customer (registered customer) steals either bypassing the meter (connecting
around the meter to a live cable on the company side of the meter) or tampering with
the meter to make it read less or no consumption.
• There is collusion between the customer and a company employee to reduce the
amount paid to the company (with lower side payments to the employee in return).

METER TAMPERING
Fig.5.10.Other ways to steal electricity

HOW CAN ELECTRICITY THEFT BE REDUCED
Fig.5.11.solution of theft reduction
NON TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
 Financial rewards:
Utility companies encourage consumers to report electricity theft
 Periodic checks:
Electricity theft frequently takes place after service has been disconnected. Some utility
companies periodically check disconnected meters if the customer has not contacted them to
reconnect service.
Enforcement of law: Fines should be imposed by the government for stealing
electricity.
TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS
 Electronic tamper detection meter
 Plastic meter encasements
 Using GSM

Electronic Tamper Detection Meters
Automatic detection:
Fig.5.12: Electronic Tamper Detection Meters
• Meter tamper
• Meter Bypass
• Meter disconnection
 Plastic meter encasements
Hard plastic encasements are a type of meter seal. These transparent plastic covers
serve as a warning.
Fig.5.13: Plastic meter encloser

Chapter: 6 AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSMISSION SUBSTATION
LAYOUT AND ITS EQUIPMENTS
6.1. Introduction:
Fig.6.1.Substation layout
 Substation Switchyard Accessories
• Lightning Arrestor
• Isolator
• Current transformer
• Circuit Breaker
• Power Transformer

LIGHTNING ARRESTORS:
Fig.6.2. Lightning arrestors
 A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems to protect
the insulation on the system from the damaging effect of lightning.
 Metal oxide varistors (MOVs) have been used for power system protection since the
mid 1970s.
 The typical lightning arrester also known as surge arrester has a high voltage terminal
and a ground terminal.
 Current from the surge is diverted around the protected insulation in most cases to
earth.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER:
Fig.6.3 PT
 Potential transformer gets used in electrical power system for stepping down the
system voltage to a safe value which can be fed to low ratings meters and relays.
 Commercially available relays and meters used for protection and metering, are
designed for low voltage.
 This is a simplest form of potential transformer definition.
ISOLATOR:
Fig.6.4. Isolator
• Disconnector or Isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be
completely de-energized for service or maintenance.
• Isolator is an off-load device.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
Fig.6.5.CT
Current transformers are used for Stepping down current for measurement, protection
and control.
Current transformers are of two types
1. Protective CT
2. Measuring CT

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
Fig.6.6.CB
 A Circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function
is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately
discontinue electrical flow.
 All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary
substantially depending on the voltage class, current rating and type of the circuit
breaker.
 Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the
circuit.
 Small circuit breakers may be manually operated; larger units have solenoids to trip
the mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

6.2. HIGH-VOLTAGE BREAKERS ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED BY
THE MEDIUM USED TO EXTINGUISH THE ARC
• Bulk oil
• Minimum oil
• Air blast
• Vacuum
• SF6
BUSBARS:
Fig.6.7.Busbar
Bus bars receive power from incoming circuits and deliver power to outgoing circuits

Chepter.7 TRANSFORMER
7.1. Transformer:-
Fig.7.1.Transformer
 Transformer is static device which is used to transfer electrical energy from one ac
circuit to other ac circuit, with increase or decrease in voltage / current but without any
change in frequency.
7.1.1. Principal Operation:-
Fig.7.2. Elementary Transformer
 Primary winding is connected to 1-phase ac supply, an ac current starts flowing
through it.
 Primary current produce alternating flux in core.
 This changing flux gets linked with secondary winding through the core.

 The varying flux will induce voltage into secondary winding according to faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction.
 These transformers are mostly use for step up or step down the voltage.
7.1.2.Distribution Transformer:-
Fig.7.3.Distribution Transformer
 PGVCL is distribution company so transformer use in distribution side is distribution
transformers.
 A distribution transformers is transformer that provide final voltage transformation in
electrical power Distribution system ,it stepping down the voltage used in distribution
lines to level used by the customer.
7.1.3.Accessories Of Transformer:-
Fig.7.4.Accessories of transformer

a)Oil Tank
b)Radiator/cooling tubes
c)Conservator
d)oil level indicator
e)Breather
f)Explosion vent
g)Buchholz relay
Fig7.5.Parts of TC
 From above figure we can see parts mention below this……..
(a)Tank:-
 It provide protection to the core and winding and accommodates oil for cooling and
insulation.
 Tank of small transformer made of sheet steel and of large transformer are made of
boiler plates.
(b)Radiator:-
 Cooling tubes or radiator are placed near transformer tank
 Radiator or cooling tubes are used for cooling.
(c)Conservator:-
 This tank is joined to main tank with a small pipe.This small tank is known as
conservator.
 Main tank is completely filled with oil.
Radiator
Oil TankOil level
indicator
r
HV
terminal
HV
Bushing
Conservator
tank
LV terminal

