The document discusses complex changes occurring in British society, including an aging population, decreasing birth rates, and increased immigration. This is creating a more diverse "mosaic society" with challenges for policymakers. Key points discussed include rising life expectancy increasing demands on health and social services; fewer traditional family structures requiring changes to housing; and greater diversity in the workforce necessitating changes to education to ensure economic success. The document argues that research is needed to better understand these trends and their social impacts to help policymakers address the challenges of a rapidly changing population.
The changing face of ageing: From baby boom to baby bustILC- UK
The UK population has been growing at the rate of 0.4% % per cent annum. This presentation looks at the impact of baby boomers on population ageing; the increasing number of deaths from earlier baby booms; and the impact on the state pension age, housing market and inheritance
This event launched our state of the nation report, UK Poverty 2017.
The most up to date picture on poverty in the UK today
Keynote address: Rt Hon Robert Halfon MP, Chair of the Education Select Committee
The research assesses the progress the UK is making in reducing poverty and tackling its underlying drivers.
It looks at how a generation are living in poverty in the prime of life, because the routes to building a decent, secure life are increasingly out of reach.
The launch also included a panel discussion to explore how British politics responds to the challenges set out in the report.
The report, which has been produced in-house by the JRF Analysis Unit for the first time, examines poverty rates in the UK, and looks at how figures have changed over the past two decades.
Speakers Include:
Lucy Fisher (chair)
Senior Political Correspondent
The Times
Campbell Robb
Chief Executive
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Helen Barnard
Head of Analysis
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Rt Hon Robert Halfon MP
Chair of the Education Select Committee
Nancy Kelley
Deputy Chief Executive
NatCen
Cllr Claire Kober
Leader
London Borough of Haringey & Chair of London Councils
Link to full Keynote Speech - https://www.jrf.org.uk/uk-poverty-2017-ladders-opportunity-keynote-speech-robert-halfon-mp
Link to Full report - https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/uk-poverty-2017
We held a webinar with the Government Actuary’s Department (GAD) for an in-depth look at the factors affecting working lifetimes, the impact of demographic changes and the implications for future policy.
Key questions we looked at were:
What changes are we seeing in our demographics?
How might working lives change?
Do longer lives equate to healthier lives?
Exploring this with us were:
Chair: Sophia Dimitriadis (Senior Economist, ILC)
Matt Gurden – Actuarial Director for Clients Development and Growth, Government Actuary Department
Steven Baxter – Head of Innovation and Development, Club Vita
The Minimum Income Standard (MIS) represents what families need for an acceptable standard of living, according to members of the public.
This analysis compares the living standards of different household types to MIS in 2010 and 2022.It also breaks down the effect of different policies on household incomes in 2022.
View the extended version of this presentation: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/content/crsp/downloads/reports/How%20is%20public%20policy%20affecting%20peoples%20ability%20to%20make%20ends%20meet.pdf
also published:
Households below a Minimum Income Standard 2008/09 to 2015/16
Report by:Matt Padley, Laura Valadez and Donald Hirsch.
https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/households-below-minimum-income-standard-200809-201516
JRF blog: www.jrf.org.uk/blog/budget-must-improve-living-standards-struggling-families
At the annual McClelland Lecture, hosted by Alliance Manchester Business School, Anna Dixon presents on the opportunities of an ageing society, and looking beyond the challenges.
This document provides 8 ways to reframe poverty and open public minds to solving poverty issues. It begins by explaining the importance of framing and cultural models in shaping public sentiment. It then outlines the following strategies: 1) Understand cultural models of poverty; 2) Focus on poverty rather than benefits or the economy as the issue; 3) Connect with values like compassion to shift thinking; 4) Use credible messengers aligned with the audience; 5) Employ metaphors that shift thinking; 6) Use examples and stories rather than just data; 7) Position benefits as a solution rather than the problem; 8) Tell compelling stories. The overall aim is to strategically frame poverty issues in a way that engages the public and g
ILC-UK/Actuarial Profession Robert Butler Memorial Lecture, in partnership wi...ILC- UK
A memorial lecture and debate on Centenarians and the Oldest Old
The ILC-UK was saddened last summer, by the loss of Dr. Robert N. Butler, founder of the first International Longevity Centre in the United States and Pulitzer prize-winning gerontologist. His invaluable contribution has changed the approach and research on ageing and longevity.
In tribute to Dr Butler, ILC-UK organised a memorial lecture and debate, in partnership with Age UK and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, on Centenarians and the Oldest Old.
In 1911 there were just 100 Centenarians living in England and Wales, a figure which grew to 9,000 people in 2006 and represented a 90-fold increase over the previous 100 years (Dini and Goldring. 2008). There was a fourteen-fold increase in male centenarians and a 23-fold increase in female centenarians over the last 50 years of the twentieth century (Dini and Goldring. 2008).
The number of people aged over 100 is expected to nearly double between 2030 and 2035, when it is projected there will be 97,300 centenarians in the UK. It is then expected to more than double again during the next decade, to stand at 202,100 by 2045. (DWP/ONS December 2010).
The ONS estimates that by 2066 there will be at least 507,000 people in the UK aged 100 or over, including 7,700 super centenarians who are aged 110 or over. By 2080, there may be 626,900 people aged over 100. 21,000 of these will be over 110. (DWP/ONS December 2010).
Even the conservative estimates for the growth in the number of the oldest old will have a significant impact on services. Yet whilst policy makers seem aware of the growth in the number of people living to 100, there has been little or no explicit exploration about the impact of the growth in numbers of oldest old on public policy.
Professor Tom Kirkwood, Associate Dean for Ageing at Newcastle University gave the Lecture. The ILC-UK presented early findings of work for Age UK on the oldest old.
Agenda from the event:
16:30 – 16.35
Welcome and introduction from chair Baroness Sally Greengross, Chief Executive, International Longevity Centre – UK
16.35 – 17.20
The Robert Butler Memorial Lecture by Professor Tom Kirkwood, Associate Dean for Ageing at Newcastle University. For a copy of Professor Kirkwood's slides please email events@ilcuk.org.uk
17.20 – 17.30
Centenarians and the Oldest Old, ILC-UK
David Sinclair
17.30 - 17.35
A personal contribution on the life of a Centenarian
Noreen Siba
17.35 – 17.45
First telegram at 110? The implications of longevity
Dr Matthew Norton
17.45 – 17.55
'What older people want and value in life?' Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Ilona Haslewood
17.55 – 18.25
Panel and Audience Debate
18.25 - 18.30
Close
A guide to poverty in the UK, focusing on 5 key areas:
Who is in poverty
What is poverty
Levels of poverty
Causes of poverty
Consequences of poverty on society
The changing face of ageing: From baby boom to baby bustILC- UK
The UK population has been growing at the rate of 0.4% % per cent annum. This presentation looks at the impact of baby boomers on population ageing; the increasing number of deaths from earlier baby booms; and the impact on the state pension age, housing market and inheritance
This event launched our state of the nation report, UK Poverty 2017.
The most up to date picture on poverty in the UK today
Keynote address: Rt Hon Robert Halfon MP, Chair of the Education Select Committee
The research assesses the progress the UK is making in reducing poverty and tackling its underlying drivers.
It looks at how a generation are living in poverty in the prime of life, because the routes to building a decent, secure life are increasingly out of reach.
The launch also included a panel discussion to explore how British politics responds to the challenges set out in the report.
The report, which has been produced in-house by the JRF Analysis Unit for the first time, examines poverty rates in the UK, and looks at how figures have changed over the past two decades.
Speakers Include:
Lucy Fisher (chair)
Senior Political Correspondent
The Times
Campbell Robb
Chief Executive
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Helen Barnard
Head of Analysis
Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Rt Hon Robert Halfon MP
Chair of the Education Select Committee
Nancy Kelley
Deputy Chief Executive
NatCen
Cllr Claire Kober
Leader
London Borough of Haringey & Chair of London Councils
Link to full Keynote Speech - https://www.jrf.org.uk/uk-poverty-2017-ladders-opportunity-keynote-speech-robert-halfon-mp
Link to Full report - https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/uk-poverty-2017
We held a webinar with the Government Actuary’s Department (GAD) for an in-depth look at the factors affecting working lifetimes, the impact of demographic changes and the implications for future policy.
Key questions we looked at were:
What changes are we seeing in our demographics?
How might working lives change?
Do longer lives equate to healthier lives?
Exploring this with us were:
Chair: Sophia Dimitriadis (Senior Economist, ILC)
Matt Gurden – Actuarial Director for Clients Development and Growth, Government Actuary Department
Steven Baxter – Head of Innovation and Development, Club Vita
The Minimum Income Standard (MIS) represents what families need for an acceptable standard of living, according to members of the public.
This analysis compares the living standards of different household types to MIS in 2010 and 2022.It also breaks down the effect of different policies on household incomes in 2022.
View the extended version of this presentation: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/media/wwwlboroacuk/content/crsp/downloads/reports/How%20is%20public%20policy%20affecting%20peoples%20ability%20to%20make%20ends%20meet.pdf
also published:
Households below a Minimum Income Standard 2008/09 to 2015/16
Report by:Matt Padley, Laura Valadez and Donald Hirsch.
https://www.jrf.org.uk/report/households-below-minimum-income-standard-200809-201516
JRF blog: www.jrf.org.uk/blog/budget-must-improve-living-standards-struggling-families
At the annual McClelland Lecture, hosted by Alliance Manchester Business School, Anna Dixon presents on the opportunities of an ageing society, and looking beyond the challenges.
This document provides 8 ways to reframe poverty and open public minds to solving poverty issues. It begins by explaining the importance of framing and cultural models in shaping public sentiment. It then outlines the following strategies: 1) Understand cultural models of poverty; 2) Focus on poverty rather than benefits or the economy as the issue; 3) Connect with values like compassion to shift thinking; 4) Use credible messengers aligned with the audience; 5) Employ metaphors that shift thinking; 6) Use examples and stories rather than just data; 7) Position benefits as a solution rather than the problem; 8) Tell compelling stories. The overall aim is to strategically frame poverty issues in a way that engages the public and g
ILC-UK/Actuarial Profession Robert Butler Memorial Lecture, in partnership wi...ILC- UK
A memorial lecture and debate on Centenarians and the Oldest Old
The ILC-UK was saddened last summer, by the loss of Dr. Robert N. Butler, founder of the first International Longevity Centre in the United States and Pulitzer prize-winning gerontologist. His invaluable contribution has changed the approach and research on ageing and longevity.
In tribute to Dr Butler, ILC-UK organised a memorial lecture and debate, in partnership with Age UK and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, on Centenarians and the Oldest Old.
In 1911 there were just 100 Centenarians living in England and Wales, a figure which grew to 9,000 people in 2006 and represented a 90-fold increase over the previous 100 years (Dini and Goldring. 2008). There was a fourteen-fold increase in male centenarians and a 23-fold increase in female centenarians over the last 50 years of the twentieth century (Dini and Goldring. 2008).
The number of people aged over 100 is expected to nearly double between 2030 and 2035, when it is projected there will be 97,300 centenarians in the UK. It is then expected to more than double again during the next decade, to stand at 202,100 by 2045. (DWP/ONS December 2010).
