This document discusses various theories and approaches related to personality and motivation in sports psychology. It describes Type A and Type B personalities, with Type A individuals having traits like impatience and competitiveness, while Type B are more relaxed and creative. It also discusses interactional approach, Marten's schematic view of personality, psychodynamic theory, situational approach, and trait theory. The document then covers topics like motivation, attribution theory, achievement motivation, intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation, and motivational climate.

1. UNIT 17
PSYCHOLOGY FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE

2. TYPE A
A type A Sports performer has…
Low level
of
patience
Has the urge
for
competition
Wants to achieve
high goals.
Will multi task
under time
pressure.
Has a lack of
tolerance
Has a high anxiety

3. TYPE B
A Type B performer has …
Tolerant towards people
more relaxed
more reflective
low level of anxiety
higher level of
imagination and
creativity.

4. INTERACTIONAL APPROACH
The interactional approach looks at both
an individuals personality traits as well as
a situation. A performer with an interaction
approach is a strong performer. An
example of this who is usually quite shy in
everyday life, seems to be more likely to
celebrate with the crowd when they score
a goal. Here is an example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-
iufuqUFsc

5. MARTEN’S SCHEMATIC VIEW
In Marten’s schematic view there is seen to be three levels personality:
Psychological core
Typical response
Role-related behaviour
The psychological core includes your attitudes and values. It also includes your
interests, motivation and beliefs about you and yourself worth. The psychological core
is about the real you. Not what other people think of you.
Typical response are the way you adapt to the environment, as well as how we respond
to the world around us.
Role related behaviour is the behaviour changeable aspects of personality. Your
personality changes in the different situation you are in. For example you could be a
student at one moment, coaching a team the next or being a friend.
The triangle above is an interpretation of Marten’s schematic view made by Weinburg
and Gould 2007.

6. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
The psychodynamic theory is broken into two parts.
Conscious and unconscious. The first part is the ID,
interactive drive. It Is part of your personality which is
unconscious. This makes you do certain things without
thinking about them. For example if a footballer is about to
take a penalty kick. The expectation put on them to score
may put pressure on them. This could bring large levels of
anxiety upon them.
The second part is your ego, super ego. This is your moral
conscience. An example of this is in football. For example if
a player refuses to take the penalty for fear of letting the
team down.

7. SITUATIONAL APPROACH
The situational approach says that our
behaviour is based on the situation that we
find our selves in rather then our
personality traits. For example in snooker,
a player such as Ronnie O’Sullivan needs
concentration and focus because of the
situation he is put in.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bucrw
Uw2t8

8. TRAIT THEORY
There are 4 different trait theories:
Introversion
Extroversion
Stable
Neurotic
Introverts are people who don’t seek excitement and would prefer to be in a
environment. They prefer activities that need concentration.
Extroverts become bored quickly. They are poor when it comes to task that need
concentration. They look for change and excitement. They are less responsive to
pain then what introverts are. Extroverts are also seen to be more successful in
sporting situations as they can cope with competition and distractive situations.
Stable individuals are very easy-going. Where as Neurotic people, (unstable
people) tent to be very anxious and restless. They are also highly excitable.

9. ELITE VERSUS NON-ELITE
The more successful athletes usually shows lower
level of depression, fatigue and confusion.
However they have more higher levels of vigour.
The less successful athletes are the opposite.
They have higher levels of depression, confusion
and anger.
Usually the more successful athletes are more
content when performing. They are also are a lot
more varied with how they perform.

11. INTRINSIC
Intrinsic motivation is when someone is participating in a sport just for
enjoyment, rather than for an overall achievement. People can be
intrinsic motivated in three ways:
• The first was is to be motivated by accomplishment. This happens when
athletes want to increase their level of skill so they can get a sense of
accomplishment.
• The second is to be motivated by stimulation. This means people play
sport to get excited or get an adrenalin rush.
• The third way is motivation by knowledge. This means being interested
in your own performance.

12. EXTRINSIC
Extrinsic motivation is someone who behaves in a way because external
mechanism. A very common form of extrinsic motivation comes from
tangible and intangible rewards:
• Tangible rewards are things that can physically be given to you. For
example money, medals and trophies.
• Intangible rewards are things such as praise, encouragement and
motivation. These are all example of non-physical rewards.
Extrinsic motivation can go wrong if used all the time. If a player got
praised all the time about the same thing, after a while the value would be
lost. Also extrinsic motivation can also decrease intrinsic motivation. The
reason for this is because an individual can interpret motivation in a
different way meaning it can either benefit or knock their confidence.

13. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION
Achievement motivation was suggested by Atkinson in 1964, who argued
that achievement motivation comes from an individuals personality and
is there motivation for success. It is the motivation that makes an
athlete carry on trying even if they are failing at the time. There are two
categories:
• Need to achieve (NACH)
• Need to avoid failure (NAF)

14. ATTRIBUTION MOTIVATION
Attribution theory looks at how people explain success or failure. It shows
you and helps you understand the athletes actions and motivations.
There are two different kinds of attributions:
• Internal attribution- a person behaves in a certain way because of
character, personality or attitude.
• External attribution- a person behaves in a certain way because the
situation they are in.

