It describes the formulations of pesticides. including: 1.Liquid formulations 2.Solid formulations 3.Fumigants

1. Institute of Agricultural Sciences (IAGS)
University of the Punjab, Lahore
Topic: Pesticide Formulations
“APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY”
Submitted To:
Dr. Shahbaz Ahmad
Submitted By: Group-1
Lamia Saeed (3)
Suhaib Tariq (4)
Faiza khushi (5)
Fiza Tanveer(6)
Roshan Yameen (7)
Aamina Jamil (9)
Fatima Sikandar (10)
Usama Tariq (11)
Atta ur rehman (12)

2. Pesticide formulations
A pesticide formulation is a mixture of chemicals which effectively controls a pest.
Formulating a pesticide helps to improve its storage, handling, safety, application,
or effectiveness.Pesticideproductssoldasconcentratesmustbemixed with water,
or some other carrier, before being applied.
Liquid Formulations
Mostliquid formulationsarediluted with water to make a finished spray.Thethree
main types of liquid formulations are solutions (SL), suspensions (SC), and
emulsions (EC). Besides there are Water Soluble Concentrate (WSC), Liquid Bait
(L.B.), Oil Dispersion (O.D.), Invert emulsion (I.E.), Suspoemulsion (S.E.),
Microemulsion (M.E.), Emulsion in water (EW).
1. Emulsifiable Concentrate(Eor EC)
EC formulations usually contain an oil-soluble liquid active ingredient, petroleum-
based solvent, and an emulsifier (mixing agent). The emulsifier allows the active
ingredient and the solventin the formulation to mix with water, these form an
emulsion. ECs are versatile formulations that can be applied with many types of
sprayers.

3. 2. Solutions (S, CS):
Some pesticide active ingredients dissolvereadily in a liquid solvent, such as water
or a petroleum-based diluent. When mixed, they form a solution that does not
settle out or separate. Formulations of these pesticides usually contain the active
ingredient, solvent (carrier or diluent), and one or more other ingredients. No
emulsifier is required.
3. Emulsions inWater (EW) Formulation
An emulsion in water formulation(EW) is thedispersion of a liquid activeingredient
in water. These formulations have reduced dermal toxicity and lower potential for
harming the environment. EWs are less likely to damage tender plant foliage
because they do not contain the solvents found in EC formulation.
4. Flowable (F, L, or SC)
Some active ingredients will not dissolve in either water or oil so they are
impregnated in a dry carrier, such as clay, which is ground into a fine powder. The
powder is suspended in a small amount of liquid to make the thick liquid
formulation. Abbreviations used include “F” for flowable, "L" for liquid, and "SC"
for suspension concentrate.
5. Microemulsion(ME)
A micro-emulsion (ME) is defined as a system of oil, water and surfactants that
forms a single, optically clear and thermodynamically stable emulsion. MEs are
water-based formulations with a very small emulsified droplet size; this makes the
formulation transparent.
6. Oil Dispersion(OD)
An oil dispersion (OD) formulation is a solid active ingredient dispersed in oil. The
oil can vary from paraffinic to aromatic solvent types and vegetable oil or
methylated seed oils. Ideally the active ingredient is uniformly suspended in the oil
phase.
7. Suspoemulsion(SE)
Suspoemulsion (SE) formulations areused to combine two active ingredients with
very different physicalproperties into one formulation. They are a combination of
suspension concentrate(SC) and concentrated aqueous emulsion (EW)
technologies.
8. Water-Soluble Concentrate(WSC)
Water-solubleconcentrates forma true solution when added to water and are
applied with water as the carrier. The a.i. of this pesticide usually have an amine
(ammoniumsalt) or mineral salt in the molecule that enables water solubility.
These formulations are essentially nonvolatile.