The ONS estimates that by 2066 there will be at least 507,000 people in the UK aged 100 or over, including 7,700 super centenarians who are aged 110 or over. By 2080, there may be 626,900 people aged over 100. 21,000 of these will be over 110. (DWP/ONS December 2010).
Even the conservative estimates for the growth in the number of the oldest old will have a significant impact on services. Yet whilst policy makers seem aware of the growth in the number of people living to 100, there has been little or no explicit exploration about the impact of the growth in numbers of oldest old on public policy.
Professor Tom Kirkwood, Associate Dean for Ageing at Newcastle University gave the Lecture. The ILC-UK presented early findings of work for Age UK on the oldest old.
Agenda from the event:
16:30 – 16.35
Welcome and introduction from chair Baroness Sally Greengross, Chief Executive, International Longevity Centre – UK
16.35 – 17.20
The Robert Butler Memorial Lecture by Professor Tom Kirkwood, Associate Dean for Ageing at Newcastle University. For a copy of Professor Kirkwood's slides please email events@ilcuk.org.uk
17.20 – 17.30
Centenarians and the Oldest Old, ILC-UK
David Sinclair
17.30 - 17.35
A personal contribution on the life of a Centenarian
Noreen Siba
17.35 – 17.45
First telegram at 110? The implications of longevity
Dr Matthew Norton
17.45 – 17.55
'What older people want and value in life?' Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Ilona Haslewood
17.55 – 18.25
Panel and Audience Debate
18.25 - 18.30
Close
A guide to poverty in the UK, focusing on 5 key areas:
Who is in poverty
What is poverty
Levels of poverty
Causes of poverty
Consequences of poverty on society
27Mar14 - Community Matters Semiar Series - At Home - ppt presentation ILC- UK
The slides from the second in a series of three seminars from ILC-UK and Age UK on Community Matters - are our communities ready for ageing?
Full details here: http://www.ilcuk.org.uk/index.php/events/community_matters_are_our_communities_ready_for_ageing._at_home
Maximising the potential of the UK's ageing population. Lessons from Asia and...ILC- UK
On Wednesday, 20th April 2016, the International Longevity Centre - UK and the Global Aging Institute hosted a roundtable discussion in the House of Lords on how the UK can maximise the potential of its ageing population, supported by Prudential Plc.
The discussion focused on a range of topics emerging from the Global Aging Institute's research in East Asia, including how different Asian countries address productivity challenges, changing dependency ratios, gender disparities and the changing nature of intergenerational dependence.
These topics were also considered in relation to ageing societies across Europe, at a roundtable discussion with European Commissioners held in Brussels on Thursday, 21st April 2016.
The document discusses the aging population in the UK. It provides three main reasons why people are living longer: better food supply due to advances in farming, better health care and disease prevention, and greater safety awareness. As a result of living longer, there are both positive and negative impacts. Positively, there are more opportunities for elderly employment and activities. Negatively, there is increased demand for elderly services and healthcare while resources are strained. The aging population also faces issues like dementia.
Helen Cope - Creating Communities in the CapitalCivic Agenda
This document summarizes a presentation by Helen Cope on community investment in London. It discusses how community investment focuses on people rather than physical infrastructure by improving employment, health, inclusion, safety and empowerment. It provides context on issues like welfare reform, austerity and rising unemployment nationally and in London. It then details how housing associations invest in their communities, highlighting programs that helped over 87,000 people, placed 2000 into jobs, and involved 5000 young people in education. Key areas of investment are employment support, community cohesion, and initiatives for young people. The presentation advocates a strategic approach focusing on people, partnerships and performance measurement.
An aging population will have significant impacts on healthcare costs, the workforce, and public spending in developing countries. As the older population grows, healthcare costs will increase both inside and outside of hospitals. The workforce will shrink as fewer people are of working age, which can lower GDP growth and standards of living. Public spending will shift towards the elderly as national savings decrease over time. Policy changes are needed in healthcare, the labor market, and public spending to address these challenges and ensure affordable services for the aging population.
"Changing the way we think of elderly" - The Straits Timespepperleejy
1) The document discusses how the elderly are often portrayed negatively in the media as frail, sick, forgetful, and dependent on others for help.
2) While the media aims to report facts, the frequent negative portrayals reinforce societal ageism. Terms like "silver tsunami" used to describe the aging population have very negative connotations of a destructive force.
3) It is time to redefine what it means to be elderly and shift away from defining people solely by their chronological age. Many so-called elderly are active, independent contributors to society who should not be viewed primarily as a burden.
Debt and problem debt among older people 4june13 - presentationILC- UK
Debt is commonly assumed to be a problem of the young and not of the old. New research carried out by ILC-UK and supported by Age UK examines the validity of this assumption and sets out the extent to which debt impacts on the lives of older people.
Over recent years, older people, in common with other age groups, have faced significant financial challenges. For older people, lower than expected returns on savings and decreases in annuity rates have reduced the income many retirees were expecting in later life. Increases in energy and food costs are also hitting older people on fixed incomes hard, while older workers are faced with unprecedented job and income insecurity. Could these new challenges have influenced the attitudes and behaviours of older people towards credit usage? And just how accurate are cosy depictions of older people as ‘squirreling savers shunning credit’ compared to the reality?
This new research explores the way in which attitudes towards borrowing vary by age before presenting new findings on levels of problem debt among older people. The characteristics associated with entering problem debt are explored in this research, as well as the outcomes of living with problem debt on the lives of older people.
Dr Dylan Kneale, Head of Research at ILC-UK, presented the findings of the research. Dr Stella Creasy MP, known for her parliamentary work around the field of debt, was a keynote speaker, while Sally West, Income and Poverty Strategy Adviser at Age UK, provided insight into the organisation’s work in providing debt counselling and advice for older people. Tom Wright, Chief Executive of Age UK, and Baroness Sally Greengross, Chief executive of ILC-UK, co-chaired the event and all took part in a panel debate after presentations.
How should policymakers respond to the new challenges and opportunities of ag...ILC- UK
Presentation by David Sinclair, Assistant Director of Policy and Communications at ILC-UK, at 'New perspectives on population ageing in Scotland', 4 November 2013 14.00-17.00 as part of the ESRC Festival of Social Science http://www.esrc.ac.uk/news-and-events/events/festival/festival-events/specific-2013/population-ageing.aspx
This document discusses the challenges faced by low-income working families living in inner London. It provides statistics showing high rates of child poverty in inner London boroughs. It then discusses the lived experiences of these families based on interviews conducted by the non-profit 4in10. Many families struggle with high rents and costs of living, while wages are not keeping pace. Even for those with jobs, poverty rates remain high in both part-time and full-time working families in London. The families interviewed discussed difficulties with housing, managing finances, debt, and accessing healthy food. While London has experienced strong economic growth, this growth has not benefited all residents and has not reduced poverty rates for these inner city families.
Poverty is defined as living on less than $1.25 per day. Poverty affects individuals and entire countries in both relative and absolute terms. Developed countries tend to have higher standards of living, education, health, and democracy while developing countries have lower living standards, education, health and infrastructure and economies based on agriculture. Africa is particularly affected by poverty, with 18 of the 20 poorest countries located there and around 50% of sub-Saharan Africans living on less than $1 per day. The United Nations aims to reduce poverty through programs like the Millennium Development Goals.
International Issues
The document discusses various political, social, economic, and health issues affecting development in Africa. It provides facts on each issue and discusses how they influence development, as well as other problems countries face. The issues covered include corrupt and incompetent governments, debt, trade barriers, education, HIV/AIDS, malaria, farming, bilateral and multilateral aid, and the work of organizations like the UN, WHO, UNICEF, and FAO. While progress has been made in some areas like reducing poverty and improving access to education and healthcare, huge challenges remain, particularly from issues like disease burdens and lack of education.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 - changing attitudes towards povertymrmarr
Social attitudes towards helping the poor began to change in the early 1900s for several reasons: (1) surveys found that over 25% of people lived in poverty, undermining the idea that poverty was their fault; (2) national security concerns arose due to many potential soldiers being unfit, threatening Britain's ability to fight future wars; (3) national efficiency was threatened as other countries industrialized more rapidly. These factors, along with the rise of labor politics and demonstrations of effective local policies, led politicians and the public to become more supportive of government assistance for the poor.
Alison Garnham - London Child Poverty Conference Civic Agenda
The document discusses child poverty in the UK. It notes that child poverty is projected to rise significantly by 2020 according to IFS estimates. Factors that influence child poverty rates include parental employment levels, cost of living, benefits policy, and funding for programs that support children from low-income families. The document calls for policy responses like improving early education programs, monitoring the pupil premium, reforming universal credit, and local initiatives to boost parental employment.
08May14 - Community Matters: Are our communities ready for ageing?ILC- UK
As the population ages, an increasing number of people will be growing older and continuing to live in communities around the country. Many of our communities are ill-prepared for both the varying needs of older people ageing in place and the future increase in numbers of older people who will need appropriate housing, transport and services. The local elections in May also bring these issues into focus for elected representatives who will be seeking to prepare their areas for these challenges and give the best opportunities for good ageing to their constituents.
At this event we heard results of a series of three solutions-focussed policy discussions held by ILC-UK and Age UK. These discussions have looked at three distinct aspects of communities – from living at home, to getting out and about and the activities and amenities available (or missing) in our communities. We will be discussing a forthcoming report summarising the fresh thinking and practical suggestions for policy makers, local government and community groups gathered from these sessions.
The conference also included sessions on research and information on this topic, and what needs to be done to take action in our communities. All sessions will feature opportunities for attendees to participate in the discussion and add their views on where priorities for action should be focussed.
This document discusses the rise in poverty and inequality in the UK. It provides statistics showing that the percentage of households who cannot afford adequate housing, heating, or basic necessities has increased significantly from 1983 to 2012. Children from deprived households are more likely to have health problems. More people are experiencing stress and mental health issues due to financial problems. While pensioner poverty has decreased, in-work poverty has sharply risen. The document suggests that rising inequality has negatively impacted economic growth. It discusses potential policy solutions like increasing social spending, making tax systems more progressive, boosting wages for low-income workers, and strengthening social protections.
The document discusses family units and gender roles in Britain. It defines a family unit as a group of kin-connected adults who care for children. It mentions there are two types of family units in Britain: nuclear families and extended families. It also discusses how traditionally male-dominated British institutions, like politics and the church, are slowly becoming more inclusive of women, though women still face discrimination in the workplace and are less likely to reach the top of male-dominated professions. Overall, it examines changing gender roles and expectations as women's participation in the workforce has steadily increased in Britain over the 20th century.
China's population is aging rapidly as its one-child policy has resulted in fewer children being born since the late 1970s. By 2050, over a quarter of China's population will be over 65 years old, compared to about 15% today. The one-child policy has been credited with preventing 400 million extra births but has also led to fewer working-age people having to support a growing elderly population in the future.
The population has increased since the 1800s due to the birth rate exceeding the death rate. The birth rate rose as contraception became more available but is now falling as people prioritize careers over starting families. The death rate is very low because of advances in medicine, sanitation, and healthcare for the elderly. Economic, social, and political factors like the cost of living, people marrying later in life, and postwar baby booms have also impacted population changes. Migration within and to the UK affects the age distribution and concentration of populations in urban areas.