15. EFFECTS ON SPORT PERFORMANCE
Motivation is a key component to successful sports performance. There is
two different types of motivation positive and negative:
• POSOTIVE- An individual who is motivated to perform play and train at
a high level will increase In their performance. Coaches, athletes and
managers make sure that the athletes are working at their highest level
without seeing negative side affects.
• NEGATIVE- Sometimes being over motivated can cause a problem for
athletes. Athletes usually feel under pressure to perform at a high
standard. This means they train more and more. Sometimes over
motivation can cause staleness and burnout and overtraining. Signs of
this is if an athlete is unable to maintain a good level of skill and fitness.
Burnouts can happen when the athlete finds they can no longer want to
take part in a certain activity they used to join. You can also recognise
when an athlete is staleness as they may suffer from mood swings and
can become depressed.

16. MOTIVATIONAL CLIMATE
Motivational climate is the environment where athletes finds themselves and how this
affects their motivation positively and negatively. A motivational climate is
focused on mastery tasks., (Athletes receive positive reinforcement and talk about
the extreme team work and co-operation.) Will help develop motivation through
improving the athletes overall learning and effort. Athletes focus on the outcome,
(where they fill punished due to their mistakes , competition is encouraged and
people with the highest level will receive attention.) This can lead to less effort and
persistence from athletes.
There is a suggested technique to develop motivational climate:
• Tasks-Having a range of tasks that need athletes to participate in learning and
decision making
• Authority-Giving athletes over monitoring and evaluating their own learning and
decision making.
• Reward-Using rewards that can improve an individuals performance.
• Grouping-Giving athletes an opportunity to work in groups so that they develop
skills in a group.
• Evaluation- Focusing on an individual s effort and improvement]
• Timing- Timing activities effectively

17. M1
Experience Personality
Just about to take a penalty and I am
very calm when taking it and score.
Here I show the situational approach
because my behavior has changed
because of the situation I am put in. I
needed to stay calm and collected to
make sure I could score the goal for a
team.
A boy is playing a game of tennis, and
his opponent is taking a long time to
serve. The boy gets angry as he has
waited to long
Here the boy shows a type A personality
as he has lack of patience and a lack of
tolerance.

18. M1
Experience Personality
A girl is at a training session and she
doesn't’t understand a drill. She gets
angry and very confused. She walks off.
This girl shows the non-elite personality.
As she gets angry and confused. She
also show a tad of type A personality.
A boy is starting a new team, he is
usually quite a shy person but because
he is in knew environment he is very
chatty.
This boys shows the personality of the
Marten schematic view, role related
behavior. They also show the
personality of the situational theory.

19. D1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OB6Gr-AB_1s
In this clip it shows Andy Murray getting angry about the
people shutting the roof and stopping the game. Andy
Murray shows many characteristics of a type A
personality. For example in this video he is very un-
patient and not tolerant at all. These are both Type A
characteristics.
However in the clip below Beckham is taking an important
penalty. Beckham here shows many characteristics of a
Type B personality. For example he is relaxed, but he also
has a low level of anxiety.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuIczWO9T9I

20. D1
In the clip o f Andy Murray it shows that he is a
angry person with low levels of tolerance. He
has a type A personality. Andy Murray did not
end up wining this match because. Where as
David Beckham was calm and relaxed when
taking his penalties. Beckham has a type B
personality. David Beckham scored this
penalty. This shows overall Type B personalities
are more likely to succeed in sport.

21. D1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-iufuqUFsc
In this link Mo Farah and Usaine Bolt are both celebrating
after the wins of their races. Here they both show
interactional personality. This is because they are both
strong performers, and Mo Farah celebrates and doesn't’t
act so shy when celebrating a win.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_EkRYmyYdk
In this first clip it shows a man coaching his team. This man
shows the characteristic of the Marten’s Schematic
theory personality. This is because the coach is adapting
to his environment, knowing he needs to talk in a serious
way, this is known as role related behavior. However that
manager can soon become a friend to a player. He acts
like this because of the environment he is in. Again role-
related behavior.

22. D1
In the first clip it shows Mo Farah and Usain Bolt are celebrating after their
wins at the Olympics. Mo Farah Is a strong performer. He shows the
interactional personality.
However the second clip shows a coach adapting to his environment and
coaching his team. This man shows the characteristic of the Marten’s
Schematic theory personality.
This coach and this athlete have too totally different personalities types.
So you can not compare which personality type is better.

23. D1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdOYVf1E8O4
In this clip above it shows a little girl playing tennis. You can see this girl is
playing for enjoyment of the sport rather then for achievement and
competition. These characteristics show she is intrinsic motivated. It also
shows she plays tennis for excitement. This is one factor of intrinsic
motivation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5paosdKAkbw
In this clip above it shows Usain Bolt excepting his gold medal. Here Bolt
shows he has tangible extrinsic motivation. This is evident because bolt
wants to win the race to receive a Medal to show his achievements.

24. D1
In the first clip it shows a little girl playing sport for fun rather then
achievement. She is intrinsic motivated.
However in the second clip it shows Usain Bolt excepting his medal. Here
Bolt shows he has tangible extrinsic motivation.
The two athletes show too completely different types of motivation. The girl
is motivated by the fun and excitement of the sport. Where as Bolt is
motivated by the achievement that he is given a the end,