Personality can be measured using several tools and models. The document discusses two prominent models - the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Big Five model. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator categorizes individuals based on preferences in four dichotomous dimensions, resulting in 16 personality types. The Big Five model identifies five broad personality traits: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience. The document also states that heredity is the most dominant factor influencing personality, but environmental factors and aging can also have some impact.

1. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-1
Personality
• The sum total of ways in which
an individual reacts to and
interacts with others
• Most often described in terms of
measurable traits that a person
exhibits, such as shy,
aggressive, submissive, lazy,
ambitious, loyal and timid

2. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-2
Measuring Personality
• Self-reports Surveys
 Most common
 Prone to error
• Observer-ratings Surveys
 Independent assessment
 May be more accurate

3. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-3
Personality Determinants
• Heredity is the most dominant factor
 Twin studies: genetics more influential than
parents
• Environmental factors do have some
influence
• Aging influences levels of ability
 Basic personality is constant

4. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-4
Measuring Personality
Traits:
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
• Most widely used personality-assessment
instrument in the world
• Individuals are classified as:
 Extroverted or Introverted (E/I)
 Sensing or Intuitive (S/N)
 Thinking or Feeling (T/F)
 Judging or Perceiving (J/P)
• Classifications combined into 16
personality types (i.e. INTJ or ESTJ)
• Unrelated to job performance

5. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Style ofStyle of
Decision MakingDecision Making Judgmental (J)Judgmental (J)
Perceptive (P)Perceptive (P)
Preference forPreference for
Decision MakingDecision Making Thinking (T)Thinking (T)
Feeling (F)Feeling (F)
Type of SocialType of Social
InteractionInteraction Introvert (I)Introvert (I)
Extrovert (E)Extrovert (E)
Preference forPreference for
Gathering DataGathering Data Intuitive (N)Intuitive (N)
Sensing (S)Sensing (S)
Myers-Briggs Type IndicatorMyers-Briggs Type Indicator

6. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Extraversion Introversion
Interest Orientation
E ITalkative,
Sociable,
Friendly,
Outspoken
Shy,
Reserved,
Quite,

7. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

8. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Sensing iNtuition
Perception
S NOrganised,
Practical,
Focus Detail.
Less Regular,
Unconscious,
Focus Big
Picture

9. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

10. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Thinking Feeling
Judgment
T FReliability of
logical order
– cause and
effect,
Apathy
Priorities
based on
personal
importance
and values,
Sympathy

11. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

12. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall

13. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
ISTJ
“Take Your Time
and Do It Right”
ISFJ
“On My Honor,
to Do My
Duty…”
INFJ
“Catalyst for
Positive Change”
INTJ
“Competence +
Independence =
Perfection”
ISTP
“Doing the Best I
Can With What
I’ve Got”
ISFP
“It’s the Thought
That Counts”
INFP
“Still Waters Run
Deep”
INTP
“Ingenious
Problem Solvers”
ESTP
“Let’s Get Busy!”
ESFP
“Don’t Worry, Be
Happy”
ENFP
“Anything’s
Possible”
ENTP
“Life’s
Entrepreneurs”
ESTJ
“Taking Care of
Business”
ESFJ
“What Can I Do
For You?”
ENFJ
“The Public
Relations
Specialist”
ENTJ
“Everything’s
Fine – I’m in
Charge”

14. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-14
Measuring Personality
Traits:
The Big-Five Model
• Five Traits:
 Extraversion
 Agreeableness
 Conscientiousness
 Emotional Stability
 Openness to Experience
• Strongly supported relationship to job
performance (especially
Conscientiousness)

15. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Personality Structure:
The “Big Five” Personality Factors*
(Each factor is a continuum of many related traits)
Agreeablenes
s
Adjustment
(Stable, confident, effective) (Nervous, self-doubting, moody)
Sociability
(Gregarious , energetic, self-dramatizing) (Shy, unassertive, withdrawn)
Conscientiousness
(Planful, neat, dependable) (Impulsive, careless, irresponsible)
(Warm, tactful, considerate) (Independent, cold, rude)
Intellectual Openness
(Imaginative, curious, original) (Dull, unimaginative, literal-minded)

16. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
The Big Five Personality DimensionsThe Big Five Personality Dimensions
 ExtraversionExtraversion :: Outgoing, talkative, sociable,
assertive
 AgreeablenessAgreeableness :: Trusting, good natured,
cooperative, soft hearted
 ConscientiousnessConscientiousness :: Dependable, responsible,
achievement oriented, persistent
 Emotional stabilityEmotional stability :: Relaxed, secure, unworried
 Openness to experience:Openness to experience: Intellectual,

17. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 2-17
Major Personality Attributes
Influencing OB
• Core self-evaluation
Self like/dislike
• Type A personality
Competitive, urgent, and
driven
• Self-monitoring
Adjusts behavior to meet external, situational factors
• Proactive personality
Identifies opportunities, shows initiative, takes action
and perseveres

18. Copyright ©2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Other KeyOther Key
PersonalityPersonality
AttributesAttributes
LocusLocus
of Controlof Control
Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem
RiskRisk
PropensityPropensity
Type AType A
PersonalityPersonality
MachiavellianMachiavellian
PersonalityPersonality
SelfSelf
MonitoringMonitoring
Proactive Personality
th