Bridging the Gap (BTG) is a consulting and human capital development firm focused on building organizational capacity. They provide services such as strategy development, change management, leadership development, and enterprise development. BTG uses a four stage process of diagnosis, planning, implementation, and monitoring & evaluation to deliver customized solutions that add value to clients. Their mission is to develop people and organizations through good governance, growth strategies, and empowerment.
Budco is a one-stop shop that provides various marketing and business services including digital printing, lettershop and finishing services, mailing services, warehousing and fulfillment. It has various in-house competencies that it can bundle together into customized solutions for its clients. Budco is committed to quality and aims to deliver results that help its clients achieve their objectives such as increasing revenue or enhancing satisfaction.
27Mar14 - Community Matters Semiar Series - At Home - ppt presentation ILC- UK
The slides from the second in a series of three seminars from ILC-UK and Age UK on Community Matters - are our communities ready for ageing?
Full details here: http://www.ilcuk.org.uk/index.php/events/community_matters_are_our_communities_ready_for_ageing._at_home
Maximising the potential of the UK's ageing population. Lessons from Asia and...ILC- UK
On Wednesday, 20th April 2016, the International Longevity Centre - UK and the Global Aging Institute hosted a roundtable discussion in the House of Lords on how the UK can maximise the potential of its ageing population, supported by Prudential Plc.
The discussion focused on a range of topics emerging from the Global Aging Institute's research in East Asia, including how different Asian countries address productivity challenges, changing dependency ratios, gender disparities and the changing nature of intergenerational dependence.
These topics were also considered in relation to ageing societies across Europe, at a roundtable discussion with European Commissioners held in Brussels on Thursday, 21st April 2016.
The document discusses the aging population in the UK. It provides three main reasons why people are living longer: better food supply due to advances in farming, better health care and disease prevention, and greater safety awareness. As a result of living longer, there are both positive and negative impacts. Positively, there are more opportunities for elderly employment and activities. Negatively, there is increased demand for elderly services and healthcare while resources are strained. The aging population also faces issues like dementia.
Helen Cope - Creating Communities in the CapitalCivic Agenda
This document summarizes a presentation by Helen Cope on community investment in London. It discusses how community investment focuses on people rather than physical infrastructure by improving employment, health, inclusion, safety and empowerment. It provides context on issues like welfare reform, austerity and rising unemployment nationally and in London. It then details how housing associations invest in their communities, highlighting programs that helped over 87,000 people, placed 2000 into jobs, and involved 5000 young people in education. Key areas of investment are employment support, community cohesion, and initiatives for young people. The presentation advocates a strategic approach focusing on people, partnerships and performance measurement.
An aging population will have significant impacts on healthcare costs, the workforce, and public spending in developing countries. As the older population grows, healthcare costs will increase both inside and outside of hospitals. The workforce will shrink as fewer people are of working age, which can lower GDP growth and standards of living. Public spending will shift towards the elderly as national savings decrease over time. Policy changes are needed in healthcare, the labor market, and public spending to address these challenges and ensure affordable services for the aging population.
"Changing the way we think of elderly" - The Straits Timespepperleejy
1) The document discusses how the elderly are often portrayed negatively in the media as frail, sick, forgetful, and dependent on others for help.
2) While the media aims to report facts, the frequent negative portrayals reinforce societal ageism. Terms like "silver tsunami" used to describe the aging population have very negative connotations of a destructive force.
3) It is time to redefine what it means to be elderly and shift away from defining people solely by their chronological age. Many so-called elderly are active, independent contributors to society who should not be viewed primarily as a burden.
Debt and problem debt among older people 4june13 - presentationILC- UK
Debt is commonly assumed to be a problem of the young and not of the old. New research carried out by ILC-UK and supported by Age UK examines the validity of this assumption and sets out the extent to which debt impacts on the lives of older people.
Over recent years, older people, in common with other age groups, have faced significant financial challenges. For older people, lower than expected returns on savings and decreases in annuity rates have reduced the income many retirees were expecting in later life. Increases in energy and food costs are also hitting older people on fixed incomes hard, while older workers are faced with unprecedented job and income insecurity. Could these new challenges have influenced the attitudes and behaviours of older people towards credit usage? And just how accurate are cosy depictions of older people as ‘squirreling savers shunning credit’ compared to the reality?
This new research explores the way in which attitudes towards borrowing vary by age before presenting new findings on levels of problem debt among older people. The characteristics associated with entering problem debt are explored in this research, as well as the outcomes of living with problem debt on the lives of older people.
Dr Dylan Kneale, Head of Research at ILC-UK, presented the findings of the research. Dr Stella Creasy MP, known for her parliamentary work around the field of debt, was a keynote speaker, while Sally West, Income and Poverty Strategy Adviser at Age UK, provided insight into the organisation’s work in providing debt counselling and advice for older people. Tom Wright, Chief Executive of Age UK, and Baroness Sally Greengross, Chief executive of ILC-UK, co-chaired the event and all took part in a panel debate after presentations.
How should policymakers respond to the new challenges and opportunities of ag...ILC- UK
Presentation by David Sinclair, Assistant Director of Policy and Communications at ILC-UK, at 'New perspectives on population ageing in Scotland', 4 November 2013 14.00-17.00 as part of the ESRC Festival of Social Science http://www.esrc.ac.uk/news-and-events/events/festival/festival-events/specific-2013/population-ageing.aspx
This document discusses the challenges faced by low-income working families living in inner London. It provides statistics showing high rates of child poverty in inner London boroughs. It then discusses the lived experiences of these families based on interviews conducted by the non-profit 4in10. Many families struggle with high rents and costs of living, while wages are not keeping pace. Even for those with jobs, poverty rates remain high in both part-time and full-time working families in London. The families interviewed discussed difficulties with housing, managing finances, debt, and accessing healthy food. While London has experienced strong economic growth, this growth has not benefited all residents and has not reduced poverty rates for these inner city families.
Poverty is defined as living on less than $1.25 per day. Poverty affects individuals and entire countries in both relative and absolute terms. Developed countries tend to have higher standards of living, education, health, and democracy while developing countries have lower living standards, education, health and infrastructure and economies based on agriculture. Africa is particularly affected by poverty, with 18 of the 20 poorest countries located there and around 50% of sub-Saharan Africans living on less than $1 per day. The United Nations aims to reduce poverty through programs like the Millennium Development Goals.
International Issues
The document discusses various political, social, economic, and health issues affecting development in Africa. It provides facts on each issue and discusses how they influence development, as well as other problems countries face. The issues covered include corrupt and incompetent governments, debt, trade barriers, education, HIV/AIDS, malaria, farming, bilateral and multilateral aid, and the work of organizations like the UN, WHO, UNICEF, and FAO. While progress has been made in some areas like reducing poverty and improving access to education and healthcare, huge challenges remain, particularly from issues like disease burdens and lack of education.
Making of Modern Britain 1880-1951 - changing attitudes towards povertymrmarr
Social attitudes towards helping the poor began to change in the early 1900s for several reasons: (1) surveys found that over 25% of people lived in poverty, undermining the idea that poverty was their fault; (2) national security concerns arose due to many potential soldiers being unfit, threatening Britain's ability to fight future wars; (3) national efficiency was threatened as other countries industrialized more rapidly. These factors, along with the rise of labor politics and demonstrations of effective local policies, led politicians and the public to become more supportive of government assistance for the poor.
Alison Garnham - London Child Poverty Conference Civic Agenda
The document discusses child poverty in the UK. It notes that child poverty is projected to rise significantly by 2020 according to IFS estimates. Factors that influence child poverty rates include parental employment levels, cost of living, benefits policy, and funding for programs that support children from low-income families. The document calls for policy responses like improving early education programs, monitoring the pupil premium, reforming universal credit, and local initiatives to boost parental employment.
08May14 - Community Matters: Are our communities ready for ageing?ILC- UK
As the population ages, an increasing number of people will be growing older and continuing to live in communities around the country. Many of our communities are ill-prepared for both the varying needs of older people ageing in place and the future increase in numbers of older people who will need appropriate housing, transport and services. The local elections in May also bring these issues into focus for elected representatives who will be seeking to prepare their areas for these challenges and give the best opportunities for good ageing to their constituents.
At this event we heard results of a series of three solutions-focussed policy discussions held by ILC-UK and Age UK. These discussions have looked at three distinct aspects of communities – from living at home, to getting out and about and the activities and amenities available (or missing) in our communities. We will be discussing a forthcoming report summarising the fresh thinking and practical suggestions for policy makers, local government and community groups gathered from these sessions.
The conference also included sessions on research and information on this topic, and what needs to be done to take action in our communities. All sessions will feature opportunities for attendees to participate in the discussion and add their views on where priorities for action should be focussed.
This document discusses the rise in poverty and inequality in the UK. It provides statistics showing that the percentage of households who cannot afford adequate housing, heating, or basic necessities has increased significantly from 1983 to 2012. Children from deprived households are more likely to have health problems. More people are experiencing stress and mental health issues due to financial problems. While pensioner poverty has decreased, in-work poverty has sharply risen. The document suggests that rising inequality has negatively impacted economic growth. It discusses potential policy solutions like increasing social spending, making tax systems more progressive, boosting wages for low-income workers, and strengthening social protections.
The document discusses family units and gender roles in Britain. It defines a family unit as a group of kin-connected adults who care for children. It mentions there are two types of family units in Britain: nuclear families and extended families. It also discusses how traditionally male-dominated British institutions, like politics and the church, are slowly becoming more inclusive of women, though women still face discrimination in the workplace and are less likely to reach the top of male-dominated professions. Overall, it examines changing gender roles and expectations as women's participation in the workforce has steadily increased in Britain over the 20th century.
China's population is aging rapidly as its one-child policy has resulted in fewer children being born since the late 1970s. By 2050, over a quarter of China's population will be over 65 years old, compared to about 15% today. The one-child policy has been credited with preventing 400 million extra births but has also led to fewer working-age people having to support a growing elderly population in the future.
The population has increased since the 1800s due to the birth rate exceeding the death rate. The birth rate rose as contraception became more available but is now falling as people prioritize careers over starting families. The death rate is very low because of advances in medicine, sanitation, and healthcare for the elderly. Economic, social, and political factors like the cost of living, people marrying later in life, and postwar baby booms have also impacted population changes. Migration within and to the UK affects the age distribution and concentration of populations in urban areas.
Bridging the Gap (BTG) is a consulting and human capital development firm focused on building organizational capacity. They provide services such as strategy development, change management, leadership development, and enterprise development. BTG uses a four stage process of diagnosis, planning, implementation, and monitoring & evaluation to deliver customized solutions that add value to clients. Their mission is to develop people and organizations through good governance, growth strategies, and empowerment.
Budco is a one-stop shop that provides various marketing and business services including digital printing, lettershop and finishing services, mailing services, warehousing and fulfillment. It has various in-house competencies that it can bundle together into customized solutions for its clients. Budco is committed to quality and aims to deliver results that help its clients achieve their objectives such as increasing revenue or enhancing satisfaction.
