payoffoptions2-191030161254.pptx

1. FINANCIAL MARKET
MANAGEMENT
SEMINAR TOPIC :
FUTURE AND FORWARD CONTRACTS, PAY OF TERMINOLOGY,
CALCULATION FUTURE PRICING WITH BETA

2. SYNOPSIS
❏ DERIVATIVES AND PAYOFF
❏ PAYOFF DIAGRAM
❏ MEANING
❏ PAYOFF CALL OPTION
❏ OPTION
❏ TYPES OF OPTION
❏ OPTION TERMINOLOGY
❏ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUTURE AND FORWARD CONTRACTS
❏ ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
❏ REFERENCE

3. DERIVATIVES AND PAYOFF
• A derivative is a contract between
two parties which derives its
value/price from an underlying asset.
The most common types
of derivatives are
❑ futures,
❑ options,
❑ forwards and
❑ Swaps.
• A payoff is the likely profit/loss that
would accrue to a market participant
with change in the price of the
underlying asset.
This is generally depicted in the form
of payoff diagrams which show the
price of the underlying asset on the
X–axis and the profits/losses on the
Y–axis.

4. PAYOFF DIAGRAM MEANING
• “Pay off diagrams” a good way to understand the profits and losses
with a strategy
• A convenient way to envision what happens with option strategies as
the value of the underlying asset changes is with the use of a profit and
loss diagram, known as a “payoff diagram”. A Payoff diagram is a
graphical representation of the potential outcomes of a strategy. Results
may be depicted at any point in time, although the graph usually depicts
the results at expiration of the options involved in the strategy.

5. PAYOFF DIAGRAMS
• The vertical axis of the diagram
reflects profits or losses on option
expiration day resulting from
particular strategy, while the
horizontal axis reflects the
underlying asset price on option
expiration day. At expiration, there is
no time value left, so the option will
sell for its intrinsic value. By
convention, the diagrams ignore the
effect of commissions you have to
pay.

6. LONG CALL OPTION:

7. 4 MAIN STRATEGIES OF OPTIONS
INVESTMENT
LONG CALL
OPTION
SHORT CALL
OPTION
LONG PUT
OPTION
SHORT PUT
OPTION

8. OPTIONS
● Options are financial instruments that are derivatives that are based on the
value of underlying securities such as stocks. An options contract offers
the buyer the opportunity to buy or sell—depending on the type of
contract they hold—the underlying asset.
● An option gives the holder the right/option, but no obligation, to buy or
sell a security to the option writer/seller.
○ for a pre-sepcified price(strike price)
○ at (or up to)a given time in the future(the expiry date)

9. TYPES OF OPTIONS
Options can be further categorized based on the method in
which they are traded, their expiration cycle, and the underlying security they
relate to.
• Calls
• Puts
• American Style
• European Style
• Exchange Traded Options
• Over The Counter Options
•Option Type by Expiration
•Option Type by Underlying Security
•Employee Stock Options
•Cash Settled Options
•Exotic Options

10. OPTION TERMINOLOGIES
Call Option
Put option
Holder OF an Option
Writer Of an Option
Option Price / Premium
Expiration date
Strike Price
American Option
European options
Index Option
Stock Option
In-The-money option
At-the-money option
Out-of-the money option
Intrinsic value of an option
Time value of an option

11. Difference Between
future and option
contracts

12. Futures Options
Exchange traded Same as futures.
Exchange defines the product Same as futures.
Price is zero, strike price moves Strike price is fixed, price moves.
Price is zero Price is always positive.
Linear payoff Nonlinear payoff.
Both long and short at risk Only short at risk.

13. Difference Between
forward and future
contracts

16. Basis of difference Forward Contract Future Contract
Contract size Depending on the transaction
and the requirements of the
contracting parties.
Standardized
Market Primary & Secondary Primary

17. Advantages &
Disadvantages of
Forward Contract

18. Advantages of forward
contract
1)No upfront fees
2)No risk due to currency fluctuations completely eliminated.
3) Forwards are over-the-counter products.
4) It offers a complete hedge.
5) The use of forwards provide price protection.
6) They are easy to understand.

19. Disadvantages of forward
contract
1) It requires tying up capital.
2) There are no intermediate cash flows before settlement.
3) It is subject to default risk.
4) Contracts may be difficult to cancel.
5) There may be difficult to find a counter-party.

20. REFERENCE
• http://www.managementparadise.com/forums/financial-management-
fm/203087-payoff-pricing-futures-options.html
• https://www2.poems.in.th/home/derivatives/en/options04.htm
• http://faculty.baruch.cuny.edu/lwu/890/890payoff.pdf