The document provides information about astrophysics and the universe. It discusses the solar system including the sun and planets. It then discusses galaxies including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. It also covers constellations, nebulae such as the Eagle Nebula and Crab Nebula, and supernovas.
Júpiter es el planeta más grande del Sistema Solar y el primero en ser observado a través de un telescopio. Tiene el campo magnético más fuerte, los anillos más grandes y es el único planeta con volcanes activos en uno de sus satélites, Io. Además, Júpiter tiene la atmósfera más activa con tormentas eléctricas masivas y la Gran Mancha Roja, la tormenta más grande del sistema solar.
The energy falling on a 1 m^2 surface on Earth in a year is:
Lsun x π x 1 x (1 year) = 3.90x1026 W x π x 1 x (3600 s/hr x 24 hr/day x 365.25 day/year) = 1.36x1017 J
Where Lsun is the luminosity of the Sun (3.90x1026 W) and 1 year is converted to seconds.
This document provides a summary of a research paper on modified ionospheric tomography algorithms using GPS Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) data. It describes how ionospheric delay modeling is challenging for GAGAN systems. A modified tomography technique is presented that uses fewer coefficients to characterize the Indian ionosphere, reducing processing time for real-time applications. The algorithm estimates electron density distributions using least squares solutions based on GPS total electron content measurements and empirical basis functions.
Hey I'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI. I'm here with my new presentation on Black Hole. I'm sure you'll find it interesting. well first thing what is black hole- "Black hole, cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape. A black hole can be formed by the death of a massive star. When such a star has exhausted the internal thermonuclear fuels in its core at the end of its life, the core becomes unstable and gravitationally collapses inward upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity." wanna know more about it then come with me. :)
Comets are icy counterparts to asteroids that formed beyond the frost line in the early solar system. They have a frozen nucleus and can grow comas and tails as they enter the inner solar system and warm. Comet showers occur when Earth crosses a comet's orbit and encounters dust ejected along its path. The Kuiper belt contains orderly comet orbits beyond Neptune, while the distant Oort cloud has randomly distributed comet orbits initially placed there by interactions with giant planets. Spacecraft images have revealed diverse geology on comet nuclei including cliffs, mesas, and circular depressions.
The document provides an introduction to astronomy and our solar system. It discusses the 8 planets in our solar system including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It then describes key features of each planet such as their composition, size, and moons. The document also covers other objects in our solar system including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. It concludes with discussing our sun and provides an overview of astronomy as a hobby.
The document provides information about astrophysics and the universe. It discusses the solar system including the sun and planets. It then discusses galaxies including spiral, elliptical, and irregular galaxies. It also covers constellations, nebulae such as the Eagle Nebula and Crab Nebula, and supernovas.
Júpiter es el planeta más grande del Sistema Solar y el primero en ser observado a través de un telescopio. Tiene el campo magnético más fuerte, los anillos más grandes y es el único planeta con volcanes activos en uno de sus satélites, Io. Además, Júpiter tiene la atmósfera más activa con tormentas eléctricas masivas y la Gran Mancha Roja, la tormenta más grande del sistema solar.
The energy falling on a 1 m^2 surface on Earth in a year is:
Lsun x π x 1 x (1 year) = 3.90x1026 W x π x 1 x (3600 s/hr x 24 hr/day x 365.25 day/year) = 1.36x1017 J
Where Lsun is the luminosity of the Sun (3.90x1026 W) and 1 year is converted to seconds.
This document provides a summary of a research paper on modified ionospheric tomography algorithms using GPS Aided Geo-Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) data. It describes how ionospheric delay modeling is challenging for GAGAN systems. A modified tomography technique is presented that uses fewer coefficients to characterize the Indian ionosphere, reducing processing time for real-time applications. The algorithm estimates electron density distributions using least squares solutions based on GPS total electron content measurements and empirical basis functions.
Hey I'm DIVYA SHREE NANDINI. I'm here with my new presentation on Black Hole. I'm sure you'll find it interesting. well first thing what is black hole- "Black hole, cosmic body of extremely intense gravity from which nothing, not even light, can escape. A black hole can be formed by the death of a massive star. When such a star has exhausted the internal thermonuclear fuels in its core at the end of its life, the core becomes unstable and gravitationally collapses inward upon itself, and the star’s outer layers are blown away. The crushing weight of constituent matter falling in from all sides compresses the dying star to a point of zero volume and infinite density called the singularity." wanna know more about it then come with me. :)
Comets are icy counterparts to asteroids that formed beyond the frost line in the early solar system. They have a frozen nucleus and can grow comas and tails as they enter the inner solar system and warm. Comet showers occur when Earth crosses a comet's orbit and encounters dust ejected along its path. The Kuiper belt contains orderly comet orbits beyond Neptune, while the distant Oort cloud has randomly distributed comet orbits initially placed there by interactions with giant planets. Spacecraft images have revealed diverse geology on comet nuclei including cliffs, mesas, and circular depressions.