Essential Apps for Real Estate Professionals Amanda Cole
The document discusses the increasing importance of mobile apps for real estate professionals. It notes that 52% of mobile users are predicted to surpass desktop users by 2014. The document then provides information on average savings of $14,000 per firm and $57 billion total from mobile app implementation. It discusses top apps used by real estate professionals and buyers for tasks like calls, email, contacts, and viewing homes. The rest of the document recommends specific apps for tasks like business cards, expenses, documents, and floor plans. It promotes reverse mentoring services from GadgitKids to help professionals adopt mobile technologies.
CermaClad is a high-speed metal cladding process that uses a high-energy infrared fusion source to metallurgically bond protective alloys like alloy 625 and 316L stainless steel to pipe interiors and steel plates at application rates 10-100 times faster than laser cladding. The engineered structure of the cladding material controls wetting and viscosity to enable a smooth, uniform coating. Due to the scalable application rate and input control, a variety of alloys can be applied in thicknesses from 0.1mm to 3mm per pass, providing benefits like corrosion and wear resistance for the oil and gas industry.
Lessis @TED, We the People, and the Republic we must reclaimRootstrikers
Lessig uses several really cool fonts, which we had to substitute for universal, less cool ones for the PowerPoint file. Check out corruptionismyissue.org for a list of these fonts.
Note: We transcribed the talk in full in this file. Each slide contains the portion of the actual speech that accompanied that visual.
In this week’s edition... DEERS receives top notch award, DFMWR helps people get into shape and Children learn a little more about their world with Earth Day activities. Read these stories and more in your Mountaineer.
Pre-Challenge training with Scott BealeGlobalGiving
Atlas Corps is a global network that develops nonprofit leaders through an overseas fellowship program. It brings nonprofit leaders from around the world to volunteer in the U.S., where they learn new skills and share perspectives before returning home. Atlas Corps has placed over 100 fellows from 30 countries over its 5 years of operation and has a budget of $1.4 million supported by over 2,500 individual donors. The document then discusses how Atlas Corps has won 5 online contests and raised $400,000 online through leveraging networks and empowering supporters to spread their message.
CEO Newsletter - Agile Performance ManagementDarryl Judd
The document discusses the need for organizations to move away from traditional annual performance review cycles towards a more agile and continuous performance management process. It outlines some of the key features of an agile performance management system, including regularly reviewing and updating individual goals in line with changing business needs, holding frequent check-ins between managers and employees to provide real-time feedback, and separating performance conversations from compensation decisions. The summary highlights that many large global companies are adopting this new agile approach to better support employee development, engagement, and high performance over time.
With so much competition and perceived sameness, developing a distinct profile is important in helping firms attract quality professionals and grow their practices especially as the drive towards market consolidation and globalisation continues to develop.
For 13 years Soukias Jones Design has been working for leading US, UK and International firms to develop alternative ways to the bland cliched communications that litter the market. We see things differently. We push the boundaries. We encourage clients to do so. The attached presentation showcases our approach in creating brand building campaigns for several UK and US firms. Whether firms are targeting clients, prospects, laterals, graduates or staff, we use creativity to create clear and distinctive communications.
US Presidential Election: The UK and European Perspective Ipsos UK
October 31 2012: Professor Sir Robert Worcester, founder of MORI, presented his perspective and predictions for the 2012 US Presidential Election based on the latest polling. The event was held by the Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies, Institute of Contemporary British History at King's College London.
Self-Branding Success Through the Me BrandEvgeny Tsarkov
This document provides an overview of self-branding and how to effectively brand oneself. It discusses that successful people are successful brands that communicate what they stand for to inspire others. It then outlines the Self-Branding Model which includes elements like brand identity, image, and communication. Brand identity incorporates one's unique selling proposition, emotional selling proposition, and brand mantra. Effective brand image and communication help one network and build relationships to achieve their goals.
Magazine Where Paris n°236, english edition, daté septembre 2013Where Paris Editions
Magazine leader sur les touristes "premium" sur Paris.
Disponible dans les hôtels 4 et 5 étoiles, les palaces, les lounge VIP Air France, sur les classes business et affaires de certaines compagnies aériennes, les ambassades, les lieux touristiques...
Jean-Louis Roux-Fouillet : jeanlouis.rouxfouillet@wheremagazine.com
Reconstructions of the 1930s is an ege Design Spot collection celebrating ege's 75th anniversary. It consists of 31 geometric designs inspired by Art Deco in monochrome colors like grey, white, beige and black. The designs feature mainly cubes, pyramids, cylinders and circles. The collection can be recolored and is available in different qualities from 630-1900 g/m2.
This document provides an agenda and details for the 2nd Annual Spring Single Family Aggregation: REO-to-Rental Forum hosted by IMN. The event will include over 800 executives, 120 speakers, and 200 funds, REITs, and investors. There will be 24 panel sessions over two days covering topics such as the macro housing market outlook, acquisition strategies, financing property purchases, and building management teams. Several large public REIT CEOs and presidents will also speak. The forum gathers leaders in the single-family rental home industry to discuss trends, challenges, and opportunities.
This document provides an overview of best practices for conducting background screening in Florida. It discusses compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) and searching criminal records within and outside of Florida. It also covers searching sex offender records, employment and education verifications, using social media for screening appropriately, and using E-Verify for Florida employers. The presentation aims to help HR professionals develop strong screening policies and procedures.
Advanced Strategies for Leveraging AWS for Disaster Recovery Amazon Web Services
Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides powerful APIs and services that enable AWS to be used for production use cases, including “pay as you go” disaster recovery (DR) in the cloud.
In this presentation you’ll learn about, and see how, CloudVelocity automates processes to leverage these APIs for entire app environments, from the OS to configurations, updates, patches, and even IP addresses. This helps businesses use the AWS Cloud to enable faster disaster recovery of their critical IT systems without incurring the infrastructure expense of a second physical site. The webinar will also demonstrate a live migration of a multi-tier app and environment into AWS for DR, and the impact of automation on DR deployment for the City of Asheville, NC.
The global anti-snoring & sleep apnea devices market was valued at US$ 7,399.7 million in 2015 and is forecast to grow to US$ 10,122.9 million by 2020 at a CAGR of 6.4% from 2016 to 2020.
Future of ageing An initial perspective by Prof. Laura Carstensen, Ken Smith...Future Agenda
An initial perspective on the future of ageing by Prof. Laura Carstensen, Ken Smith and Dominika Jaworski at Stanford Center on Longevity. This is the starting point for the global future agenda discussions taking place through 2015 as part of the futureagenda2.0 programme. www.futureagenda.org
The document examines how the transition to adulthood has changed over the past several decades. It discusses how in the 1950s, most young people left home, finished school, got married and had children by their early 20s, but now this transition takes much longer. It attributes this change to economic uncertainties in the 1970s that made independent adult roles more difficult to achieve. Now, factors like pursuing higher education and difficulty finding stable employment mean it takes longer to become financially independent and for young people to reach traditional adult milestones. This extended transition poses challenges for young people, families, and society.
The UK has pursued four main economic goals: low unemployment, low inflation, high growth, and a favorable balance of payments. Fiscal and monetary policy have helped achieve low inflation and unemployment. Inflation has remained stable since the 1990s due to monetary policy keeping it near the 2.5% target. However, growth has slowed since the financial crisis, posing a challenge.
This document discusses the need for a transition towards greater social justice and well-being for all, known as the Great Transition. It notes that currently inequality is high and the welfare state model is unsustainable and does not adequately promote well-being. The Great Transition aims to build a well-being system for the 21st century that achieves sustainable social justice and well-being for all using limited resources, with a focus on growing the "core economy" of human relationships and capabilities rather than economic growth. It argues this core economy is essential for supporting both individuals and the environment.
The document discusses population stabilization and optimal paths to achieving it. It notes that stabilization will only be possible on average over time as birth and death numbers fluctuate. An optimal path outlined would see childbearing decline to replacement levels within 20 years through fewer mothers, more one-child families, and slightly older mothers and longer intervals between births. This would result in negligible birth number fluctuations and population stabilization at around 278 million in 50 years.
This document summarizes a report on how identities in the UK may change over the next 10 years. Key findings include:
- Hyper-connectivity is increasing through social media and online data, blurring online and offline identities and allowing identities to change more rapidly.
- Society may become more pluralized with aging populations, greater diversity, and online communities influencing identities.
- Public and private identities are blurring as people share more personal information online and attitudes toward privacy change, especially among youth.
Older consumers were once invisible but are now an important demographic due to increased lifespans. While older adults were traditionally poorer and less engaged in consumerism, population aging means they now represent a larger portion of consumers. Studies of consumer culture have neglected older adults, but this is changing as generations age and remain active in the workforce and economy. Examining how consumption patterns change with age is important for understanding social and economic impacts of an aging population.
On the 24th November 2015, we held our first annual conference on 'The Future of Ageing'.
During this full day conference we painted a picture of the future of ageing and explored the challenges and opportunities ahead. Through our unique lifecourse focus we explored the potential impact of ageing not just on today’s older population, but also on tomorrows.
We heard presentations from:
- Steven Baxter (Partner, Hymans Robertson);
- Lord Filkin (Chair of the Centre for Ageing Better and Chair of the House of Lords Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change);
- Lord Willetts (Executive Chair at Resolution Foundation, and former Minister of State [Department for Business, Innovation and Skills]);
- Paul Johnson (Director, Institute for Fiscal Studies);
- Baroness Altmann (Minister for Pensions);
- Professor Jane Elliott (Chief Executive, Economic and Social Research Council);
- Professor Sir Mark Walport (Government Chief Scientific Adviser [GCSA] and Head of the Government Office for Science);
- Jim Boyd (Director of Corporate Affairs, Partnership);
- Elaine Draper (Director, Accessibility & Inclusion, Barclays);
- Mario Ambrosi (Head of Communications and Public Affairs, Anchor);
- Baroness Kay Andrews (Member of the House of Lords Built Environment Committee, Former Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Department for Communities and Local Government) 2006-2009);
- Professor Ian Philp (Deputy Medical Director for Older People’s Care, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust).
The conference was chaired by Baroness Sally Greengross (Chief Executive, ILC-UK) and Lawrence Churchill (Trustee, ILC-UK).
The document discusses population structures and how they are represented using population pyramids. It provides examples of population pyramids for different countries at different stages of the demographic transition model and how they change over time based on birth and death rates. It also discusses the implications of youthful and aging populations, providing case studies of the Gambia and UK respectively.
The document discusses population topics including population structure, population pyramids, census data collection, and the demographic transition model. It describes how population pyramids show the age and gender composition of a population and can reveal changes over time. It also explains that censuses aim to count every person in a country and collect key data like age, gender, occupation that help governments plan services. The demographic transition model shows typical stages of population change from high birth/death rates to low as countries develop.
This document outlines three major paradigm shifts that will impact society in the 21st century: 1) A disproportionately large elderly population as baby boomers retire, straining social programs. 2) Increased life expectancy, requiring longer retirements and placing greater financial burden. 3) Transition to a knowledge-based workforce as physical labor is replaced by technology, requiring different job skills. The key message is that individuals need to take control of their financial planning and not rely solely on government programs to fund longer retirements in this changing environment.