 When heat is produce in transformer due to power loss in it. Due to this heat oil is
expands and oil level increases.
 And when heat is reduces oil become cool and reduce oil level.
 So in conservator some space is provided over oil level.
(d)Oil level indicator:-
 This is used to see level of oil in the conservator.
(e)Breather:-
Fig.7.6.Breather
 The apparatus through which breathing of transformer take place is called as breather.
 The air goes in or out through breather.to reduce moisture content of air some drying
agent such as silica gel or calcium chloride is used in breather.
(f)Explosion vent:-
 The explosion vent is the bent up pipe fitted on main tank.
 It consist of aluminium foil.when the transformer become faulty,the cooling oil will
get decomposed and various types of gases are liberated.
 If gas pressure reaches a cerrtain level then diaphragm in explosion vent will brust to
release the pressure.This will save main tank.
(g)Buccholz relay:-
 There is pipe connecting the tank and conservator.on this pipe protecting device called
buccholz relay is mounted.
 When transformer is about to be faulty and draw large currents,the oil becomes hot
and decomposes.
 During this process different types of gasses are liberated.the buccholz relay get
operated by this gases and give alarm to operator.if fault continue to
persist,then the relay will trip off the main circuit breaker to protect the transformer.

7.2.Type Of Windings-
(1)Concentratic cylindrical type winding.
(2)Sandwitch type winding.
 Concentratic Cylindrical Type Winding:-
Fig.7.7.Concentratic Cylindrical Type Winding
 In this cylindrical windings are placed in concentric way arrond same limb with lv
winding placed inside and hv winding placed outside with paper insulation between
the windings.
 Sandwitch Type Winding:-
Fig.7.8. Sandwitch Type Winding
 In this,hv and lv windings are devide into number of small coils and then this small
windings are interleaved as shown in above figure.

 Connection Of Winding:-
Fig.7.9.Primary delta connected
Fig.7.10.Secondry Star Connected
 In this distribution transformer primary winding is delta connected and secondry
winding is star connected.As shown in above figure.
 So, distribution transformer has 3 input terminals (R-Y-B) and 4 output terminals (R-
Y-B-N).

7.3.Material Used In Transformer Construction-
(a) Core
Fig.7.11.Core
 It should be such that the maximum flux is created with minimum magnetizing current
and minimum core loss.
 Steel is used for core.Such core made from llaminations of sheet steel stacked to
reduce eddy current losses.
 It causes maximum flux created by primary to be linked with secondry.
 Silicon 3.5% the higher content of silicon increases resistivity of core reduces eddy
current losses in core.
 The transformers core shall be suitable for over fluxing (due to combined effect of
voltage and frequency up to 12.5% without injurious heating at full load conditions
and shall not get saturated.
 The nominal flux density in any part of the core shall not exceed 1.69 Tesla at 1.0
p.u.voltage and 1.9 Tesla at 1.1 p.u.voltage.
 No load current shall not exceed 3% of full load current and will be measured by
energizing the transformer at 433 volts, 50 c/s on the secondary. Increase of voltage
of 433 volts by 12.5% shall not increase the no load current by Max. 6%of full load
current.
 High content of silicon steel has high permiability at low flux densities and narrow
hysteresis loop.
(b) Winding:-
Fig.7.12.Winding

 Transformer windings are made of solid or stranded copper or aluminum strip
conducts.
 In this primary coils are wound from aluminum wire and carry high current.—coil are
wound from thich aluminum and carry law current.
 Heavy current capacity needs conductor of large cross section.
 To reduce eddy current losses in conductors,several small wires or parallel straps are
preferred to one large strap.
 Current density for HV and LV shall not be more than 2.5 Alsq.mm. for copper and
1.60 Alsq.mm. for aluminum conductor.
 No. of coils HV/Phase (minimum)-
Sr.no. KVA RATING
OF
TRANSFORME
MINIMUM NO. OF
HV Coils per phase for
Stack I Conventional
MINIMUM NO. OF
LV Coils per phase for
Wound Core
1 10 4 1
2 16
3 25
Table.7.1. No. of coils HV/Phase
(C) Insulation and Clearance:-
Fig.7.13. Insulation
 This windings are insulated with resin imprignated paper.
 Then whole assembly is submerged in steel tank which is then filled with transformer
oil.this oil sools and insulate the windings and protect winding from moisture.
 Life of unit depend upon the quality,durability and handling of these materials.