The document provides an introduction to astronomy and our solar system. It discusses the 8 planets in our solar system including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. It then describes key features of each planet such as their composition, size, and moons. The document also covers other objects in our solar system including asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. It concludes with discussing our sun and provides an overview of astronomy as a hobby.
Wormholes are hypothetical shortcuts through space-time that could allow travel between distant regions. Theoretically, wormholes could enable travel to the future or past faster than normal space-time. While mathematically valid, no observational evidence of wormholes currently exists. Traversable wormholes that could be safely traveled through would need to obey Einstein's field equations, connect two asymptotically flat regions, lack horizons, have bearable tidal forces, and allow finite-time traversal. Hyperspace refers to dimensions beyond the normal three spatial dimensions, with the possibility that lifeforms from higher dimensions could exist unobserved above our own.
Comets originate from the icy outer regions of the solar system like the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. When gravitational forces perturb comets from their orbits, they fall toward the sun. As comets approach the sun, their icy material sublimates and forms an atmosphere around the solid nucleus and two distinct tails - an ion tail pointing directly away from the sun, and a dust tail lagging behind the comet's trajectory. The most famous comet is Halley's Comet, which returns every 76 years.
A presentation on the planet Venus. Designed for 5th grade students. Contains basic facts, including the space probes that helped us learn about Venus. Includes quiz questions at the end.
This document summarizes stellar evolution and the life cycles of stars. It describes how stars are born from nebulae and discusses the stages stars pass through, including their time as main sequence stars fueled by hydrogen fusion. As stars age and exhaust their hydrogen, they evolve into red giants and later planetary nebulae, leaving behind white dwarf cores. More massive stars explode as supernovae, forming neutron stars or black holes. Key concepts covered include nucleosynthesis, variable stars, and the end states of small and massive stars.
1) The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's law of universal gravitation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, gravitational field, gravitational potential energy, and escape velocity.
2) Key models discussed include the geocentric model proposed by Ptolemy and the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus.
3) Newton's law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Este documento trata sobre las obligaciones y su clasificación. Explica que las obligaciones pueden surgir de contratos, cuasicontratos, delitos, la ley o declaraciones unilaterales. También clasifica las obligaciones según su objeto, sujeto y efectos. Por ejemplo, las obligaciones pueden ser de dar, hacer o no hacer algo. Además, analiza conceptos como las obligaciones condicionales, naturales y las sujetas a modalidades.
The Solar System formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called a solar nebula. As the nebula condensed due to gravity, a central mass became the Sun and the remaining material formed rings that eventually became the planets. The Sun consists of an inner core where nuclear fusion occurs and surrounding layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The eight major planets can be divided into terrestrial and Jovian planets. Smaller bodies like asteroids and comets also orbit the Sun.
The document discusses several constellations visible from Earth, including the Southern Cross, a cross-shaped constellation visible in the southern hemisphere; the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that point to the North Star; and Scorpius, a large constellation shaped like a scorpion that can be seen in the southern sky between June and August. The constellations help indicate directions, planting seasons, and harvesting times.
Este documento resume información sobre exoplanetas. Exoplanetas son planetas que orbitan estrellas distintas al Sol. La mayoría de exoplanetas descubiertos hasta ahora son gigantes gaseosos como Júpiter con órbitas muy cercanas a sus estrellas. La sonda Kepler busca planetas similares a la Tierra midiendo caídas pequeñas en el brillo de estrellas causadas por tránsitos planetarios. El exoplaneta más parecido a la Tierra descubierto hasta ahora es Corot-7b, aunque tiene una temperatura de 2000°C.
Los meteoros son destellos luminosos producidos por la fricción de pequeñas partículas llamadas meteoroides al entrar en la atmósfera terrestre. Los meteoritos son meteoroides que logran atravesar la atmósfera y caer al suelo. Existen diferentes tipos de meteoritos como las palasitas, condritas y acondritas, que pueden provenir de asteroides, la Luna o Marte.
La usucapión o prescripción adquisitiva es un medio de adquirir la propiedad de bienes mediante la posesión durante un tiempo establecido por la ley. La posesión debe ser en concepto de propietario, por ejemplo a través de un contrato de compraventa, donación o permuta. Contratos como el arrendamiento o cesión de derechos no son válidos para demostrar la posesión como propietario requerida por la ley para la usucapión.
This presentation discusses the use of GPS technology in geodesy. It explains that GPS allows geodesists to solve problems at various levels, from developing state geodetic networks to land surveying, with productivity increasing by tens of times. Depending on the required accuracy and time limits, different types of GPS receivers are used, but they all work in differential mode and are phase-based. The presentation provides examples of GPS significantly increasing the efficiency of geodetic work in France and Russia.
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The document discusses various global and regional satellite navigation systems:
- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
- EGNOS and Galileo are Europe's systems to enhance GPS. EGNOS went live in 2004 as a precursor to Galileo, which launched its first satellites in 2016.
- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
- IRNSS is India's system consisting of 7 satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 geosynchronous, providing accuracy of 20 meters over India
The payroll process will not be the same for all countries; each country has its own tax laws, minimum salary requirements, pension plans, gratuity schemes, leave policies, and many more.
A Guide on Statutory leaves in the Saudi Arabia (KSA).pdfFiyona Nourin
Like any other country, the workers of KSA are also entitled to official leaves, holidays, and vacations. In this article, we have covered in detail about the leaves in KSA along with sample calculations.
Payroll Process in Bahrain- A brief overview.pdfFiyona Nourin
The document provides an overview of payroll processes in Bahrain, including key details such as:
- Salaries must be paid monthly or weekly depending on whether employees are paid monthly or hourly.
- There are no statutory pay components but common components include basic salary, housing allowance, transport allowance, overtime pay, bonuses and incentives.
- The maximum work hours are 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week, with reduced hours during Ramadan.
- Gratuity is accrued at half a month's salary per year of service for the first 3 years, and a full month's salary for years after. It is paid at the end of employment.
- Medical insurance and several types of leave including annual
The payroll process in Oman can be complex due to labor laws and regulations. Employers must pay salaries at least monthly and ensure accurate payment of wages after deductions. Common payroll components include basic salary, allowances, overtime pay, bonuses, and commissions. Employers must provide benefits like annual leave, sick leave, maternity leave, medical insurance, and end of service gratuity. Outsourcing payroll to an experienced provider can help ensure compliance with Oman's laws and security of sensitive payroll data.
The document provides an overview of the payroll process in Kuwait. It discusses key aspects like salary payment frequency, common pay components, standard working hours, overtime calculation, gratuity accrual, statutory deductions, and leave policies. The payroll process requires monitoring tax updates and ensuring accurate and timely salary payments. Outsourcing payroll to an experienced provider can help free up time and ensure compliance.
The document provides an overview of payroll processing in Qatar, including common questions about salary payments, components, minimum wage, overtime calculation, leave policies, and more. Key details include that salaries must be paid at least monthly, there are no statutory pay components, overtime is paid at 125-150% of normal wages, annual leave is 3-4 weeks, and gratuity is accrued at 21 days per year of service. Outsourcing payroll is recommended to ensure compliance and free up employers' time.
Wormholes are hypothetical shortcuts through space-time that could allow travel between distant regions. Theoretically, wormholes could enable travel to the future or past faster than normal space-time. While mathematically valid, no observational evidence of wormholes currently exists. Traversable wormholes that could be safely traveled through would need to obey Einstein's field equations, connect two asymptotically flat regions, lack horizons, have bearable tidal forces, and allow finite-time traversal. Hyperspace refers to dimensions beyond the normal three spatial dimensions, with the possibility that lifeforms from higher dimensions could exist unobserved above our own.
Comets originate from the icy outer regions of the solar system like the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud. When gravitational forces perturb comets from their orbits, they fall toward the sun. As comets approach the sun, their icy material sublimates and forms an atmosphere around the solid nucleus and two distinct tails - an ion tail pointing directly away from the sun, and a dust tail lagging behind the comet's trajectory. The most famous comet is Halley's Comet, which returns every 76 years.
A presentation on the planet Venus. Designed for 5th grade students. Contains basic facts, including the space probes that helped us learn about Venus. Includes quiz questions at the end.
This document summarizes stellar evolution and the life cycles of stars. It describes how stars are born from nebulae and discusses the stages stars pass through, including their time as main sequence stars fueled by hydrogen fusion. As stars age and exhaust their hydrogen, they evolve into red giants and later planetary nebulae, leaving behind white dwarf cores. More massive stars explode as supernovae, forming neutron stars or black holes. Key concepts covered include nucleosynthesis, variable stars, and the end states of small and massive stars.
1) The document discusses concepts related to gravitation including Newton's law of universal gravitation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, gravitational field, gravitational potential energy, and escape velocity.
2) Key models discussed include the geocentric model proposed by Ptolemy and the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus.
3) Newton's law of gravitation states that the gravitational force between two objects is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Este documento trata sobre las obligaciones y su clasificación. Explica que las obligaciones pueden surgir de contratos, cuasicontratos, delitos, la ley o declaraciones unilaterales. También clasifica las obligaciones según su objeto, sujeto y efectos. Por ejemplo, las obligaciones pueden ser de dar, hacer o no hacer algo. Además, analiza conceptos como las obligaciones condicionales, naturales y las sujetas a modalidades.
The Solar System formed from a large rotating cloud of gas and dust called a solar nebula. As the nebula condensed due to gravity, a central mass became the Sun and the remaining material formed rings that eventually became the planets. The Sun consists of an inner core where nuclear fusion occurs and surrounding layers including the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. The eight major planets can be divided into terrestrial and Jovian planets. Smaller bodies like asteroids and comets also orbit the Sun.