The document discusses the global trend of population aging, with three key points:
1) The world's population over 65 will increase by 230 million by 2025, with Asia becoming the oldest region.
2) People are now living 35 years longer on average than in 1970, presenting opportunities but also challenges for health and social systems.
3) Governments will need to address the growing fiscal burden of pensions, health care, and disability support for a longer-living population with fewer workers.
An ageing population is caused by declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy. This has led to a declining youth population and growing elderly population in countries like the UK. A population pyramid is used to show the structure of a population by age and gender. Countries with ageing populations face economic and social challenges supporting older dependents on working age populations. Issues include higher healthcare costs, pension crises, and declining tax bases.
Family and population are closely linked. The size, age structure, and characteristics of a population are studied in demography. Factors like birth rates, death rates, and migration influence population size. In the UK, the population grew from 10.5 million in 1801 to 61 million in 2007 due to declining death rates and increasing births, though birth rates have since declined. An aging population with fewer births and more deaths means the UK population is projected to rise more slowly to 71 million by 2031.
National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of HealthU..docxvannagoforth
National Institute on Aging
National Institutes of Health
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Global Health and Aging
2 Global Health and AgingPhoto credits front cover, left to right (Dreamstime.com): Djembe; Sergey Galushko; Laurin Rinder; Indianeye;
Magomed Magomedagaev; and Antonella865.
3
Preface
Overview
Humanity’s Aging
Living Longer
New Disease Patterns
Longer Lives and Disability
New Data on Aging and Health
Assessing the Cost of Aging and Health Care
Health and Work
Changing Role of the Family
Suggested Resources
Contents
Rose Maria Li
1
2
4
6
9
12
16
18
20
22
25
4 Global Health and Aging
5
Preface
The world is facing a situation without precedent: We soon will have more older people than
children and more people at extreme old age than ever before. As both the proportion of older
people and the length of life increase throughout the world, key questions arise. Will population
aging be accompanied by a longer period of good health, a sustained sense of well-being, and
extended periods of social engagement and productivity, or will it be associated with more illness,
disability, and dependency? How will aging affect health care and social costs? Are these futures
inevitable, or can we act to establish a physical and social infrastructure that might foster better
health and wellbeing in older age? How will population aging play out differently for low-income
countries that will age faster than their counterparts have, but before they become industrialized
and wealthy?
This brief report attempts to address some of these questions. Above all, it emphasizes the central
role that health will play moving forward. A better understanding of the changing relationship
between health with age is crucial if we are to create a future that takes full advantage of the
powerful resource inherent in older populations. To do so, nations must develop appropriate
data systems and research capacity to monitor and understand these patterns and relationships,
��������
� �
������
� ���������������
��������������������� ���� �������
�����������������
���
��
well-being. And research needs to be better coordinated if we are to discover the most cost-effective
ways to maintain healthful life styles and everyday functioning in countries at different stages of
economic development and with varying resources. Global efforts are required to understand and
�
�������������
����������
������������� ������������������ �����������
������ �
��
�������� ���
��
existing knowledge about the prevention and treatment of heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and
cancer.
Managing population aging also requires building needed infrastructure and institutions as soon as
possible. The longer we delay, the more costly and less effective the solutions are likely to be.
Population aging is a powerful and transforming demographic force. We are only just beginning
to comprehend its impact ...
This document discusses how life patterns and society are changing in ways that could impact the labor market and economy. It argues that while society is becoming less caring and connected, the economy requires more caring and connection through jobs in industries like healthcare. Changing demographics like delayed childbearing, longer life expectancies, and geographic mobility mean traditional family support systems are breaking down at a time when mental health issues are rising. This could mean a reduced willingness and ability of individuals and society to care for those in need. The implications for the labor market and economy are uncertain and require further exploration of how these trends may challenge assumptions about how life and work will evolve.
The document outlines 10 global challenges for the 21st century: 1) the accelerating course of history, 2) global demographic imbalance, 3) global food security threat, 4) water shortage, 5) global energy security, 6) exhaustion of natural resources, 7) third industrial revolution, 8) growing social instability, 9) crisis of civilization's values, and 10) threat of new global destabilization. It discusses how each challenge impacts Kazakhstan and calls for the country to develop strategies to address the challenges, ensure continued development, and position itself for future opportunities and influence on the global stage.
Similar to People Of Britain - Mosaic society (19)
Ramadan travel report by master card crescent 2016Think Ethnic
The Muslim travel market is one of the fastest growing segments in the global travel industry. According
to the MasterCard-CrescentRating Global Muslim Travel Index (GMTI) 2016, there were 117 million
Muslim international travelers globally in 2015. Driven by a rapid population growth of Muslims, a
growing middle class and younger population, this number is projected to grow to 168 million by 2020.
The travel expenditure by this segment is expected to exceed USD 200 billion by 2020. This growth has
been facilitated by an increase in ease of access to travel information and the availability of
Muslim-friendly travel services and facilities at more destinations.
The document provides a summary of key trends in the UK communications sector in 2014-2015 based on Ofcom's research:
- Superfast broadband availability reached 83% of UK premises and 30% of broadband connections were superfast.
- Four in five households had fixed broadband while three in five adults accessed the internet via mobile phones.
- Traditional TV viewing declined 11 minutes on average per person per day between 2013-2014 across all age groups.
- Non-traditional viewing, such as via video on demand services, increased and now accounts for 30% of audio-visual content viewing.
This document provides an overview of communication service use and attitudes among ethnic minority groups in Great Britain based on survey data. Key findings include:
1) Ethnic minority groups differ demographically from the general population in ways that impact media usage, such as being younger and having larger households.
2) Television ownership and viewing is widespread but lower for some groups. BBC channels and ITV have smaller audiences among ethnic minorities.
3) Internet and mobile phone adoption is high but fixed-line telephone and radio listening is lower among some ethnic minority groups.
This document provides an overview of communication service use and attitudes among ethnic minority groups in Great Britain based on survey data. Key findings include:
1) Ethnic minority groups differ demographically from the general population in ways that impact media usage, such as being younger and having larger households.
2) Television ownership and viewing is widespread but lower for some groups. BBC channels and ITV have smaller audiences among ethnic minorities.
3) Internet and mobile phone adoption is high but fixed-line telephone and radio listening is lower among some ethnic minority groups.
Ethnic Minority Businesses and Access to FinanceThink Ethnic
This document discusses barriers to accessing finance faced by ethnic minority businesses in the UK. It summarizes the current state of knowledge on the topic based on academic research and discussions with stakeholders. While there is no evidence of direct racial discrimination by banks, ethnic minority groups like Black African, Black Caribbean, Bangladeshi and Pakistani businesses appear to have more loan rejections than other groups. This could be due to factors like lack of collateral, poor credit histories, and language barriers rather than direct discrimination. The document outlines actions being taken by the government, banks, and others to improve access to finance for ethnic minority businesses through initiatives like research, mentorship programs, and increased transparency of lending data.
This document provides a portrait of Britain's modern ethnic minority populations based on extensive data analysis. It finds that ethnic minorities now represent 14% of the UK population and are highly concentrated in large cities. The five largest groups are Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black African and Black Caribbean. While having distinct characteristics, most minorities identify strongly with British culture and citizenship. The report aims to build understanding of Britain's increasingly diverse population through detailed demographic profiles and first-hand perspectives.
Multicultural Britain - An interim report by the Ethnic Diversity ForumThink Ethnic
This document provides an overview of ethnic diversity in the UK based on census and population data. Some key points:
- According to the 2001 UK Census, nearly 8% of the UK population belonged to a non-white ethnic group. The 2011 Census will expand categories and questions to better capture diversity.
- London is the most ethnically diverse city, home to representatives of 189/192 UN-recognized countries. Nearly 40% of London's population is projected to be from minority ethnic communities by 2026.
- The borough of Newham has the largest proportion of ethnic minorities at 68% of the population. Other diverse boroughs include Brent, Tower Hamlets, Hackney and Ealing.
This document discusses ethnic marketing. It begins with an introduction and definition of ethnic marketing as targeting specific ethnic groups to satisfy their needs. It then provides reasons for ethnic marketing, including new opportunities in competitive markets, the size and buying power of ethnic populations in the US, their breakdown and concentration in certain areas, and their willingness to buy. It outlines techniques for ethnic marketing such as targeting, use of media, visibility at community events, and contact with associations. It then provides Heineken as an illustration, discussing how they launched an ad campaign with Jay-Z to target the urban lifestyle and African American market. It concludes that ethnic marketing is important for building market share among ethnic groups while also benefiting mainstream consumers, and that identifying
Audience Construction: Race, Ethnicity and Segmentation in Popular MediaThink Ethnic
This document summarizes Oscar H. Gandy Jr.'s paper on audience construction with regards to race, ethnicity, and segmentation in popular media. It discusses four main perspectives on how audiences are constructed: as publics, markets, commodities, and victims. Segmenting audiences based on attributes like race and ethnicity is a social practice that both reflects and reinforces group definitions and boundaries over time. While segmentation is usually explored from the perspective of powerful actors, individuals also recognize themselves in these constructed segments.
Finding Your Audience Through Market SegmentationThink Ethnic
This document discusses market segmentation and identifying target audiences. It defines market segmentation as dividing the overall population into subgroups that have common needs, and selecting which subgroups to target with marketing efforts. Conducting market research to understand audience segments allows organizations to better tailor their messaging, products and services to attract those most likely to value what they offer. The document provides guidance on how to define audience segments through identifying their demographic characteristics, interests, behaviors, values and psychological traits in order to develop rich portraits that inform targeted marketing strategies.
The Diagonal Thinking Self-Assessment - Second Year Progress ReportThink Ethnic
The document provides information on the second year progress report of the Diagonal Thinking Self-Assessment tool. Over 11,000 people have registered for the assessment since its launch in 2008, with around 55% completing it. In the second year, there was an increase in under-25s, students, unemployed individuals, and those from non-white backgrounds taking the assessment compared to the first year. The assessment identifies 'Diagonal Thinkers' who display both linear and lateral thinking abilities. Feedback found the tool was useful for career guidance, especially among under-25s, though recruitment staff in advertising agencies could make better use of the assessment.
Ethnic Minorities: At the forefront of digital communications in the UK - Ofc...Think Ethnic
Ethnic minorities are leading adopters of new digital media in the UK. They are younger, more likely to use cable/satellite TV, and subscribe to multiple digital services. However, they also express higher concerns about offensive or poor quality content across TV, radio, and the internet. Their main concern regarding mobile phones is affordability. In general, ethnic minorities are more active users of digital media but less confident in their ability to find online content.
Home Ownership - English Housing Survey Household report 2008–09Think Ethnic
The report provides an overview of housing tenure trends in England between 1999 and 2008-09. During this period, owner occupation increased slightly to 68% of households, social renting decreased to 18% while private renting increased to 14%. There were significant regional variations, with London having higher rates of private (21.5%) and social renting (25.5%). Owner occupiers tended to be older working couples or retired, while younger households aged 16-34 were more likely to privately or socially rent. Social renters on average had lower incomes than other tenures.
