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Class 1.6 of the PDC+++ What are 'Models' &   why are they so important  for permaculture designers? In this class we study the basic nature of the Scientific Method & it's problems, taking as an example of our difficulties in changing paradigms a rEvolutionary model of the human mind.  
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
Classical definition  of Knowledge see the video of Ken Wilber
Truths Beliefs Knowldege Premises = all affirmations, positive or negative
How do we access Knowledge? Prescription Experience Refutation Paradigm Empiricism Falseability  ,[object Object],KNOWLEDGE
“ Ample” Science Narrow  or Reductionist Science Science c
 
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
It is a systematic method of  investigation for the knowing of  observable reality ,  that consists of  formulating questions   about this reality,  in order to obtain  solutions  to the problems under consideration What is the Scientific Model
4 Steps of the Scientific Method ,[object Object],• Hypothesis  (a model)   > > Theory • Observation • Prediction
the Design Cycle in Permaculture Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Think /  Reflect Action Observe Design
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
Examples of Models ,[object Object],Models act as “frames”, or mental structures that explain &  FILTER everything we see how did society react? Earth as centre of the Universe Copernicus Kepler
Corollaries Theory eg. if the Sun is the centre  of our Universe IF this is  true... the Earth is not at the centre the Church has made a big mistake the Church is not infallible questions HUMAN IDENTITY throws all other beliefs into question questions DIVINE IDENTITY the POWER of a change of Paradigm it can change the basis of our whole society
mental models change  (SHOULD change?!) all the time
Question them ALL our mind is full of models including the scientific model
the characteristic of a GOOD model ,[object Object],[object Object],NOR that you like its consequences or corollaries ...  it ONLY has to "WORK"  (what it predicts is, in fact, what is observed)
 
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
Karl Popper's refutation principle (principle of refutation)
- scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses  - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories  you cannot prove that all swans are white  by counting white swans,
but you can prove that  not  all swans are white  by counting  one  black swan
Popper's approach is now accepted,  in principle,  by many scientists.  And yet  much  research is  still  based upon  induction   - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas.
Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified,  and designing experiments capable of doing so,  is the hallmark of the true scientist.  In fact, it distinguishes the scientist  from the non-scientist.
The characteristic of a GOOD MODEL, hypothesis or theory ... is NOT that you "like" it (it could throw all your best loved beliefs upside-down!) it ONLY has to "WORK"  (what it predicts is, in fact, what is observed)  NOR that you like its consequences or corollaries ...
 
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
“Cuchillas” ,[object Object],Hanlon's Razor - on conspiracy theories “ never attribute to malice what can be quite adequately explained by stupidity”
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++
formulate questions How does the mind or personality of people WORK? M1 - PEOPLE CARE  HOW do groups of people work? & Society?
your model of the human mind? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],you have one but .. are you conscious of what it is? IN PAIRS - 3x3
a theory other practical excercise TEST for yourself if this theory works or not about how the human mind works  ... & doesn't
TORSTEN WIESEL,NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE; NEUROLOGIST  & PSYCHIATRIST"The brain, the black box of human beings" 27/04/2006 - the black box? - The brain!  All answers had to be there,  yet we knew nothing about it.   I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try.
TORSTEN WIESEL,NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE; NEUROLOGIST  & PSYCHIATRIST"The brain, the black box of human beings" 27/04/2006 27/04/2006 The brain is still the garden of Eden to the researchers.  It's all yet to be discovered, we still do not know how we learn, or how we forget or how we remember.We don't know about the mechanisms that trigger mental illness.And we know nothing about the mental mechanisms of hatred and love.
so ... this theory is "blasphemy" (according to the present system) & it's a good example of Learning from Nature & these principles: Work with Nature not against Follow Natural Patterns Problem = Solution Mini-Max ...
DEFINITION Ref.  www.RC.org listen to the Audio!
 
NOTE this is a graphical representation of an IDEA ... this is not your head!
 