The document discusses several constellations visible from Earth, including the Southern Cross, a cross-shaped constellation visible in the southern hemisphere; the Big Dipper, a group of seven bright stars that point to the North Star; and Scorpius, a large constellation shaped like a scorpion that can be seen in the southern sky between June and August. The constellations help indicate directions, planting seasons, and harvesting times.
Este documento resume información sobre exoplanetas. Exoplanetas son planetas que orbitan estrellas distintas al Sol. La mayoría de exoplanetas descubiertos hasta ahora son gigantes gaseosos como Júpiter con órbitas muy cercanas a sus estrellas. La sonda Kepler busca planetas similares a la Tierra midiendo caídas pequeñas en el brillo de estrellas causadas por tránsitos planetarios. El exoplaneta más parecido a la Tierra descubierto hasta ahora es Corot-7b, aunque tiene una temperatura de 2000°C.
Los meteoros son destellos luminosos producidos por la fricción de pequeñas partículas llamadas meteoroides al entrar en la atmósfera terrestre. Los meteoritos son meteoroides que logran atravesar la atmósfera y caer al suelo. Existen diferentes tipos de meteoritos como las palasitas, condritas y acondritas, que pueden provenir de asteroides, la Luna o Marte.
La usucapión o prescripción adquisitiva es un medio de adquirir la propiedad de bienes mediante la posesión durante un tiempo establecido por la ley. La posesión debe ser en concepto de propietario, por ejemplo a través de un contrato de compraventa, donación o permuta. Contratos como el arrendamiento o cesión de derechos no son válidos para demostrar la posesión como propietario requerida por la ley para la usucapión.
This presentation discusses the use of GPS technology in geodesy. It explains that GPS allows geodesists to solve problems at various levels, from developing state geodetic networks to land surveying, with productivity increasing by tens of times. Depending on the required accuracy and time limits, different types of GPS receivers are used, but they all work in differential mode and are phase-based. The presentation provides examples of GPS significantly increasing the efficiency of geodetic work in France and Russia.
The document summarizes the nebular hypothesis theory of solar system formation. It explains that:
1) The solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar gas cloud 4.5 billion years ago.
2) As the cloud contracted, conservation of angular momentum caused it to flatten into a disk with orderly planetary motion.
3) Variations in temperature caused the inner, rocky planets and outer, gaseous planets to form.
The document discusses various global and regional satellite navigation systems:
- GLONASS is Russia's system with 24 operational satellites. It provides improved precision and reliability when integrated with GPS.
- EGNOS and Galileo are Europe's systems to enhance GPS. EGNOS went live in 2004 as a precursor to Galileo, which launched its first satellites in 2016.
- BeiDou is China's system with 5 geostationary and 30 non-geostationary satellites. It began covering Asia-Pacific in 2012 and will cover the world by 2020.
- IRNSS is India's system consisting of 7 satellites, 3 geostationary and 4 geosynchronous, providing accuracy of 20 meters over India
The payroll process will not be the same for all countries; each country has its own tax laws, minimum salary requirements, pension plans, gratuity schemes, leave policies, and many more.
A Guide on Statutory leaves in the Saudi Arabia (KSA).pdfFiyona Nourin
Like any other country, the workers of KSA are also entitled to official leaves, holidays, and vacations. In this article, we have covered in detail about the leaves in KSA along with sample calculations.
Payroll Process in Bahrain- A brief overview.pdfFiyona Nourin
The document provides an overview of payroll processes in Bahrain, including key details such as:
- Salaries must be paid monthly or weekly depending on whether employees are paid monthly or hourly.
- There are no statutory pay components but common components include basic salary, housing allowance, transport allowance, overtime pay, bonuses and incentives.
- The maximum work hours are 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week, with reduced hours during Ramadan.
- Gratuity is accrued at half a month's salary per year of service for the first 3 years, and a full month's salary for years after. It is paid at the end of employment.
- Medical insurance and several types of leave including annual
The payroll process in Oman can be complex due to labor laws and regulations. Employers must pay salaries at least monthly and ensure accurate payment of wages after deductions. Common payroll components include basic salary, allowances, overtime pay, bonuses, and commissions. Employers must provide benefits like annual leave, sick leave, maternity leave, medical insurance, and end of service gratuity. Outsourcing payroll to an experienced provider can help ensure compliance with Oman's laws and security of sensitive payroll data.
The document provides an overview of the payroll process in Kuwait. It discusses key aspects like salary payment frequency, common pay components, standard working hours, overtime calculation, gratuity accrual, statutory deductions, and leave policies. The payroll process requires monitoring tax updates and ensuring accurate and timely salary payments. Outsourcing payroll to an experienced provider can help free up time and ensure compliance.
The document provides an overview of payroll processing in Qatar, including common questions about salary payments, components, minimum wage, overtime calculation, leave policies, and more. Key details include that salaries must be paid at least monthly, there are no statutory pay components, overtime is paid at 125-150% of normal wages, annual leave is 3-4 weeks, and gratuity is accrued at 21 days per year of service. Outsourcing payroll is recommended to ensure compliance and free up employers' time.