ClearCast Guide For Advertisers And AgenciesThink Ethnic
This document provides information about Clearcast and its role in regulating broadcast advertising in the UK. It summarizes that Clearcast works with advertisers and agencies to ensure television and video-on-demand ads comply with the UK advertising codes to gain approval for airing. It oversees the pre-clearance of over 32,000 scripts and 64,000 ads annually. On rare occasions, 0.1% of cleared ads are later found to violate codes by the Advertising Standards Authority after airing. The document outlines Clearcast's process for script review and working with the ASA on any post-airing complaints.
Diversity Strategy 2010-13 - Getting Equality, Diversity and Inclusion right ...Think Ethnic
The document outlines the Home Office's diversity strategy for 2010-2013, which retains the five strategic aims from the previous strategy focused on leadership, workforce representation, workplace inclusion, statutory obligations, and service delivery. Progress made since the 2007 strategy launch is recognized, and the new strategy aims to further embed equality and diversity considerations into all aspects of the Home Office's work. Governance and progress monitoring against the strategic aims will be provided by the Diversity Strategy Programme Board through quarterly self-assessments from business areas.
CBI & the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising - Jun 2010Think Ethnic
The document summarizes the role and activities of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) and its plans to work with the Institute of Practitioners in Advertising (IPA) to champion and support the UK's creative industries sector. The CBI represents over 240,000 businesses and works to influence policy areas impacting business. It intends to work with the IPA on policy solutions to challenges facing the creative industries from structural changes in digitalization and the economic downturn, including issues around online privacy and behavioral targeting. Over the next year, the CBI outlines events and briefs it will produce to lobby on skills, competition policy, access to finance, taxation and other areas to support the creative industries.
A Creative Block? The Future of the UK Creative IndustriesThink Ethnic
The document provides an overview of the future of the UK creative industries. It begins by reviewing the 2007 report "Staying Ahead", which celebrated the success of the UK creative industries but also identified some underlying vulnerabilities. Since its publication, the recession and trends like convergence, digitalization, and international competition have impacted the industry. The report examines these changes and their implications. It argues the UK creative industries still have growth potential but face challenges from global trends and competition that require a policy response to ensure they can continue contributing to the UK's economic recovery and future growth. The conceptual tools from "Staying Ahead" still provide value but require some revisions to fully capture today's context.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the luxury car market, focusing on specific models from Aston Martin, Bentley, Ferrari, Porsche, and Rolls-Royce. It examines current asking prices, trade values, average mileage and costs of ownership for various years and trims. Key points discussed include which colors and optional features appeal most to buyers or hurt resale value. The author also notes new demand for the Aston Martin DB9 has declined and it could benefit from a redesign.
This document summarizes a longer document about factors that influence human behavior and how understanding these factors can help develop effective communications strategies. It discusses three levels of factors - personal, social, and environmental - that influence behavior according to social psychology models. Personal factors include knowledge, attitudes, habits, and self-efficacy. Social factors include social norms, social support and identity. The document also provides an overview of behavioral economics principles and theories of behavior change. It emphasizes the importance of understanding how multiple factors at all levels can influence a behavior when developing communications to change behaviors.
The rise of inconspicuous consumption challenges traditional notions of branding and luxury goods. Where conspicuous displays of wealth and status were once the norm, consumers increasingly prefer subtle, understated displays. This reflects trends like rising income inequality, globalization, and urban anonymity, which diminish the ability of luxury goods to clearly signal status. Evidence from the US, China, and elsewhere shows a shift from overt to more inconspicuous signaling among high-income groups, with implications for how brands market luxury without conspicuous logos or branding.
Amid the constant barrage of distractions and dwindling motivation, self-discipline emerges as the unwavering beacon that guides individuals toward triumph. This vital quality serves as the key to unlocking one’s true potential, whether the aspiration is to attain personal goals, ascend the career ladder, or refine everyday habits.
Understanding Self-Discipline
MISS TEEN LUCKNOW 2024 - WINNER ASIYA 2024DK PAGEANT
In the dynamic city of Lucknow, known for its wealthy social legacy and authentic importance, a youthful star has developed, capturing the hearts of numerous with her elegance, insights, and eagerness. Asiya, as of late delegated as the champ from Lucknow for Miss Youngster India 2024 by the DK Pageant, stands as a confirmation of the monstrous ability and potential dwelling inside the youth of India. This exceptional young lady is a signal of excellence and a paragon of devotion and aspiration.
Biography and career history of Bruno AmezcuaBruno Amezcua
Bruno Amezcua's entry into the film and visual arts world seemed predestined. His grandfather, a distinguished film editor from the 1950s through the 1970s, profoundly influenced him. This familial mentorship early on exposed him to the nuances of film production and a broad array of fine arts, igniting a lifelong passion for narrative creation. Over 15 years, Bruno has engaged in diverse projects showcasing his dedication to the arts.
At Affordable Garage Door Repair, we specialize in both residential and commercial garage door services, ensuring your property is secure and your doors are running smoothly.
Confidence is Key: Fashion for Women Over 50miabarn9
Unlock your personal style and confidence at 50 and beyond! Our fashion blog provides actionable tips and inspiration on how to improve your dressing sense according to your body type, skin tone, and personal style, ensuring you look and feel amazing.
Insanony: Watch Instagram Stories Secretly - A Complete GuideTrending Blogers
Welcome to the world of social media, where Instagram reigns supreme! Today, we're going to explore a fascinating tool called Insanony that lets you watch Instagram Stories secretly. If you've ever wanted to view someone's story without them knowing, this blog is for you. We'll delve into everything you need to know about Insanony with Trending Blogers!
1. T
HE POPULATION OF BRITAIN is growing
in numbers and increasing in complexity.
The era of rapid population growth driven
by childbearing has ceased. Instead, the
slow growth we see today is mainly caused by
increased longevity and migration. This means that
the social makeup of the country is changing rapidly.
Britain is becoming a ‘mosaic society’ in which
complexity and diversity are the rule.
These changes bring with them social, economic
and policy challenges which the UK cannot afford to
get wrong.
One important effect at work is increased life
expectancy. In recent years, UK life expectancy at
birth has been growing at a rate of around a year
every five years. For males in the UK, it is the fastest
PEOPLE OF BRITAIN
Mosaic society 91
Opinion: New ethnic communities 94
Employment: Race disadvantage 95
Friendship ties and geographical mobility 96
Changing family life 96
Social class still matters 97
Opinion: Living longer 98
Mosaic society
Complex changes in UK society bring with them policy challenges
Professor Ian Diamond, Chief Executive, Economic and Social Research Council, interviewed by Martin Ince
BRITAIN TODAY 2007 91
➤
growth in longevity anywhere in the world. If it
carries on, British males could become the world’s
longest-lived men a few years from now.
This trend is accompanied and amplified by
changes at the opposite end of life. Here, the UK’s
childbearing has been at less than a replacement
rate for 20 years, although there was an upturn in
2005. The result is that the 2001 census was the first
in history to find more people aged over 65 than 16
or under.
In addition, net immigration complicates the
picture further and has caused a modest growth
in the total UK population. So far, immigration
is an area where research has illuminated policy
choices far too little. We do not know enough about
immigrants’ motives and expectations, or about
Today’s older people
face significant
inequalities in health,
which leads to
pressures on social
care services.
2. their economic behaviour. We know that in
some countries, many first-generation migrants
send large remittances back to their country of
origin, and that the sums remitted by the second
generation tend to be much smaller. But to take
our knowledge beyond this point will call for more
research evidence.
These changes have been accompanied by
significant changes in household structure. It is
apparent that the UK of the future will include many
fewer traditional nuclear families and more single-
person, lone parent and complex households. This is
a trend which the UK’s house-builders have already
acted on. But it is bound to drive further pressure for
more housing and for new types of housing.
Among the causes of this expansion in single-
person living is the increase in marital breakdown,
which now affects 40 per cent of marriages. In 1958,
95 per cent of children lived with both of their birth
parents. By the turn of the millennium the
figure was down to 65 per cent. There
are correspondingly more
children living with one
parent, or in more complex
family settings.
In addition, the UK
population has been affected
by changes in life patterns. There
is more international mobility,
and people are staying longer in
education. They are also marrying or
getting involved in serious partnerships
later, and their ability to set up traditional
households has been affected by successive
rises in house prices. At the same time, more
people are cohabiting or living in groups for longer.
This means that the UK’s demographic structure
is becoming steadily richer and more varied. That
complexity affects every aspect of a caring state.
Birth dearth and its effects
These forces all have an effect on the vital social
function of childbearing. Women are having fewer
children, and having them later in life. But changes
in the amount of childbearing in the UK, and in
particular on the ages at which women give birth,
have effects on the whole of society. Postponing
childbirth means that in time, there will be more
men and women of 50 with mothers in their 80s.
Even more important is the increasing number of
childless people. There are more childless women
in their 40s. This means that in a few decades, there
will be more childless women in their 80s. They
will lack one of the principal pillars of support
for the old, not only in our society but
around the world.
It is inevitable that changes on this
scale will present social challenges.
They should be seen in the context
of the continuing crisis of future
pensions provision in the UK and
elsewhere. Part of the problem
is that few people know what sort
of provision to make for their own
futures. If people between 50 and 65
in England are asked to
estimate their odds of living to be
75, they reliably underestimate
their chance. So they may be
likely to underestimate the
amount of saving they should
do for their old age.
➤
92 BRITAIN TODAY 2007
The 2001 census
revealed that, for the
first time in history,
there are more people
in the UK over 65 than
under 16.
3. MOSAIC SOCIETY PEOPLE OF BRITAIN
We already know that the number of people
not saving enough for their old age is growing. The
future shortage of final salary pension schemes may
make this problem more general. There is certainly
an argument for pension saving to be compulsory. If
it is not, inequalities in income grow and when they
do, inequalities in health and other measures of life
quality do, too.
We know that today’s older people already face
significant inequalities in health and wealth. There
is every reason to suppose that this inequality will
increase. This means pressure on services such as
health, housing and social care. It also affects the
education system and the workforce we need.
Our objective should be to provide social and
health services which can keep people healthy,
and capable of achieving what they want in life,
until they die. As well as health and social care,
this means making sure older people have services
such as transport and mobility to fit their needs and
help them to make the most of the abilities they
have. There are significant research challenges in
providing the evidence to achieve this.
Paying for longevity
However, we should recall that British longevity
has been increasing since records began. We also
know that British society will age over the next
few decades. Although this ageing raises many
challenges, it does not have to be a problem. But
we do need to think how to pay for an older society,
and how to ensure that the social machinery is in
place to cope with it. A significant unknown is the
economic environment in which these changes are
taking place. The world economy is changing fast, in
ways that create challenges not only for business but
also for public services such as education.
We cannot know the UK’s economic future. But
it is highly likely that the UK will do less and less
routine manufacturing. The UK is already turning
into a country that needs more high-level skills for a
knowledge economy. Its history in industries from
banking to engineering suggests that it is well-placed
to succeed in this new world. It also means that the
UK is likely to be a magnet for skilled and qualified
people. But it may, over time, become less friendly
for people with lower skill levels. At the moment,
there are jobs throughout the economy for people
with comparatively poor skills. But continuing
demand for such labour cannot be guaranteed if the
economy turns down. This could mean problems for
anyone who is only able to seek work by competing
on price with others.
