Thermal analysis of phase change material incorporated building roof and wall

1. ICETSET - 2K23
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
Engineering and Technology on 28th
, June 2023
Thermal Analysis of Phase Change Material Incorporated
Building Roof and Wall
Pandi R1
, Praveen Kumar R2
, Krishnasharma R3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fatima Michael College of
Engineering& Technology, Madurai – 625020, Tamil Nadu, India1
Third Year Mechanical Engineering ,Fatima Michael College Engineering and
TechnologyMadurai - 625020,Tamil Nadu2
Third Year Mechanical Engineering ,Fatima Michael College Engineering and
TechnologyMadurai - 625020,Tamil Nadu3
Abstract:
Energy storage in the walls, ceiling and floor ofbuildings may be enhanced by encapsulating suitable phase change
materials (PCMs) within these surfaces to capture solar energy directly and increase human comfort by decreasing
the frequency of internal air temperature swings and maintaining the temperature closer to the desired temperature
for a longer period of time. Latent heat storage in a phase change material (PCM) is very attractive, because of its
high energy storage density and its isothermal behavior during the phase change process. Several promising
developments are taking place in the field of thermal storage using phase change materials (PCM) in buildings. It
has been demonstrated that for the development of a latent heat storage system (LHTS) in a building fabric, the
choice of the PCM plays an important role in addition to heat transfer mechanism in the PCM. This project
summarizes the investigation and analysis of thermal energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use in
building applications. In the present article Capric acid are used in the phase change material and the temperature
are measured with PCM and without PCM.Keywords: Phase change material, Thermal energy storage
I.INTRODUCTION
Energy storage plays important roles in conserving available energy and improving its utilization,
since many energy sources are intermittentin nature. Short term storage of only a few hours is essential in
most applications, however, long termstorage of a few months may be required in some applications.
Solar energy is available only during the day,and hence, its application requires an efficient thermal
energy storage so that the excess heat collected duringsunshine hours may be stored for later use during the
night. Similar problems arise in heat recovery systems
where the waste heat availability and utilization periods are different, requiring some thermal energy
storage. Also, electrical energy consumption varies significantly during the day and night, especially in
extremely cold and hot climate countries where the major part of the variation is due to domestic space
heating and air conditioning. Such variation leads to an off peak period, usually after midnight until early
morning. Accordingly, power stations have to be designed for capacities sufficient to meet the peak load.
Otherwise, very efficient power distribution would be required. Better power generation management can
be achieved if some of the peak loadcould be shifted to the off peak load period, which canbe achieved by
thermal storage of heat or coolness. Hence, the successful application of load shifting and solar energy
depends to a large extent on the method of energy storage used.
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2. ICETSET - 2K23
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
Engineering and Technology on 28th
, June 2023
Indeed, when incorporated into building lightweight envelopes, PCMs can increase thermalinertia
of these envelopes and therefore, provide a natural regulation of internal temperature, which leads to a
reduction in indoor temperature fluctuations, an increase in energy efficiency and, consequently, an
improvement of thermal comfort for occupants. The bases of working of these systems are generally built
on the storage of the heat of phase change at quasi- constant temperature, For applications in buildings at
low temperatures (0 ◦C to 100 ◦C), only phase changes solid/liquid and solid/solid are attractive for use in
thermal energy storage systems, since, they imply onlya small change in volume during phase transition
(lessthan 10%).
There are several promising developments going on in the field of application of PCMs for heating and
cooling of building .Mohammed M. Faridet al. [1] performed a detail review on thermal energystorage that
dealt with phase change materials, heat transfer studies and application. Atul Sharma et al. [3]the latent heat
storage system using phase change materials (PCMs) is an effective way of storing thermal energy and has
the advantages of high-energystorage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. Pasupathy et al.
[5] the PCM that reduces the internal air temperature swing during the winter season is not suitable for the
summer season as the PCM remains in the liquid state at all the times during these months and hence the
system cannotexploit the latent heat effect.
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International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
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II. MATERIALS
There are many industries used wide range ofmaterials to manufacture the building roof and wall.
Concrete wall and roof
Phase change materials
A. Concrete wall and roof
Figure.1 Concrete wall
Wallboards or plasterboards are very suitable components for the incorporation of PCMs. These
elements are cheap and widely used in building applications, especially in lightweight constructions, to
reduce the internal air temperature fluctuations.
B. Phase change materials (Capric acid)
Figure.2 Capric acid
This system requires a storage unit to accumulate the thermal energy and use it in heat absorption
and in heat release. In this way, the storage medium is used to maintain a cold temperature, when the
ambient temperature is lower than room temperature. This process is carried out during the night; the cold
air flows through the storage unit, removes heat from the liquid PCM through an electrical fan; at this point,
the PCM starts to solidify.When the room temperature rises above a comfortablelevel, the cold stored in
PCM is released. Thus, the PCM absorbs heat from the air, starting the transformation from solid to liquid
state.
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International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
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C. Capric acid properties
Capric acid is saturated medium chain fatty acid with a 10 carbon backbone
Table.1 Capric acid properties
Description Temperature
range
Melting point 31.40
c
Boiling point 2700
c
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Problem Definition
The project’s problem can be stated as, to model a building roof and wall incorporating phase
change material using the dimensions available in the reference papers. The thermal system should be
like a building roof and wall absorbs the solar energy and giving the inside wall and roof at after noon
time cooling the building and night time the phase change material emitted the stored energy ininside
the building heated and equal to the energy in this system.