A Guide on Statutory Leaves in Oman.pdfFiyona Nourin
The document discusses statutory leave policies in Oman, including annual leave (30 days per year), sick leave (up to 10 weeks paid leave per year), maternity leave (50 days paid leave for up to 3 births), Hajj leave (15 days paid leave for Muslim employees), and compassionate/bereavement leave (3 days for close family, 2 days for extended family). It also covers public holidays in Oman and notes that payroll outsourcing handles sensitive payroll data and calculations.
A Guide on Statutory Leaves in Kuwait.pdfFiyona Nourin
The document outlines statutory leave policies for employees in Kuwait, including annual leave (30 days paid), sick leave (15 days full pay, then decreasing pay over subsequent periods), maternity leave (70 days paid), Hajj leave (21 days paid for those who have worked 2+ years), compassionate leave (3 days for family deaths), and various public holidays. It also discusses rules around accrual, cashing out of unused time, and requirements for things like maternity, sick, and unpaid leaves. The payroll outsourcing company HLB HAMT is available to assist employers with complying with Kuwait's complex statutory leave and payroll processes.
A Guide on Statutory leaves in Qatar.pdfFiyona Nourin
The document provides information on statutory leave policies in Qatar, including official public holidays, annual leave, sick leave, maternity leave, and Hajj leave. It outlines the number of days granted for each type of leave according to Qatar's Labor Law and answers frequently asked questions about leave policies. It also discusses payroll outsourcing services provided by HLB HAMT to assist with payroll processing in accordance with Qatar's regulations.
act and law in human resource managementAkash Gupta
The document summarizes various labor laws and employee benefits in India. It discusses laws such as the Payment of Wages Act, Minimum Wages Act, Employee Provident Fund Act, Payment of Bonus Act, Gratuity Act, Maternity Benefit Act, Workmen's Compensation Act, and Employees' State Insurance Act. It provides details on the applicability, eligibility criteria, and key benefits prescribed under each law such as minimum wages, timely payment of wages, provident fund contributions, bonus payments, gratuity amounts, maternity benefits, and compensation for work-related injuries. It also discusses allowances paid to employees and their taxability, as well as dearness allowance calculation.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the Code on Wages Act, 2019 in India. Some key points:
- The Act aims to consolidate and simplify existing labor laws related to wages, bonuses, and equal remuneration. It subsumes four existing labor laws.
- Key definitions include expanded definitions of "wages" and new definitions of "employee" and "worker." Minimum wages will be revised every five years maximum.
- Provisions address payment of wages, bonuses, and equal remuneration without discrimination. Timelines are provided for wage payments.
- The Code emphasizes compliance over penalties and introduces an Inspector-cum-Facilitator role to advise employers.
- Draft
Final Settlement Calculations in UAE.pdfFiyona Nourin
While calculating EOS, companies should include all the benefits as
mentioned in the UAE Labor law and Employment agreement between the company and the employee
The document discusses key labor laws and an employer's obligations in Nigeria. It outlines that employment is largely governed by laws like the Labor Act, which require employers to provide written contracts within 90 days specifying terms of employment. Employers must ensure worker safety, cannot discriminate, and must comply with regulations regarding hiring, leave, termination, trade unions, and more. Recruiting foreign employees also has visa and approval requirements.
The document discusses key labor laws and an employer's obligations in Nigeria. It outlines that employment is largely governed by laws like the Labor Act, which require employers to provide written contracts within 90 days specifying terms of employment. Employers must ensure workplace safety and are prohibited from discrimination. The document also covers obligations regarding foreign employees, termination, trade unions, pensions, leave, and redundancy.
All about End of services Gratuity in Kuwait.pdfFiyona Nourin
our payroll experts in Kuwait take you through a set of questions and answers that will help in clearing all your doubts related to end of service gratuity in Kuwait.
UAE Labour Law - Brief Presentation PPT - 2017.pptxhrlestars
The document provides an overview of key aspects of UAE labour law, including:
- The law applies to all employees in the UAE except certain exempted groups.
- It governs employment contracts, wages, working hours, leave entitlements, termination of contracts and other aspects of the employer-employee relationship.
- The Ministry of Labour enforces the law and handles disputes between employers and employees. If unresolved, cases can be referred to court.