Britain has always been a country which has
welcomed migrants. But despite knowing much
about the characteristics of our migrant populations
over time, we know relatively little about their
motivations for migration to the UK, nor of their
medium and long term goals. In addition, for the
existing UK population, rapid economic change
means that the education system of the past may
not be perfectly suited to developing the workforce
we need. Schools must continue to produce people
with high-level skills. But they also have to instil the
abilities people will need to manage their progress
through a diverse and fast-changing world.
We know from the evidence that schools are
often the best place to affect people’s attitudes and
behaviour. They are vital to minimising equalities
of opportunity. Inequalities at school, in training
and in early employment are especially damaging
to children’s life prospects. Ensuring a worthwhile
educational future holds challenges for everyone. It
is obvious that we need good teachers. But we also
need children who arrive in school well-disposed to
learn. Families must play a major role in this.
Of course, many of these issues are not ones
that politicians can solve. And it is likely that some
of today’s problems will be eased by technical
change. Advancing technology may help the ageing
population by making it possible for people to live
in their own homes for longer. It can also spread
educational opportunity to all parts of society.
But there is also a wider role for technology,
which is its contribution to economic growth. If the
economy is larger, so are the resources available
to care for people. As a research council, ESRC is
very aware that science is a major contributor to UK
economic success. ■
There have been
significant changes
in the structure of UK
households in the past
50 years, with many
children now living
with a single parent.
We should provide social and health services
which can keep people healthy, and capable
of achieving what they want in life
4. 94 BRITAIN TODAY 2007
PEOPLE OF BRITAIN OPINION
New ethnic communities
FROM MULTICULTURALISM TO SUPER-DIVERSITY
PROFESSOR STEVEN
VERTOVEC, Director,
Centre on Migration,
Policy and Society
M
ULTICULTURALISM, IMMIGRATION, social
cohesion, segregation and extremism are at the
top of the public agenda. A new Commission on
Integration and Cohesion, launched by cabinet
minister Ruth Kelly, and due to report in July, is re-
examining the value of multiculturalism and especially
whether it has encouraged separateness.
The Commission must recognise that the longstanding
British multicultural model no longer fits the country’s
population profile. We are now living in a condition of
super-diversity. Compared with only a decade ago, there is
now a far greater variety of groups and individuals, from
more places around the world.
For the past 30 years, the British multicultural model
has provided political recognition through consultation
with community leaders, support for associations and
activities, and public service provision. These have been
delivered to ethnic minorities in the context of their
cultural values and practices.
But despite its successes, several commentators have
blamed multiculturalism for everything from urban riots
and socio-economic disparities among ethnic minorities
to a breakdown in national social cohesion and the rise of
home-grown terrorism.
The Commission will help clarify whether multi-
culturalism is the problem or the solution. But we must
appreciate that the conditions in which multiculturalism
was created in the 1970s and 1980s, to meet the needs of
large, well-defined Afro-Caribbean and Asian communities
of fellow citizens, have been transformed by a sea change
in the composition of British society. Since the early
1990s, Britain has experienced a rise in net immigration,
which grew from about zero in 1992 to a peak of about
150,000 by 2002. This peak has been overtaken since
2004 as EU accession state nationals have arrived from
Eastern Europe. Earlier flows mainly brought people
to Britain from a few Commonwealth countries in the
Caribbean and South Asia.
But immigrants in the 1990s and the new century
have come from a far broader range of countries, especially
non-Commonwealth and non-EU. Each has its own age
and gender structure, languages and religions. The people
involved connect with their countries of origin in different
ways and have their own channels of migration and legal
statuses. In 2004, an estimated 223,000 more people
migrated to the UK than emigrated abroad.
Alongside the UK’s well-established African-Caribbean
and Asian communities, there are relatively new, small,
scattered groups of Romanians, Ghanaians, mainland
Chinese, Colombians, Afghans, Japanese, Kurds,
Zimbabweans, Iraqis and numerous others. London has
received the largest share of new immigrants. There are
now over 40 national or ethnic groups with over 10,000
people each in the capital, and some 300 languages.
These new immigrant groups are highly diverse. Some
are mostly women, such as Slovakians and Filipinos.
Others are mostly men, such as Algerians and Albanians.
Some are mostly single people, others have families.
Some are particularly made up of young people in their
20s, others have a fuller range of ages. Immigrants today
range from the highest-flying skilled professionals to those
with little education and training. Many hope to remain in
Britain and become new citizens, while others plan to stay
for only a relatively short period. Most of the 600,000 or
so new Eastern European immigrants are unlikely to settle
permanently in the UK. A large proportion may already
have returned to their homes. Others are developing
patterns of back-and-forth movement.
Over the past decade, another important trend has
been a proliferation of up to 80 migration categories and
immigrant legal statuses. These include nationals from
the 15 pre-2004 EU states, EU accession state nationals,
non-EEA work permit holders, workers on special schemes
in agriculture, hotels and restaurants, highly skilled
immigrants, entrepreneurs, working holidaymakers, au
pairs, religious instructors, students, spouses and family
members, asylum-seekers, people granted leave to remain,
refugees and undocumented persons.
People falling within one or another of these
categories are subject to its rules, periods of permitted
stay, and restrictions governing ‘recourse to public funds’
such as social housing or benefits. A new points-based
immigration system is currently being rolled out by the
government, but it is not clear how this system – which is
largely about migration categories – will affect statuses and
restrictions surrounding rights, entitlements and benefits.
Furthermore, the members of a single ethnic or
national group can appear in several immigration
categories. Somalis in Britain include British citizens,
reunited family members, asylum-seekers, refugees,
people granted refugee elsewhere in the EU but who have
subsequently moved here, and people who have irregular
status due to overstaying a particular visa. Because their
status affects individuals’ ability to participate in society,
this makes the multicultural axiom of dealing with defined
‘communities’ unviable.
The Commission on Integration and Cohesion must
engage the reality of super-diversity in socio-economic
conditions, legal status, access to public resources and
opportunities for political participation.
The greatest challenge is how national and local
institutions and policies can cope with this complexity
when providing public services, ensuring the democratic
representation of differing interests, and fostering a
common sense of participation – even among those who
are here temporarily. ■
Immigrants in the 1990s and the new
century have come from a far broader
range of countries than previously
5. B
RITAIN IS BECOMING increasingly
multi-ethnic. The proportion of minority
ethnic group members grew from three
per cent in 1951 to eight per cent in
2001. The social and economic conditions of these
minority ethnic groups, and their integration into
the wider society, affect their own wellbeing and the
future prosperity of the country as a whole.
Systematic research on ethnic disadvantage
did not emerge until the 1990s, with the release of
the 1991 census. Its publication prompted a huge
research programme on ethnic relations. Yet that
research produced only limited snapshot pictures.
It did not explore the economic fortunes of the
minority ethnic groups during the period in which
the vast majority came to settle in the country.
Data from the General Household Survey and
the Labour Force Survey now allows us to fill this
gap. Dr Yaojun Li and Professor Anthony Heath of
the Understanding Population Trends and Processes
Network looked at nine ethnic groups: white British,
white Irish, white other, black Caribbean, black
African, Indian, Pakistani/Bangladeshi, Chinese
and other. Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are grouped
together because much research shows that they
share similar experiences in a variety of socio-
economic situations. The ‘other’ group comprises
people of mixed ethnicity and from a wide range of
other origins.
The minority ethnic groups arrived at different
times. Around three quarters of white Irish came
before 1971, as did half of the white other group,
one third of the black Caribbean group and a
quarter of Indian group. Nearly 60 per cent of black
Caribbeans and just over one half of Pakistanis/
Bangladeshis were born in Britain, as were some 40
per cent of black Africans and Indians, and nearly 30
per cent of the Chinese.
People of minority ethnic groups also came
at different ages, which can be expected to have
a substantial impact on their labour market
experiences. People coming at a young age attend
schools in Britain and have similar social and
cultural capital to those of the same ethnicity born
here, and to the white British. In view of this, the
research team grouped people born in Britain or
coming here by the age of 16 as second generation
and those coming after 17 as first generation.
The research into the employment status of
minority ethnic groups shows unmistakably that
British whites are most likely to be employed and
least likely to be unemployed. Also noteworthy is the
fact that there are much greater differences between
the minority ethnic groups than between them and
the white British. A third feature that emerges is that
these differences became more prominent from the
early 1980s onwards. When the researchers examine
the employment situation of the second generation,
it emerges that the black African and Pakistani/
Bangladeshi groups were least likely to be found
in the labour market in each year of the past two
decades. It might be said that many of the people
from those groups were young and did not have
sufficient experience to gain access to the labour
market. Yet members of their first generation,
particularly those of Pakistani/Bangladeshi origins,
were only half as likely as the white British to find
themselves in gainful employment. Further analysis
shows that Pakistani/Bangladeshi men had a similar
poor employment profile to that of the black African
men, and only 20 per cent of women from this
group were in the labour market throughout the
period covered.
So the real issue is how the black and the
Pakistani/Bangladeshi groups, especially women
in the latter group, can gain improved access to
the labour market. This should be the focus for
government policy, and also for employers and
wider society. ■
EMPLOYMENT: RACE DISADVANTAGE?
How minority ethnic groups gain improved access to the labour market
AT A GLANCE
Black African
and Pakistani/
Bangladeshi men
and women are
least likely to
have jobs, and the
contrast with white
British is becoming
more marked.
NEWS PEOPLE OF BRITAIN
BRITAIN TODAY 2007 95
6. PEOPLE OF BRITAIN NEWS
96 BRITAIN TODAY 2007
CHANGING FAMILY LIFE
E
IGHT OUT OF TEN people live in what official
statistics define as a family household. Yet the
same statistics show that this type of living
arrangement is in decline. Marital breakdown and
the rising number of births outside marriage are
producing more single-parent families, and most of
the single parents are lone mothers. This change has
huge implications, especially a dramatic increase in
demand for single accommodation. Early findings
from a study of children born in Britain in 2000
present a picture of both stability and change.
The British Household Panel Survey began
in 1991, with regular surveys of around 5,500
representative households and over 10,000
individuals drawn from 250 areas of Britain. Since
expanded by 1,500 households in each of Scotland
and Wales, and 2,000 in Northern Ireland, it tells us
about trends in families, employment, income and
wealth, housing, health and more. Now researchers
are also analysing data from the Millennium Cohort
Study, which collects detailed information on
19,000 children born at the beginning of the 21st
century, and the families bringing them up.
Early findings by Lisa Calderwood, at the Centre
for Longitudinal Studies show that by the age of
three, just over a quarter of people were joined by a
younger brother or sister.
Around six per cent of families interviewed were
now without one of two parents who had been with
them when the millennium child was nine months
old, while three per cent had a new step-parent. But
Lisa Calderwood also found signs of stabilisation in
family life. “Well over half of the ‘new’ parents were
the child’s natural father, who had not been living at
home when the earlier interviews took place.” And
where natural fathers were not living with the child,
two-thirds were said to be in some sort of contact.