In this project, the phase change materials selection as critical view and local area sun light
temperature at summer time at above 400
c and winter time temperature below at 260
c are normalized.
In this project the solar energy based the system at Indian weather condition. The phase change
material melting point and density are identified and latent heat thermal systems is important point.
First, the properties of the building and materials used in its construction were extracted
and the data on the consumption of electricity andgas in the past year were achieved.
Phase-change materials have the ability tochange their state at a specific temperature range, by the
mean that they maintain their temperature for the duration of the state change process.
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International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
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B. Objectives
Optimization of energy consumption is considered as one of the pillars in achieving sustainable
development, on the other hand, energy consumption in a building allocates one-third of the whole energy
consumption rate in a country each year; hence, investigations in order to provide new solutions that can
reduce energy consumption in this sector is important. The operating principle of PCMs takes advantage of
the modification of their state due to changes in temperature: as the temperature increases, the PCM passes
from the solid to the liquid state, thus,absorbing and storing energy. The incorporation in building materials of
a suitable PCM can reduce the temperature fluctuations, thus, leading to an improvement in human comfort
and a reduction in theconsumption of energy in the building.
The use of PCMs in building materials is beneficial, especially in extremely hot and cold climates,
where the energy required to maintain the internal conditions of buildings at a comfortable levelcan achieve
significant consumption levels.
C. Geometry Specification
The geometry specification used in this project is taken from the base paper / journal. The following
are the details of the thermal system used inthis project.
Area of room =45cmx30cmHeight of room=30 cm Roof area=45cmx30cm
Thickness of wall and roof=8cm
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The model presented in the theoretical study isvalidated using the experimental results obtained during
the trials conducted in the month of January and February. During the experimentation, the measured room
temperatures vary approximately 27 +/- 3 o
C. In order to validate the model, the actual internal room
temperature variation should have been
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6. ICETSET - 2K23
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
Engineering and Technology on 28th
, June 2023
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Hours
NON PCM WITH PCM
accommodated. In the theoretical analysis, the roomtemperature is maintained at a constant temperature
Of 27 o
C with convective boundary condition on theinner surface of the concrete slab during a
particulartrial. The other parameters involved in the analysis arethe ambient temperature variation during a
day, insideand outside heat transfer coefficients, sky temperaturevariation, radiation
properties of the surface,geometrical parameters and physical properties of theroof
material (Roof top slab, PCM and concrete slab).
Figure.3 Experimental temperature of building roofand wall with PCM and Non PCM
V. CONCLUSION
In the present article Capric acid are used in the phase change material and the temperature are
measured with PCM and without PCM. . It has been demonstrated that for the development of a latent
heatstorage system (LHTS) in a building fabric, the choiceof the PCM plays an important role in addition
to heattransfer mechanism in the PCM. This project summarizes the investigation and analysis of thermal
energy storage systems incorporating PCMs for use inbuilding applications. By decreasing the inlet air
temperature with optimal inlet air velocity, solidification time can be reduced and it results in complete
charging of the PCM in lesser time. Subcooling nature of the PCMs can be reduced by adding nucleating
agents, however it cannot be mitigated completely. PCM, encapsulation material, air ducts and packaging
are the parameters that shouldbe given more importance for a cost effective free
cooling technology. Mapping of free cooling potential zones, construction of large scale demonstration
projects and promotion policies by the government forfree cooling technology are the essential steps to be
taken to make the technology commercially viable. Commercializing and mass implementation of free
cooling technology in residential sectors will curtail air conditioner (AC) running hours and corresponding
greenhouse gas emissions.
Temperature
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7. ICETSET - 2K23
International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science,
Engineering and Technology on 28th
, June 2023
VI. REFERANCE
1. Mohammed M. Farid , Amar M. Khudhair , Siddique Ali K. Razack , Said Al-Hallaj ‘’A review on
phase change energy storage: materials and applications’’ Energy Conversion and Management 45
(2004)1597–1615
2. Farid MM, Kim Y, Kanzawa A. “Thermal performance of heat storage module using PCM_s with
different melting temperatures-experimental”. Trans ASME, J SolarEnergyEng1990;112:125–31.
3. Atul Sharma , V.V. Tyagi , C.R. Chen , D. Buddhi” Review on thermal energy storage with phase
change materials and applications” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (2009) 318–345
4. M. Hasan, A.S. Mujumdar, M.E. Weber, Cyclic melting and freezing, Chemical Engineering Science
46 (1991) 1573–1587.
5. Pasupathy,R.Velraj, “Effect of double layer phase change material in building roof for year round
thermal management” Energy andBuildings 40 (2008)193–203
6. Kedl RJ, Stovall TK. Activities in support ofthe wax-impregnated wallboard concept.
U.S. Department of Energy:thermal energy storage researches activity review. New Orleans,
Louisiana, USA, 1989.
7. Salyer IO, Sircar AK. Phase change materials for heating and cooling of residential buildings and
other applications. In: Proceedings of 25th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,
1990. p. 236–43.
8. Feldman D, Banu D. Obtaining an energy storing building material by direct incorporation of an
organic phase change
material in gypsum wallboard. Solar EnergyMater 1991;22:231–42.
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