Virtual companies can conduct selected professional activities that include services related to printing and advertising; computer programming, consultancy and related activities; and design activitie
Excise Tax in UAE – Scope Expansion.pdfFiyona Nourin
In UAE, tobacco and tobacco products, Energy Drinks and Carbonated drinks are subject to Excise tax and the nation has now decided to levy excise tax on all e-cigarettes, e-liquids and sweetened drinks with effect from December 1, 2019
Regulation of the submission of reports by multi-national companies in UAE.pdfFiyona Nourin
The CbC report must be submitted within 12 months of the end of the reporting period. Accordingly, for the financial years commencing on 1 January 2019, the CbC report must be submitted by 31 December 2020
UAE Implements New Law to Support Financially Insolvent Individuals.pdfFiyona Nourin
The UAE Cabinet has approved a new Federal Law to help financially insolvent individuals by offering support to repay debts within three years and protecting them from criminal prosecution. The law aims to provide opportunities for debtors to work and support their families while negotiating repayment plans between debtors and creditors over three years. Special provisions are included to expedite legal procedures and reduce fees for restructuring debt. The law seeks to promote transparency around debt repayment and reinforce the UAE's position as an investment destination with equal rights for all parties.
Protection against the dangers of cyberspace, support for innovation in cyberspace and the growth of the emirate and its economic prosperity, are the motives of Dubai cyber security strategy.
There has been widespread scepticism and fears that the integration of emerging new technologies like AI into an industry such as HR would inevitably lead to multiple job losses
Block-chain lacks a single point of failure. In addition to being efficient, the blockchain has other unique characteristics that make it a breakthrough innovation.
A Future Economy Research Centre that will provide a platform for scientific research will be the eighth initiative and the ninth initiative is a programme that intends to consolidate the culture of entrepreneurship and inspire students to start economy companies.
The UAE Federal Tax Authority (FTA) issued a bulletin providing guidance on the VAT treatment of the education sector in the UAE. Certain supplies in the education sector are exempted from VAT, while standard rates apply to others such as uniforms, food, and extracurricular activities. Supplies directly related to government-recognized curricula and reading materials are zero-rated and do not incur VAT. Transportation of students is also exempted. Educational institutions must register for VAT if the value of their supplies exceeds mandatory or voluntary thresholds, but those only providing zero-rated supplies may apply for an exception. Tax invoices are required except in some cases, and input tax can be recovered except on certain blocked items.
The DIFC Employee Workplace Savings (DEWS) plan replaces existing end-of-service gratuity benefits for DIFC employers. Under DEWS, employers must make monthly contributions of 5.83-8.33% of the employee's basic salary to a savings plan starting February 1, 2020. Employers have until March 31 to enroll in DEWS or another approved plan. Accrued gratuity as of January 31, 2020 can be transferred to DEWS with employee consent, kept by the employer, or transferred without consent but the employer remains liable.
The Federal Tax Authority issued a clarification on the timeframe for recovering input tax. Input tax must be recovered in the first tax period where two conditions are met: the tax invoice is received and there is intent to make payment within six months of the agreed payment date. Intent to pay sometimes arises after quality control approval for manufacturers and construction firms. If input tax isn't claimed in the first eligible period, it can be claimed in the next period. However, if payment isn't made within six months, the input tax must be reduced in the next return and can be recovered once payment is made.
VAT Errors and ways to rectify them.pdfFiyona Nourin
When a person fails to charge and account for the correct amount of output VAT or does not recover the correct amount of input tax, it is considered as an error.
Transfiguring your business post COVID-19.pdfFiyona Nourin
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted businesses globally and will likely transform how companies operate going forward. Companies should consider changes to their external interfaces like focusing more on online sales and domestic customers. Internally, companies need to re-examine their structures, processes, and resource utilization. This includes restructuring organizations if needed for survival, streamlining and automating processes, reducing redundancies, outsourcing non-core functions, and focusing resources on essential needs rather than "nice to haves". Adopting these internal efficiencies will help companies emerge from the crisis stronger.
A Guide on Statutory leaves in the United Arab Emirates.pdfFiyona Nourin
This document provides information about statutory leaves for employees in the United Arab Emirates. It outlines the different types of leaves granted under UAE labor law, which include annual leave, sick leave, maternity leave, study leave, bereavement leave, parental leave, sabbatical leave, and official national holidays. For annual leave, the labor law states that employees with over six months of service get two days of leave per month, while those with over one year of service get 30 days of annual leave per year. Employers can determine when annual leave is taken. Any public holidays that fall within annual leave periods are included in that leave. Upon termination, employees are entitled to compensation for any unused leave days calculated based on
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and CreationChristian Dahlen
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
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Payroll Outsourcing Saudi Arabia.pdf
1. Payroll Outsourcing Saudi Arabia :- A
brief overview
For a layman, payroll is all about getting your wages paid on a specific date of
every month. But it is much more than that. It is a huge responsibility that
involves a lot of dedication, knowledge, and resources. Ensuring that all the
employees within an organization get paid the correct salary on time with
deductions/ allowances if any while complying with all the payroll rules and
regulations, is mandatory.
The payroll process will not be the same for all countries; each country has its
own tax laws, minimum salary requirements, pension plans, gratuity schemes,
leave policies, and many more. Earlier, we covered through a detailed blog,
on the payroll process in UAE. Here, our experts in KSA payroll will
enlighten you on the payroll process in KSA, through a set of FAQs.
