This document discusses violence and substance abuse in sports. It outlines different types of violence including contact sports, psychological abuse, and fan violence. It explores theories of human aggression and notes that most research suggests violence is socially learned. Substance abuse in sports is also examined, including performance enhancing drugs, pain killers, and recreational drugs. Reasons for athlete substance abuse include fame, financial rewards, and pressure to compete at an elite level. The document concludes by discussing potential remedies such as education, drug testing, and zero tolerance policies.

1. Chapter 7: Violence and Drugs in Sport
A) Violence:
–Violent Society
–Violence manifests itself in sport
-Contact Sports
-Psychological/Verbal Abuse
-Fan Violence
-Aggression vs. Violence
-Aggression: Potential to injure physically or psychologically. Not necessarily
with intent
-Violence: Physically assaultive behaviour with potential to physically injure.
With intent
-Theories of Human Aggression:
-Instinctive Theory
-Sigmund Freud suggests people are instinctively violent
-Recent research discounts this: violence originates in external
stimulation
(Environment)
-Frustration – Aggression Theory:
-Violence is a reaction to frustration (reactive)
-Some truth to this
-Some violence is pre-meditated:
-Bertuzzi
-Coach Inspired
-Vendettas against local rivalries
-Most research suggests most violence is socially learned
-Thus violence in sport can be controlled
-History of violence:
-North American has a history of violence
Aboriginals
-British/French
-Civil War
-Minority Groups
-Criminal elements: Drugs, Alcohol, Gambling
*-Causes of Sport Violence:*
-Television
-Fans
-Pressure to win
-Money, scholarships
-Coaches
-Owners
-Violence against athletes:
-Vendettas/jealous rivals
-Deranged individuals

2. -Political activists
-Munich 1972
-Olympic Protesters 2010
-Sports Fans Violence
-Alcohol
-History/bad blood
-group psychology
-nationalism
-disagreement with officials
B) Substance Abuse
-Include:
-alcohol
-Illegal use of drugs
-cocaine
-marijuana
-Performance enhancing drugs
-Tobacco/chew
-Pain Killers e.g. valium
-Blood doping
-growth hormones
-Countless stories of athletes ruined by substance abuse e.g. Ben Johnson (Steroids)
-Not limited to pro-athletes, prevalent at all ages
-substance abuse has a long history:
-Ancient Greeks/Romans
-Pre WWII strychnine, cocaine, alcohol
-1972 Munich Olympics, 68% of track and field athletes on steroids
-Eating Disorders amongst athletes
-Anorexia/bulimia
-Divers and gymnasts wanting to slim down
-Making Weight
-Can be fatal
*-Reasons for substance abuse: *
-Fame
-Financial Rewards e.g. scholarships, travel, professional
-Nationalism (Ross Rebagliate)
-Willing to die for gold medal
-Ruthless Coaches
-Impossible to compete at elite level without taking performance enhancing
drugs
-Recreational drugs
-alcohol, cocaine, weed, tobacco
-athletes very susceptible to temptation

3. -advertising/sponsorships by alcohol and tobacco companies (Tobacco more back
then)
-Pain Killers
-Readily available: aspirin, Advil, valium, morphine
-Athletes exposed at a young age
-Dangers:
-Masking pain
-Kidney Failure
-Addiction
*-Remedies*
-Zero tolerance
-Education i.e. CCAA
-Drug Testing
-Olympics
-Random/Blanket
-Masking
-Corruption
-Research
-Ethics