She added: “The proportion of couples who were
legally married had gone up, and the vast majority
of the families still had two natural parents. In
2006, most children were living with both of their
natural parents at age three – down slightly from
85.8 per cent to 82 per cent from 2001-2. Typically,
the child’s natural parents were also married to one
another – around six in 10 families at both stages.”
This figure may be
lower than it was
100 years ago,
but it shows
that people are
still attracted
to formal
recognition
for their
relationships,
especially those
that involve
children. ■
AT A GLANCE
Although many
people still live in
what is defined as
a family household,
marital breakdown
is producing more
single-parent
families. However,
post-millennium
research reveals
encouraging signs
of stabilisation in
family life for many
young children.
A LARGE NUMBER of people from Eastern Europe have
arrived in Britain in recent years, most of them to find
work. But it seems that moving around to find work is not
something the native British population is inclined to do.
So why this reluctance to relocate, when it might
offer the prospect of higher pay and a better lifestyle?
According to a study, one factor is that we simply don’t
like leaving our friends. In research at the Institute for
Social and Economic Research, Dr Michèle Belot and
Professor John Ermisch found that social ties can have
a strong negative effect on mobility. From an economic
point of view, people being prepared to move to the most
productive areas and more rewarding jobs should be a
good thing. It should lead to others moving in to replace
them and a levelling out of income differentials. But,
says Dr Belot: “Even when there are big differences in
employment and income, people here do not seem to find
that moving to work somewhere else is worthwhile.”
The British Household Panel Survey includes
questions about the location and frequency of contacts
with people’s three closest friends. She says: “We used
this information to measure the intensity of people’s
social networks and their effect on the probability of
moving further than 20 miles. Our estimates show that
an additional close friend living nearby reduces the
probability of moving by about two percentage points.”
The research shows that people in the UK have a
socially valuable attachment to friends and relations.
However, politicians point out that immigrants often find
work while many locals do not. Reluctance to relocate
may be an issue that future policy needs to address. ■
Friendship ties
and geographical mobility
7. NEWS PEOPLE OF BRITAIN
BRITAIN TODAY 2007 97
SOCIAL CLASS
STILL MATTERS
“What? Bank managers, working class? Stupid boy!”
S
O MIGHT CAPTAIN MAINWARING have
reacted to such an extraordinary suggestion.
The formidable bank manager and Home
Guard commander in Dad’s Army would
turn in his Walmington-on-Sea grave at the results
of a survey carried out last year. It revealed that 29
per cent of bank managers described themselves as
working class. But are you sure of your own class?
According to Dr Eric Harrison, only two things
are certain about class in Britain today. One is that
from time to time, we hear that it no longer matters.
The second is that it will continue to be debated and
discussed. He points out a paradox. While there is a
perception that social class is less important than it
used to be, inequality based on class continues. And
individuals often struggle to place themselves in the
‘correct’ category.
Dr Harrison reckons that more often than
not, the confusion arises because people use the
term class in different ways. He says that class is
a sociological concept, and is only useful if we put
some flesh on the bones that the idea encapsulates.
His view is that class is a characteristic not of people,
but where they are within the division of labour. To
do this he distinguishes between a person’s ‘work
situation’ and their ‘market situation’.
‘Work situation’ refers to how much autonomy
workers have when it comes to organising their
work and time-keeping. ‘Market situation’ is about
how hard their abilities, experience and knowledge
make them to replace, and therefore make them
valuable commodities in the labour market. The
combination of work and market situation has come
to be known as ‘employment relations’ and it is this
that determines class. Ideally, researchers would
like to place individuals in classes on the basis of
individual employment relations.
But social surveys rarely include detailed
measures that allow this to be done. Instead, as
previous research has revealed a great deal about
typical employment relations for occupations, that’s
how their class is decided.
Take those bank managers, for instance. “We know
that they have certain autonomy, decent promotion
prospects, and a degree of specific knowledge about
their work,” says Dr Harrison. “We assume that any
differences between individuals in this group are
outweighed by the similarity in their employment
relations.” This approach has become the basis not
just of academic research, but for official statistics in
the UK as a whole.
Following an ESRC review of government social
classifications, led by Professor David Rose, the 2001
census introduced the National Statistics Socio-
economic Classification (NS-SEC). Dr Harrison says
that it is “a user-friendly class scheme with a sound
sociological basis”.
But this is only half the story. Social scientists
face problems rarely encountered by their cousins in
natural science. Unlike the physical world, the social
world frequently ‘talks back’ to those researching
it. Individuals who are being classified have their
own experiences and ideas about class, its structure,
and their place within it. This might undermine the
legitimacy of social classifications. But Dr Harrison
points out that on this definition, class is a question
of measurement. Class is employment relations
– not income; not education; not inherited wealth;
not one’s manner of speaking; nor the type of leisure
pursuits one enjoys. “All these things are clearly of
interest to sociologists, but for this very reason we
need to keep them apart if we want to explore the
relationship between these characteristics and class
position.” He adds that there is a tendency for us to
confuse class with status.
Within a broadly similar class group, individuals
adopt strategies to signal that they are of greater
worth, or at least distinct from others. A common
way is to buy what the economist Fred Hirsch called
‘positional goods’, whose value stems not solely
from their use, but also from their scarcity and the
message they send out to others. “These can be part
of a broader ‘lifestyle package’ which can be hugely
influential in shaping someone’s self-identity and
the broader identity given to them by society as a
whole,” says Dr Harrison.
In addition, we have to factor in social mobility.
Many people have risen from working class
backgrounds into the ranks of the middle classes
in the past three decades, as ‘blue-collar’ industries
have declined and new opportunities arose in
managerial and professional work. But despite
this social change, the influence of upbringing on
shaping people’s social identity is so strong that,
like those bank managers, many do not let go of the
notion that they are working-class. It’s not hard to
see why class remains controversial when there is so
much at stake for people’s identity.
That said, one reason that class remains in the
news is its remarkable predictive power. Tellingly,
in certain parts of Glasgow, where life expectancy is
lower than in rural India, it can be used to predict
both chances in life and chances of death. This
means that class will continue to exist as a shorthand
for people’s cultural values and expectations as well
as their economic standing and life prospects. ■
AT A GLANCE
In a recent survey
29 per cent of
bank managers
described
themselves as
‘working class’.
The decline in ‘blue
collar’ industries
has led to more
opportunities in
professional work
but many hold on to
the notion of being
working class.
IllustrationRachelGoslin
8. 98 BRITAIN TODAY 2007
PEOPLE OF BRITAIN OPINION
Living longer
MORE TIME TO WORK, REST AND PLAY?
PROFESSOR
JANE FALKINGHAM,
Director, Simulating
Social Policy in
an Aging Society
Research Group
T
HE POPULATION OF BRITAIN has been ageing for
the last century. In 1901 around five per cent of the
population were aged 65 and over. By 2001 the figure
had exceeded 16 per cent, and it could reach 25 per
cent in 2041. The number of people aged 65 and over has
recently exceeded the number aged 16 or less for the first
time ever.
Births, baby booms and baby busts
Population ageing is primarily due to reduced fertility.
There has been a downward trend in the annual number
of births in England and Wales over the last century, but
there have also been several peaks, notably following the
end of the two World Wars when returning soldiers were
reunited with their families. From the end of the 1950s
to the mid-1960s, there was a period of sustained higher
fertility, followed by an increasingly dramatic fall in births
to a low in 1977.
These baby booms have changed society. The 1940s
peak was equivalent to one extra class in every primary
school in the country, leading to prefabricated huts
on school playgrounds and later to teen culture and
the swinging 60s. It is the ageing of the 1960s baby
boom, comprising nearly eight million people, and the
subsequent 1970s baby bust, that have given rise to
concerns over a so-called ‘demographic time bomb’.
More older people, living longer
In 1908, when Lloyd George introduced the first state
pension, payable at age 70, average life expectancy at birth
was around 50. Few people survived to receive their five
shillings. But of those born in 1961, over four in every five
can expect to survive into old age.
Over the past two decades there has been an average
increase in life expectancies for men at 65 of 1.7 months
per year, and for women of 1.2 months. A woman born in
1946 retiring at the age of 60 in Britain today can expect to
live a further 26.8 years, while a man from the same birth
cohort retiring five years later at age 65 might live for an
additional 20.1 years.
It is no coincidence that the 2006 pensions bill
includes proposals to progressively raise the state pension
age to 68 over time from 2024 onwards to reflect this
increasing longevity. This is when the peak birth cohorts
of the late 1950s and early 1960s begin to retire.
But while statutory retirement ages are set to rise,
whether people will work longer remains an open
question. In a typical OECD country at the start of the 21st
century it is estimated that a man might spend only half
his life in employment. Successive generations of British
men are entering the labour market later and leaving
earlier, and having lower overall participation rates at any
given age .
Living longer, healthier and wealthier?
Future health in later life will depend on the lifestyles
of the baby boomers. Here there is a mixed picture.
According to the Health Survey for England, the
proportion of men who smoke has declined from 28 per
cent in 1993 to 22 per cent in 2004, and from 26 to 23 per
cent for women. But over the same period the proportion
of working age adults who are obese (Body Mass Index
over 30) has risen from 13 per cent of men and 16 per cent
of women in 1993, to 24 per cent of both sexes in 2004.
Nor is it clear that all the 1960s baby boomers will be
better off in retirement than their parents. Changes in the
pension system mean that economic wellbeing in later life
will be ever more closely tied to working life. Those with
chequered work histories and no housing wealth may find
themselves facing an insecure retirement.
The 1960s baby boomers are one of the most unequal
generations of the post-war period. They entered the
labour market in the early 1980s at the start of both
the stock market boom and mass unemployment. Our
research shows that at the age of 40, 33 per cent of those
born between 1961 and 1965 had no private pension,
18 per cent had no housing wealth and 10 per cent had
neither, around half a million people.
The over-50s currently hold 80 per cent of the nation’s
wealth. The power of the grey pound is already evident
in TV adverts, and Twiggy is a Marks and Spencer icon.
However, not everyone is expected to be healthier and
wealthier in the future. Life expectancy at the age of 65
for a man who has worked in a professional occupation is
a full five years higher than for a man who did unskilled
manual work. These inequalities look set to continue for
the foreseeable future.
So there is more to the overall picture than ageing. The
financial and lifestyle differences that mark out people
from one another in youth and middle age will continue
to be reflected in their chance of becoming old and the
experience they have if they do, so policy for ageing cannot
just be about the old. ■
Men
smoking in 1993
28%
Men
smoking in 2004
22%
Men
obese in 1993
13%
Men
obese in 2004
24%
9. What happened when a leading photographer was
embedded with seven social science research teams
investigating identity issues in contemporary UK?
Lives in Britain
Today
Visualising Identities
and Social Action:
9 - 13 March 2007 12-6pm
This exhibition collects together images and stories from this unique
collaboration between photographer Chris Clunn and research projects
in the ESRC Identities and Social Action Programme.
The Brick Lane Gallery
196 Brick Lane London E1 6SA
Private view:
Monday 12 March 6-8pm