1. What is the frequency of making salary payments to employees in
KSA?
The law stipulates in Article 90 that the intervals for making salary
payments to employees should be monthly or weekly depending on the
type of contract.Workers paid on a daily basis shall be paid at least
once a week. Workers paid on a monthly basis shall be paid once a
month. If the work is done by the piece and requires a period of more
than two weeks, the worker shall receive a payment each week
commensurate with the completed portion of the work. The balance of
the wage shall be paid in full during the week following the delivery of
the work. In cases other than the above, the worker’s wages shall be
paid at least once a week.
2. Which are the statutory pay components included in employee
salary?
2. The KSA labor law does not define the components that should make
up an employee’s salary; there are no defined statutory components.
3. Which are the common pay components that are normally payable
to employees?
Fixed components may include Basic salary, House rent allowance,
transport allowance, and other allowances. The variable components
may include Overtime, Sales commission, Bonus, Incentives,
Relocation allowances, Mobile allowances, etc.
4. What is the minimum salary payable in KSA?
There is no minimum salary payable in KSA.
5. How is overtime calculated?
Overtime is any extra hours worked by an employee beyond the normal
working hours. Article 107 states that the employee shall be entitled to a
remuneration equal to his normal working hours plus an extra of at least
50% of such remuneration. All working hours performed during holidays
and Eid’s shall be considered as overtime hours
6. How is gratuity accrued?
As per article 84 of Saudi Labor Law, the Gratuity calculation is accrued
on the following basis.
o If the service period is below five years at half a month salary per year.
o If the service period is more than five years at a full month salary per
year.
7. When is gratuity paid to an employee?
Gratuity is paid at the end of employment. The end-of-service award
shall be calculated on the basis of the last wage and the worker shall be
entitled to an end-of-service award for the portions of the year in
3. proportion to the time spent on the job. The gratuity paid is not affected
by the type of contract, but by the type of separation. There is no EoSB
entitlement if an employee is terminated under Article 80 of Saudi Labor
Law
For a comprehensive understanding of KSA gratuity accrual and
settlement, please refer to our article on KSA gratuity policy and
settlement.
8. What are the statutory deductions that are made to employees in
the KSA?
In the KSA, payroll is not subject to income tax, and hence there are no
mandated tax deductions. However, KSA nationals are subject to
mandatory national pensions plans contributions.
9. How is KSA pension (Social Insurance) calculated? Which
employees qualify for KSA pension contribution?
GOSI, or the General Organization for Social Insurance, is a major
government entity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) that
implements the country’s Social Insurance Law.
GOSI percentage for Saudi nationals is 21.50%. Please find the below
break up;
Employer’s Contribution
Unemployment Contribution = 0.75%
Retirement Contribution = 9%
Compensation and Disability Plan = 2%
Total Employer’s Contribution = 11.75%
Employee’s Contribution
Unemployment Contribution = 0.75%
Retirement Contribution = 9%
4. Total Employee’s Contribution = 9.75%
The employer is responsible for paying a 2% GOSI contribution for
Expat staff. However, there is no GOSI contribution to be paid by an
expatriate employee in Saudi Arabia SAR 45,000/- is the maximum
basic sum utilized in GOSI calculations.
The amount paid effectively adds towards the retirement benefits of the
National employees, and for expatriates, it adds towards work-related
injuries fund which is limited to a certain amount. They are split into 3
categories:
8. Saudi Nationals (private & public sector) – 22% of the
maximum monthly applicable earnings (9% each for the employee
and employer for pension, 1% each for unemployment
contribution and 2% for occupational hazard which the employer
pays)
9. GCC Nationals (excluding Saudis) – between 17-22% in total
depending on the nationality
10. Expatriates – 2% unemployment contribution paid by the
employer
10. What is WPS in Saudi Arabia?
The Wage Protection System (WPS) in Saudi Arabia became
mandatory for all Saudi companies operating in the private sector. The
objective of the WPS is to minimize any delay and issues in the
payment of salaries.Under the WPS, companies are required to submit
wage information to the Ministry of Labor via the e-service program. The
WPS ensures that employee rights are protected and that salaries are
paid according to agreed terms of employment contracts.
11. Are Employees eligible for Air Ticket Benefits in KSA?
Employers are required to provide return air tickets to the worker’s
home country at the end of the relation between the two parties. The
5. right of the air ticket with annual leave is determined by the contract
signed by the employee with the employer, Saudi labor law is silent
about this. However, many companies provide air tickets to employees
annually and some of the companies extend this payout to employees’
dependents as well.
12. What is the leave policy defined under the labor law?
A. Annual Leave
According to article 109 of the KSA labor law, a worker shall be entitled
to a prepaid annual leave of not less than twenty-one days, to be
increased to a period of not less than thirty days if the worker spends
five consecutive years in the service of the employer. A worker shall
enjoy his leave in the year it is due. He may not forgo it or receive cash
in lieu during his period of service. The employer may set the dates of
such leave according to work requirements or may grant them in
rotation to ensure the smooth progress of work. The employer shall
notify the worker the date of his leave insufficient time of not less than
thirty days.