 
 
 
 
[object Object],[object Object]
 
 
 
 
Observation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4 Steps of the Scientific Method ,[object Object],• Hypothesis  (a model)   > > Theory • Observation • Prediction
 
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],or work 'worse' ... according to current standards?
laughing  - accompanies the discharge of ... embarrassment or tension crying  - accompanies the discharge ... of grief yawning  - ... physical tension tantrums, shouting  - ... rage trembling  - ... fear sweating   - cold (fear) .. hot .. (shame)   animated talking  - ... tension
if discharge is ... NOT permitted
 
The pattern  crystallizes  and starts acting like a recording. . This recording contains  all the information that entered during the traumatic event: sight, smell, thoughts, emotions,  including the inability to think . >> Causes a blockage (FIRST HARMFUL EFFECT),  but also  >> pushes us to re-play the original traumatic event whenever we encounter anything that contains one or more elements of the original event  (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION)
 
[object Object],Because this affects our  ability to  think (in the particular areas of the contents of the traumatic event)
Observation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
4 Steps of the Scientific Method ,[object Object],• Hypothesis  (a model)   > > Theory • Observation • Prediction
 
Most of these patterns  are the effects of various OPPRESSION present in our society:  adultism,  sexism,  racism,  classism,  war,  etc. ..
Until ... a person of "normal" intelligence in our society ...... is actually using only 10%  of their thinking capacity(when they are thinking!)Most times we cannot think ... because the rest of our mind is very vulnerable to illogical and random re-stimulations...  very often full of intense feelings
 
 
¿Observaciones? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prevention Principle you can get busy  at this level or go directly  to this one ¿Mini-Max?
? ,[object Object]
Corollaries Teoría IF this  is true ... we are ALL essentially geniouses Medicine has made a big mistake Medicine is not infallible questions HUMAN IDENTITY all its industries under question ... I have made all that effort ... pharmacy therapy education eg.  Human Irrationality is due to patterns -  that can be discharged including  'alternative  medicine'! the POWER of a change of Paradigm it can change the basis of our whole society
Question ALL of them our mind is full of models which models = distress patterns?
"If the world is saved, it will be saved by people with changed minds, people with a new vision. .  It will not be saved by people with old minds and new programs.  It will be saved by new minds - with no programs."  . (The story of B,  Daniel Quinn )
 
the process is totally reversible ,[object Object]
 
 
experimentation confirms this ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
E=mc E - Escuchar m - manos c - cariño 2 The Practice Listening closeness affection
 
- Do you have any mental hygiene tips?   - Quite often the big difference in our lives are marked by the way that we treat ourselves. - In what way do you mean? - I believe very often we are too severe in how we judge ourselves.  When you make a mistake admit it immediately, but also give yourself another chance.  In this sense, without judging its spiritual transcendence,  the catholic confession is a brilliant invention, a great instrument for mental hygiene. TORSTEN WIESEL,  NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE;  NEUROLOGIST & PSYCHIATRIST "The brain, the black box of human beings" 27/04/2006
 
IF the process is  encouraged  in a systemic way in a systemic way in a systemic way ,[object Object]
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE HUMAN SIDE OF HUMAN BEINGS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],www.RC.org
the  continuum concept continuum concept ,[object Object],a theory of how adultism is instilled in the very young mind  (the base of all patterns according to the RC theory)  see e-Book www.PermaCultureScience .org > > M1.1 Learning >> Native Peoples
Class 1.6 of the PDC+++ What are 'Models' &   why are they so important  for permaculture designers? In this class we study the basic nature of the Scientific Method & it's problems, taking as an example of our difficulties in changing paradigms a rEvolutionary model of the human mind.  
MENTAL  MODELS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1.6 PDC +++

