2. Introduction to Pavement
• Pavement is the actual travel surface especially made durable and
serviceable to withstand the traffic load and pedestrian load coming upon it.
Pavement grants friction for the vehicles thus providing comfort to the
driver and transfers the traffic load from the upper surface to the natural
soil.
• Pavement construction begins by properly grading and preparing the site
aggregate subbase and base course which are topped with the finish
pavement.
3. Basic Components
1. Subgrade:
• It is the soil layer beneath the pavement which
bears the design load, receives infiltration water,
and is subject to ground water infusion due to
seasonal fluctuations or upward capillary
migration.
• Subgrade bearing capacity, uniformity, and
permeability are key factors in determining
various pavement layers thickness.
4. 2. Aggregate Base and Subbase:
• The base layer consists of a grades aggregate
foundation that transfers the pavement load to
the Subgrade in controlled radiating manner.
• Heavy-duty pavements or weak subgrades,
usually require an additional layer of base
material, called a subbase, which also consists
of a clean but coarser-graded aggregate layer.
• Both aggregate base and subbase typically
extend beyond the pavement edge to provide
lateral support and to prevent uneven subgrade
loading.
5. 3. Pavement:
• The pavement material receives traffic wear and
transfers loads to the base and subgrade.
4. Pavement Edge:
• Pavement edge require extra reinforcing to prevent
breaking or crumbling due to eccentric loading,
invasion plant roots, or wind erosion in coastal
sandy soils.
5. Pavement Joints:
• Rigid pavements requires expansion and control
joints to allow for contraction and expansion due to
temperature fluctuation. Such joints may be butted,
doweled or keyed using pre-molded expansion joint
fillers.
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8.
9. Types of Pavement
1. Flexible pavement: commonly have thin wearing
surface and thick aggregate base and subbase.
Flexible monolithic pavement consists of aggregate
shredded rubber or polymers which r mixed with
asphalt or proprietary binder and placed on a
prepared base to create a seamless monolithic
surface. It require edge repair due to crushing and
periodic sealing to protect surface uniformity.
2. Rigid pavement: pavement loads are distributed
internally within the rigid pavement and
transferred to the subgrade over the broad area in
a manner similar that found in concrete spread
footing. Rigid pavement requires a thinner
aggregate base than flexible pavement.
10.
11. Comparison of Flexible and Rigid
Pavement
Flexible Pavements
• Deformation in the sub grade is transferred
to the upper layers
• Have low flexural strength
• Load is transferred by grain to grain contact
• Have low completion cost but repairing
cost is high
• Have low life span (High Maintenance Cost)
• Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub
grade but a sub base is needed
• No thermal stresses are induced as the
pavement have the ability to contract and
expand freely
• expansion joints are not needed
• Strength of the road is highly dependent on
the strength of the sub grade
• Rolling of the surfacing is needed
• Road can be used for traffic within 24 hours
• Damaged by Oils and Certain Chemicals
Rigid Pavements
• Deformation in the subgrade is not
transferred to subsequent layers
• Have high flexural strength
• No such phenomenon of grain to grain load
transfer exists
• Have low repairing cost but completion cost
is high
• Life span is more as compare to flexible
(Low Maintenance Cost)
• Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub
grade
• expansion joints are needed
• Strength of the road is less dependent on
the strength of the sub grade
• Rolling of the surfacing in not needed
• Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing
• Force of friction is high
• No Damage by Oils and Greases
12. Porous Pavement
Porous pavement are a class
of pavement structured to
allow runoff to drain freely
through the pavement
surface and aggregate base.
13. CLASSIFICATION OF PAVEMENTS
1. In-situ paving
2. Unit paving
3. Soft paving
1. IN SITU PAVING
Concrete
• relatively easy to install
• available with several finishes, many colors and
various textures
• durable surface
• low life time maintenance cost
• long lasting
• hard, nonresillent surface
• adaptable to curvilinear forms
• joints are required
• relatively low tensile strength
Asphalt
• low heat and light reflectivity
• durable
• dust free surface
• can be made porous
• will fray at edges, if not supported
• can soften in warm weather
• soluble in gasoline and kerosene
14. 2. UNIT PAVING
Brick unit paving
• Non-glare surface
• easily repaired
• wide color range
• High installation cost
• Difficult to clean
• Can disintegrate in freezing weather
Granite unit paving
• Hard and dense
• Very durable under extreme weather conditions
• Will support heavy traffic
• Relatively expensive
Slate unit paving
• Durable
• Wide range of colors
• Slow to weather
• Relatively expensive
• Can be slippery in wet weather
15. 3.Soft paving
Turfgrass soft paving
• Colourful
• Relatively low installation cost
• Dust free
• Good drainage characteristics
• Difficult and expensive to maintain
Turf blocks soft paving
• Same as turf alone but has added
stability to withstand light vehicular
loads
• Requires high level of maintenance.
16.
17. DESIGN CRITERIA
APPLICATION
• Loading –bearing Ability: Heavy, medium, & heavy
duty applications generally refer to the type of
vehicular and pedestrian traffic which a pavements
must accommodate.
• Durability: Pavement design must accommodate
sustained pavement loading as well as maintenance
methods and natural weathering effects.
• Safety: Both vehicular and pedestrian pavements
are required to be universally accessible and safe,
therefore constrained by texture, joinery, slope,
drainage and associated with site finishing.