 All insulating material such as paper,pressboard,cloth,mica and impregnating
compounds are selected on basis of high quality and their ability to perverse this
quality for many years.
 Radial clearance of LV coil to core shall not be less than:-
Sr.no KVA RATING OF
TRANSFORME
MINIMUM
RADIAL
CLEARANCE OF
COIL TO CORE
for Stack /
Conventional core
MINIMUM
RADIAL
CLEARANCE OF
COIL TO
COREfor Wound
core
1 10 3.0 mm 1.5 mm
2 16 3.5 mm 1.5 mm
3 25 3.5 mm 1.5 mm
Table.7.2. Radial clearance of LV coil to core
 Radial clearance between HV &. LV shall not be less than-
Sr.no
.
KVA RATING
OF
TRANSFORM
E
MINIMUM RADIAL
CLEARANCEBETWEENH
V &. LV for Stack I
Conventional
MINIMUM RADIAL
CLEARANCEBETWEENH
V &. LV for Wound Core
1 10 11 mm 2.25 mm
2 16
3 25
Table.7.3. Radial clearance between HV &. LV
 Phase to phase clearance between HV conductors shall not be less than 10mm For 11
KV.
 For Wound Core Phase to phase clearance between HV conductors shall not be less
than 2.0 m For 11 KV.
 Three phase distribution transformer up to and including 200KVA

7.4.Rating:-
Sr No Nominal System Voltage Standard Rating
1 Up to including 11KV 16,25,63,100,160 & 200
KVA
2 Above 11KV up to and including 22KV 63,100,160 & 200 KVA
3 Above 22KV up to and including 33KV 100,160 & 200 KVA
Table.7.4.rating
7.5. Principal Parameters
Item Specification
1 Continuous
rated capacity
10 kVA 16 kVA 25 kVA
2 System
voltage (max.)
12 kV 12 kV 12 kV
3 Rated voltage
HV
11 kV 11 kV 11 kV
4 Rated voltage
LV
433 - 250 V 433 - 250 V 433 - 250 V
5 Line current
HV
0.525 A 0.84 A 1.31 A
6 Line current
LV
13.3 A 21.33 A 33.33 A
7 No. of Phases Three Three Three
8 Frequency 50 Hz 50 Hz 50 Hz
9 Connection
HV
Delta Delta Delta
10 Connection
LV
Star star star
11 Type of
cooling
ONAN ONAN ONAN
12 Tap changing
arrangement
Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable
13 Minimum
clearances in
air of bushing
Terminals
with
connectors
fitted.
a) HV
phase to
phase/
------255 / 205-----

phase to
earth
(mm)
b) b) LV
phase to
phase /
phase to
earth
(mm)
-------75 / 55 -------
14 Noise level at
rated voltage
48 db 48 db 48 db
Table.7.5. Principal Parameters
7.6.Service condition:-
Table.7.6 Service condition
 Distribution transformer normally have rating less than 200KVA.
 Since distribution transformer are energize for 24 hours in day.so,redusing iron losses
has importance in design. also,they are design to get maximum efficincy at lower
loads.
Sr No Parameter Value
1 Location At various locations in
Gujarat
2 Max ambient air temperature (deg.C) 50
3 Min. ambient air
temperature (deg.C.)
0
4 Max average daily ambient
air temperature (deg.C)
45
5 Max. yearly weighted average
ambient temperature(deg.C)
40
6 Average rainy days per annum 90 days
7 Number of months of tropical monsoon3
Months.
3 Months.

Chepter.8 Conclusion
8.1. Introduction
 During training, I have got brief introduction about function working of all equipments
used in LT & HT and testing of that equipments.
 During training period, I have got briefly introduce with all the testing equipments
which is use to test various machines.
 This training period I came to know which equipment at which time come in action
and which action is performed by it. And testing of electrical equipment.
8.2 Knowledge Gained
 Improving the knowledge General process of meter testing.
 Improving the knowledge of testing of meter.
 This training period improving knowledge of the different equipments use in HT &
LT.
 Training during, improving technical skill & technical knowledge of parts LT & HT.
 This period learn how to take various test on meter and other connection in LT &HT.
 This duration learn a major difference between theory knowledge and practically
knowledge.
 Knowledge about safety and its important.

Power Distribution Report: PGVCL Amreli Division

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