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PDC+++ Module 1 Class 6

  • 1. Class 1.6 of the PDC+++ What are 'Models' & why are they so important for permaculture designers? In this class we study the basic nature of the Scientific Method & it's problems, taking as an example of our difficulties in changing paradigms a rEvolutionary model of the human mind.  
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Classical definition of Knowledge see the video of Ken Wilber
  • 5. Truths Beliefs Knowldege Premises = all affirmations, positive or negative
  • 6.
  • 7. “ Ample” Science Narrow or Reductionist Science Science c
  • 8.  
  • 9.
  • 10. It is a systematic method of investigation for the knowing of observable reality , that consists of formulating questions about this reality, in order to obtain solutions to the problems under consideration What is the Scientific Model
  • 11.
  • 12. the Design Cycle in Permaculture Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Think / Reflect Action Observe Design
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Corollaries Theory eg. if the Sun is the centre of our Universe IF this is true... the Earth is not at the centre the Church has made a big mistake the Church is not infallible questions HUMAN IDENTITY throws all other beliefs into question questions DIVINE IDENTITY the POWER of a change of Paradigm it can change the basis of our whole society
  • 16. mental models change (SHOULD change?!) all the time
  • 17. Question them ALL our mind is full of models including the scientific model
  • 18.
  • 19.  
  • 20.
  • 21. Karl Popper's refutation principle (principle of refutation)
  • 22. - scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans,
  • 23. but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan
  • 24. Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas.
  • 25. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist.
  • 26. The characteristic of a GOOD MODEL, hypothesis or theory ... is NOT that you "like" it (it could throw all your best loved beliefs upside-down!) it ONLY has to "WORK" (what it predicts is, in fact, what is observed) NOR that you like its consequences or corollaries ...
  • 27.  
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
  • 31. formulate questions How does the mind or personality of people WORK? M1 - PEOPLE CARE HOW do groups of people work? & Society?
  • 32.
  • 33. a theory other practical excercise TEST for yourself if this theory works or not about how the human mind works ... & doesn't
  • 34. TORSTEN WIESEL,NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE; NEUROLOGIST & PSYCHIATRIST"The brain, the black box of human beings" 27/04/2006 - the black box? - The brain! All answers had to be there, yet we knew nothing about it. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try. I decided to open the black box of human beings or at least try.
  • 35. TORSTEN WIESEL,NOBEL PRIZE FOR MEDICINE; NEUROLOGIST & PSYCHIATRIST"The brain, the black box of human beings" 27/04/2006 27/04/2006 The brain is still the garden of Eden to the researchers. It's all yet to be discovered, we still do not know how we learn, or how we forget or how we remember.We don't know about the mechanisms that trigger mental illness.And we know nothing about the mental mechanisms of hatred and love.
  • 36. so ... this theory is "blasphemy" (according to the present system) & it's a good example of Learning from Nature & these principles: Work with Nature not against Follow Natural Patterns Problem = Solution Mini-Max ...
  • 37. DEFINITION Ref. www.RC.org listen to the Audio!
  • 38.  
  • 39. NOTE this is a graphical representation of an IDEA ... this is not your head!
  • 40.  
  • 41.  
  • 42.  
  • 43.  
  • 44.  
  • 45.
  • 46.  
  • 47.  
  • 48.  
  • 49.  
  • 50.
  • 51.
  • 52.  
  • 53.
  • 54. laughing - accompanies the discharge of ... embarrassment or tension crying - accompanies the discharge ... of grief yawning - ... physical tension tantrums, shouting - ... rage trembling - ... fear sweating - cold (fear) .. hot .. (shame) animated talking - ... tension
  • 55. if discharge is ... NOT permitted
  • 56.  
  • 57. The pattern crystallizes and starts acting like a recording. . This recording contains all the information that entered during the traumatic event: sight, smell, thoughts, emotions, including the inability to think . >> Causes a blockage (FIRST HARMFUL EFFECT), but also >> pushes us to re-play the original traumatic event whenever we encounter anything that contains one or more elements of the original event (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION) (RE-STIMULATION)
  • 58.  
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.  
  • 63. Most of these patterns are the effects of various OPPRESSION present in our society: adultism, sexism, racism, classism, war, etc. ..
  • 64. Until ... a person of "normal" intelligence in our society ...... is actually using only 10% of their thinking capacity(when they are thinking!)Most times we cannot think ... because the rest of our mind is very vulnerable to illogical and random re-stimulations... very often full of intense feelings
  • 65.  
  • 66.  
  • 67.
  • 68. Prevention Principle you can get busy at this level or go directly to this one ¿Mini-Max?
  • 69.
  • 70. Corollaries Teoría IF this is true ... we are ALL essentially geniouses Medicine has made a big mistake Medicine is not infallible questions HUMAN IDENTITY all its industries under question ... I have made all that effort ... pharmacy therapy education eg. Human Irrationality is due to patterns - that can be discharged including 'alternative medicine'! the POWER of a change of Paradigm it can change the basis of our whole society
  • 71. Question ALL of them our mind is full of models which models = distress patterns?
  • 72. "If the world is saved, it will be saved by people with changed minds, people with a new vision. . It will not be saved by people with old minds and new programs. It will be saved by new minds - with no programs." . (The story of B, Daniel Quinn )
  • 73.  
  • 74.
  • 75.  
  • 76.  
  • 77.
  • 78.  
  • 79. E=mc E - Escuchar m - manos c - cariño 2 The Practice Listening closeness affection
  • 80.  
  • 81. - Do you have any mental hygiene tips? - Quite often the big difference in our lives are marked by the way that we treat ourselves. - In what way do you mean? - I believe very often we are too severe in how we judge ourselves. When you make a mistake admit it immediately, but also give yourself another chance. In this sense, without judging its spiritual transcendence, the catholic confession is a brilliant invention, a great instrument for mental hygiene. TORSTEN WIESEL, NOBEL PRIZE IN MEDICINE; NEUROLOGIST & PSYCHIATRIST "The brain, the black box of human beings" 27/04/2006
  • 82.  
  • 83.
  • 84.  
  • 85.  
  • 86.  
  • 87.  
  • 88.  
  • 89.  
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92. Class 1.6 of the PDC+++ What are 'Models' & why are they so important for permaculture designers? In this class we study the basic nature of the Scientific Method & it's problems, taking as an example of our difficulties in changing paradigms a rEvolutionary model of the human mind.  
  • 93.