18. CLIMATE:
• Regional climate factors of daily temperature extremes,
precipitation rate and frequency, and frost/thaw cycles heavily
influence pavement details and finishes.
• Hot arid, hot humid, temperate, and cold.
19. SUBGRADE:
• Well-drained or clay subsoil, rooftop gardens, or other
unique site Subgrade features play a significant role in
determining a structural pavement design strategy.
• Well drained soils are idea for construction with regard
to permeability and bearing capacity.
• Clay soils are subjected to swelling thus have a high
potential for lateral shearing.
MAINTAINANCE:
• Annual maintenance for pavement
typically requires periodic coating,
pointing, cleaning, and sealing of
joints, repair of broken segments
or settled areas, re-sitting of unit
pavers, and general sweeping to
remove accumulated fines and debris.
20. COST:
• Initial installation cost is a function of material cost,
labour, business overhead and profit required to
install the pavement and associated support
structure.
• Every layer and associated operation carries a
discreet cost per m². Cost therefore may be
considered as equal to the sum of each layer
installation cost per m².
• Average, the cost per square foot for asphalt will run
between $2.50 to $4.00 & concrete, on the other
hand, can run between $4.00 to $6.00 per square
foot for basic installation and can cost more
depending on different finishes and detail.
21. DESIGN ASPECTS
Pavement design has several aspects that are typically identified by the creative expertise of
the designer and that are then definitively determined through a collaboration among
different design disciplines working toward a common.
The structural, functional and aesthetical design aspects are interdependent ,
and often involve the application of expertise from very difficult design disciplines.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN-
Involves determination of structural composition of pavement’
Looks at entire pavement system,full depth of soil,base material and its resistance to
settling and material failure.
Factors affecting –location, climate, soil conditions ,etc.
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN-
Determines the arrangements of paved areas with respect to their intended use
Includes highways, roads, streets, driveways, parking areas, sidewalks ,etc .
Factors considered –safety and accessibility , circulation and traffic, parking and access
,etc.
AESTHETICAL DESIGN-
Mainly focuses on appearance of the pavement.
Requires knowledge and expertise of design principles and characteristics.
29. Kinetic pavements – “PAVEGEN”
Kinetic pavements are giving a whole new
meaning to “POWER WALKING.”
London-based start-up Pavegen has
developed a special energy-harvesting tile –
made from 95% recycled tyres – that flexes
by 5mm when stepped on, resulting in up to
8 watts of kinetic energy over the duration
of the footstep.
Enough tiles and enough footsteps can
create enough energy to be stored in
batteries, or to help power streetlights and
other electrical items.
Each tile also boasts a unique proprietary wireless
communications technology that uses only 1% of its power to
transmit data about the number of footfalls and energy
generated.
30. The tiles were installed over a 25-metre distance
at the start point of the Paris Marathon, as well
as around spectator viewing platforms where it
generated almost 5 Kilo Watts of energy which
can light up a village in a developing nation for
an entire day.
It’s not just big events that are benefiting from
pavement power, some schools in London has a
permanent Pavegen installation in its halls,
harvesting power from the footsteps of students.
Pavegen ultimately hopes to make
tiles as affordable as regular floor
tiles, and to see them installed in
offices, schools, pedestrianised areas
and public spaces around the world.
Pedestrians around the world can
generate energy simply by walking to
work or taking an afternoon stroll,
thanks to ‘kinetic pavements’ that
turn footsteps into electricity.
31. Solar Roadways
Step onto the pavement on a hot day &
you might get a sense of the energy……..
The Idaho couple are thinking up a way
to pave the country's roadways with
solar cells, rather than asphalt or
concrete.
Translating that into a practical solution
hasn't been easy, as it isn't as simple as
taking solar cells off of a rooftop and
burying them into the pavement.
In Solar Roadways project, glass-covered solar
panels are strong enough to drive on while
generating enough power to light the road,
melt ice and snow, and send extra
energy to cities.
32. Here, the glass is a half inch thick, and
tempered, and laminated.
The textured surface means it isn't slippery, &
since it can self-power small heaters inside to
melt ice in winter, it is supposedly safer than
an ordinary road.
It also powers small LED lights inside that can
light up dividing lines and spell out warning
messages.
33. They are strong enough to
support a truck weighing as
much as 250,000 pounds.
If the roads of whole country
gets converted to the solar
pavement system, there'd be
enough power to eliminate
the use of fossil fuel
generators.
We can even provide electric
power through the roads to
power battery vehicles.
These solar roadways emits small LED
lights at night as shown in the image
alongside.
“Solar panel roads can solve countless
environmental problems, but all they
need is funding………”
34. Dazzling STARPATH Pavement
UK-based company Pro-Teq has developed
a glow-in-the-dark product (liquid product)
“STARPATH” that can be applied to virtually
any pavement surface to provide energy-
free lighting once night falls.
The material absorbs light during the day
to create a luminous glow at night, and it
is also non-slip and water-resistant, so it
could reduce accidents while
increasing visibility.
Different colours, aggregate sizes, and
application bases are also available as
shown in the image alongside.
35. Light Pavements
Designed by Roberto
Paoli, this walkover
lighting system is
certainly innovative.
It’s a great way to
decorate your garden.
Such type of light pavements gives a
very fascinating look and
appearance.
43. BIBLOGRAPHY
• Time-saver standards for
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
by CHARLES W. HARRIS,
NICHOLAS T. DINES
• LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL
GRAPHIC STANDARDS
by LEONARD J. HOPPER
• www.google.co.in