B. Sick leave
A worker whose illness has been proven shall be eligible for a paid sick
leave for the first thirty days, three-quarters of the wage for the next
sixty days, and without pay for the following thirty days, during a single
year, whether such leaves are continuous or intermittent. A single year
shall mean the year which begins from the date of the first sick leave.
o First 30 days: 100%
o 31 to 90 days: 75%
o 91 days to 120 days: unpaid
C. Maternity leave
Female workers shall be entitled to fully paid maternity leave for a
period of 10 weeks to be divided at the female worker’s discretion. Such
6. period may start four weeks prior to the expected date of delivery. A
woman may not, under any circumstances, work during the six weeks
immediately following delivery. She shall be entitled to extend the leave
for an additional two months as unpaid leave. In the event of giving birth
to a sick child or a child with special needs whose health condition
requires a constant companion, a female worker shall be entitled to a
one month leave with full pay starting at the end of the maternity leave
and she shall be entitled to extend the leave for an additional month as
unpaid leave.
D. Hajj Leave
A worker shall be entitled to a paid leave of not less than 10 days and
not more than 15 days, including Eid Al-Adha holiday, to perform Hajj
only once during his service if he has not performed it before. To be
eligible for this leave, the worker must have spent at least two
consecutive years of service with the employer.
E. Paternity Leave
Employees are eligible for 3 Days of paid leave up on the the birth of a
child.
F. Marriage leave
As per Article 113, For a marriage, an employee is entitled to 5 days of
paid leave.
G. Compassionate Leave
Compassionate leave is provided and given for five days for the death
of a spouse or one of his ascendants and descendants.
H. Iddah Leave
In the case of a Muslim woman whose spouse has died, the Iddah leave
is provided for the full mourning period of four months and 10 days. In
the case of a non-Muslim woman, the leave is given for fifteen days.
Please read our article on KSA leaves policy here for a comprehensive
understanding.
7. 13. Is employee Medical Insurance mandatory in KSA?
It is mandatory that an employer provide medical insurance to the
employee during the duration of employment
14. Which are the currencies that can be used while making
salary payments in KSA?
The only accepted currency used in making salary payments is the KSA
national currency i.e. SAR and the payments should be made within the
boundaries of the country.
15. Is bonus or incentive payment mandatory in KSA?
Bonus and incentives payments are not mandatory in KSA. Many
companies in the KSA have bonus or incentive schemes implemented
to keep employee motivation and the structures vary from one company
to the other based on their policy.
16. What are the items included in End of Service Benefits
calculation in KSA?
The employee is entitled to the following end of service benefits.
. End of service Gratuity
a. Repatriation ticket if applicable
b. Notice period pay if applicable
c. Any unutilized leave (Vacation) pay
d. Any other outstanding payment or deduction
Employee Benefits in summary:
1. Salary
2. Gratuity
3. Air Ticket
4. Annual Leave
5. Sick leave
6. Maternity Leave
8. 7. Paternity Leave
8. Marriage Leave
9. Compassionate Leave
10. Medical Insurance
11. Overtime pay if applicable.
Laws and policies are ever-changing. We always ensure that we stay up to
date with the payroll legislations, not just in KSA, but the whole of GCC.
Payroll Process
The process of payroll is a little complicated and time-consuming; hence it is
always recommended to outsource your company’s payroll function.
Outsourcing payroll will ensure the assistance of a team of trained payroll
professionals and it frees up the time of the organization, helping them focus
on other projects that add value to their business.
One should be extra vigilant while selecting their payroll provider, as payroll
data is highly sensitive, and one should opt for a provider that can ensure high
levels of data security.
As a leading payroll outsourcing company, HLB HAMT can help solve your
payroll complexities through customized strategies. We take care of our
clients’ entire payroll cycle that includes preparation of payroll reports,
processing salary payment with WPS compliance, accrual management
including Gratuity, pension funds, online portal for accessing payslips, and
many more. Our leadership team spends the necessary hours in every
project, ensuring our clients get refined consulting services to take your
business forward.
To know more about our payroll process,Click here
Disclaimer:
9. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this information,
HLB HAMT will not accept any liability arising out of errors or omissions.
Please note that this blog is not all-inclusive. Our guidance is designed only to
give general information on the issues/topics covered. It is subjected to
change and not intended to be a comprehensive summary of all laws which
may be applicable to your situation, treat exhaustively the subjects covered,
provide legal advice, or render a legal opinion.
Payroll Outsourcing Saudi Arabia :- A
brief overview
Level 18, City Tower-2,
Sheikh Zayed Road
PO Box 32665
Dubai – United Arab Emirates. Tel: +971 4 327 7775
E-mail: dubai@hlbhamt.com
www.hlbhamt.com