Editor's Notes

  1. Una escena que usted, probablemente, nunca podrá ver personalmente. Tómese un momento para disfrutar el trabajo de Dios en el Polo Norte. Éste es un atardecer con la luna en su punto más cercano.
  2. Pensar en una hipótesis que puede ser falsificada, y diseñar experimentos para hacerlo, es el marco de un cienciado verdadero. (ej. orina / sombra / agua, etc. .. en crecimiento de verduras) importante los experimentos de CONTROL ..... Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist
  3. La PermaCultura entonces es una ciencia
  4. Una escena que usted, probablemente, nunca podrá ver personalmente. Tómese un momento para disfrutar el trabajo de Dios en el Polo Norte. Éste es un atardecer con la luna en su punto más cercano.
  5. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist.
  6. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist.
  7. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist.
  8. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist.
  9. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist.
  10. Una escena que usted, probablemente, nunca podrá ver personalmente. Tómese un momento para disfrutar el trabajo de Dios en el Polo Norte. Éste es un atardecer con la luna en su punto más cercano.
  11. nunca atribuir a la malicia lo que se puede explicar adecuadamente por la estupidez
  12. TORSTEN WIESEL, PREMIO NOBEL DE MEDICINA; NEURÓLOGO Y PSIQUIATRA " El cerebro, la caja negra del ser humano " - ¿La caja negra? - ¡El cerebro!  Todas las respuestas tenían que estar allí y sin embargo no sabíamos nada sobre él. Me propuse abrir la caja negra del ser humano o por lo menos intentarlo.
  13. El cerebro todavía es el jardín del Edén para los investigadores. Está todo por hacer: todavía no sabemos ni cómo aprendemos, ni cómo olvidamos ni cómo recordamos.  Desconocemos los mecanismos que desencadenan las enfermedades mentales. Y tampoco sabemos nada sobre los mecanismos mentales del odio y del amor.
  14. Pensar en una hipótesis que puede ser falsificada, y diseñar experimentos para hacerlo, es el marco de un cienciado verdadero. (ej. orina / sombra / agua, etc. .. en crecimiento de verduras) importante los experimentos de CONTROL ..... Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist
  15. augh - accompanies the relief of shame and / or tensionmourn - accompanies the relief of painyawn - ... physical stressgrunting, kicking, screaming - ... ragetremble - ... fearsweating - cold (fear) .. hot .. (shame)talking in an animated way - ... tension
  16. The pattern crystallizes and starts acting like a recording.This recording contains all the information that entered during the traumatic event: sight, smell, thoughts, emotions, including the inability to think.Cause a blockage (FIRST HARMFUL EFFECT), but also pushes us to jump back to the original traumatic event scene anytime we find anything that contains one or more elements of the original event (RE-STIMULATION).5:53 PM
  17. Por qué esto afecta a nuestra capacidad de pensar (en las áreas particulares del contenido del suceso traumático)
  18. Pensar en una hipótesis que puede ser falsificada, y diseñar experimentos para hacerlo, es el marco de un cienciado verdadero. (ej. orina / sombra / agua, etc. .. en crecimiento de verduras) importante los experimentos de CONTROL ..... Popper argued that scientific knowledge advanced most reliably by the development and refutation of hypotheses - much more reliably than by the accretion of evidence in support of theories. The principle of refutation put forward by the philosopher Karl Popper, in his books The Logic of Scientific Discovery and Conjectures and Refutations, is my choice. (of what I would teach the world about science). He said you cannot prove that all swans are white by counting white swans, but you can prove that not all swans are white by counting one black swan. Dr Robert Maynard Senior medical officer at the UK Department of Health Popper's approach is now accepted, in principle, by many scientists. And yet much research is still based upon induction - upon the collection of facts to support our ideas. Erecting hypotheses that can be falsified, and designing experiments capable of doing so, is the hallmark of the true scientist. In fact, it distinguishes the scientist from the non-scientist
  19. los CRITERIOS que hacen funcionar mejor el proceso de desahogo