4. 9.Invert Emulsions (IE)
Invertemulsions contain a water-solublepesticide dispersed in an oil carrier.
These products requirea special kind of emulsifier that allows the pesticide to be
mixed with a large volume of petroleum-based carrier, usually fuel oil.
10.Aerosals
Aerosolformulations contain one or moreactive ingredients and a solvent. Most
aerosols contain a low percentage of active ingredient. Delivers very small
particles. Spaceand crack spraying at household level.
11. LiquidBaits
Liquid insecticide baits are used primarily by the structuralpest control industry
for controlling ants and, to a lesser extent, cockroaches. They arepackaged as
ready-to-use, sugar-based liquids placed inside bait stations.
Solid / Dry formulations
Solid formulations are of two types: Ready to use formulations and Dry
concentrates, which must be mixed with water to be applied as spray. Dust,
Granules and Pellets are ready to use formulation, while Wet-table Powders, Dry
flowable, Water dispersible granule, Encapsulated granule and Soluble powders
are to be mixed with water.
1.Granule (G)
This is a ready-to-usedry mixtureof a small amount of active ingredient with inert
carriers. Mostare made by applying a liquid formulation of the active ingredient
to coarseparticles (granules) of some porous material such as clay, sand or plant
material.

5. 2.Pellets(P) aresimilar to granules, but their manufactureis
different. The active ingredient is combined with inert materials
to form a slurry. This slurry is then extruded under pressure
through a die and cut at desired lengths to producea particle
that is relatively uniformin sizeand shape, but is much larger than a granule.
3.Dusts(D) Formulation is always used dry and can easily drift to non-target sites.
They are used for seed treatments and sometimes for agricultural or
home gardening applications. In structures, dustformulations areused
in cracks and crevices and for spottreatments to control insects such
as cockroaches, ants, etc.
4. Baits (B) Formulation
A bait formulation is an active ingredient mixed with food or another
attractive substance. The bait either attracts the pests or is placed
wherethe pests will find it. Pests are killed by eating the bait that contains the
pesticide. The amountof active ingredient in most bait formulations is quite low,
usually less than 5 %.
5. Pastes, Gels, andOther Injectable Baits
Pastes and gels are mainly used in the pest-controlindustry
for ants and cockroaches. Insecticides formulated as pastes
and gels are used in cockroach control. They are designed to
be injected or placed inside smallcracks and crevices of
building elements whereinsects tend to hide or travel.
6. Wettable Powders (WP or W)
Wet-table powders are dry, finely ground formulations that look like dusts. They
usuallymixed with water to forma suspensionforapplication as a spray.Wet-table
powders contain 5 - 95 % active ingredient by weight; usually 50 % or more. Wet-
table powders are finely ground solids, typically mineral clays, to which an active
ingredient is sorbed.
7. Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)
Soluble powder formulations look like wettable powders. However, when mixed
with water, soluble powders dissolve readily and form a True Solution, where
Wettable Powder forms a Suspension

6. 8. Water-dispersibleGranules (WDG) or Dry Flowable (DF)
Water-dispersiblegranules,alsoknownasDryFlowable,arelike wettable powders,
except instead of being dust-like, they are formulated as small, easily measured
granules. Water-dispersible granules must be mixed with water to be applied.
Once in water, the granules break apart into fine particles similar to wettable
powders and form suspension but not True solution.
9. Microencapsulated Materials (M or ME)
Here liquid or dry pesticide particles placed in a plastic coating to produce a
microencapsulated formulation. Microencapsulated pesticides are mixed with
water and sprayed in the same manner as other sprayable formulations. After
spraying,theplastic coating breaks downand slowly releases the activeingredient.
10. Water-soluble Packets (WSB / WSP)
Water-soluble packets reduce the mixing and handling hazards of
some highly toxic pesticides. Manufacturers package precise
amounts of wettable powder or soluble powder formulations in a
special type of plastic bag. When you drop these bags into a water
filled spray tank, they dissolved / suspended and release their
contents to mix with the water.
Fumigants
These are gaseous formulations. Fumigants are pesticides that deliver the active
ingredient to the target site in the formof a gas. Someactiveingredients are liquids
when packagedunderhigh pressurebutbecomegaseswhen released. Otheractive
ingredients are volatile liquids.
Fumigants are used for structuralpest control, in food- and grain-storagefacilities,
and in regulatory pest control. In agricultural pest control, fumigants are effective
in soil, greenhouses, and commodity storage areas.
Thank you.