This document provides an introduction to hematology and summarizes key topics including:
1. The components of blood and cellular elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Principles of hematologic diagnosis including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations like complete blood count and peripheral blood smear.
3. Causes of anemia including hypoproliferative anemias like anemia of chronic disease and anemia of renal disease.
4. Aplastic anemia, its definition, epidemiology, etiology including acquired, inherited, and secondary causes.
This document discusses chronic hepatitis, including its classification by cause and grade/stage. It describes chronic forms of hepatitis B and C, the clinical features and survival rates associated with chronic hepatitis B at different stages of disease. It also discusses cirrhosis, including its clinical features, causes such as alcoholic cirrhosis, and complications. Therapies for various chronic liver conditions are briefly mentioned.
1) Cancer begins as abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably and can become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body.
2) There are several types of cancer including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers.
3) Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from the original tumor site through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and form new tumors in other parts of the body. The major steps in metastasis include invasion, circulation, arrest in distant organs, and growth of new tumors.
The document provides an overview of the biology of cancer and pathophysiology of cancer. It discusses that cancer arises due to genetic damage that transforms normal cells into immortal cells that grow uncontrollably. Tumor development is a multistep process involving alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as changes like angiogenesis, immortalization, and metastasis. Cancer management is multidisciplinary and aims for prevention, early detection and improving quality of life.
Applied nutrition 3 rd presentation - diseases of liver, gall bladder, and ...MD Specialclass
The document provides detailed information about diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, signs and symptoms of various hepatitis types, cirrhosis, and hepatic coma. It also covers cholecystitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, and dietary management for related conditions.
This document discusses chemical carcinogenesis and the initiation and promotion stages. Initiation results from exposure to a carcinogenic agent and causes permanent DNA damage (mutations). Promotion alone cannot cause tumors, but can induce tumors in initiated cells by causing proliferation and clonal expansion of initiated cells. The document also discusses various carcinogens like radiation, viruses, and bacteria that can cause cancer through direct DNA damage or indirect mechanisms like chronic inflammation. It also summarizes tumor immunity, how tumors evade the immune system, and some clinical aspects of cancer like paraneoplastic syndromes and cachexia.
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. The document discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of various cancers. It provides data on the most common cancers globally and lists lifestyle risk factors. The key mechanisms of carcinogenesis include chemical, physical, and infectious causes. Chemical carcinogens can be direct or require metabolic activation. Various epidemiological factors influence cancer risk such as genetics, environment, age, and hormones. Physical carcinogens like radiation and asbestos can also cause cancer development. Certain viruses are associated with different cancer types.
This document discusses the process of tissue processing in histology and histopathology laboratories. [1] Tissue samples are obtained from biopsies and autopsies and undergo histotechniques to prepare them for microscopic examination. [2] The key steps include fixation, processing, embedding in paraffin wax, sectioning, staining, and mounting. [3] Automated equipment is now commonly used to improve efficiency at many steps such as tissue processing, sectioning, and staining.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and summarizes key topics including:
1. The components of blood and cellular elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Principles of hematologic diagnosis including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations like complete blood count and peripheral blood smear.
3. Causes of anemia including hypoproliferative anemias like anemia of chronic disease and anemia of renal disease.
4. Aplastic anemia, its definition, epidemiology, etiology including acquired, inherited, and secondary causes.
This document discusses chronic hepatitis, including its classification by cause and grade/stage. It describes chronic forms of hepatitis B and C, the clinical features and survival rates associated with chronic hepatitis B at different stages of disease. It also discusses cirrhosis, including its clinical features, causes such as alcoholic cirrhosis, and complications. Therapies for various chronic liver conditions are briefly mentioned.
1) Cancer begins as abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably and can become invasive, spreading to other parts of the body.
2) There are several types of cancer including carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and central nervous system cancers.
3) Metastasis is when cancer cells spread from the original tumor site through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and form new tumors in other parts of the body. The major steps in metastasis include invasion, circulation, arrest in distant organs, and growth of new tumors.
The document provides an overview of the biology of cancer and pathophysiology of cancer. It discusses that cancer arises due to genetic damage that transforms normal cells into immortal cells that grow uncontrollably. Tumor development is a multistep process involving alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, as well as changes like angiogenesis, immortalization, and metastasis. Cancer management is multidisciplinary and aims for prevention, early detection and improving quality of life.
Applied nutrition 3 rd presentation - diseases of liver, gall bladder, and ...MD Specialclass
The document provides detailed information about diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, signs and symptoms of various hepatitis types, cirrhosis, and hepatic coma. It also covers cholecystitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, and dietary management for related conditions.
This document discusses chemical carcinogenesis and the initiation and promotion stages. Initiation results from exposure to a carcinogenic agent and causes permanent DNA damage (mutations). Promotion alone cannot cause tumors, but can induce tumors in initiated cells by causing proliferation and clonal expansion of initiated cells. The document also discusses various carcinogens like radiation, viruses, and bacteria that can cause cancer through direct DNA damage or indirect mechanisms like chronic inflammation. It also summarizes tumor immunity, how tumors evade the immune system, and some clinical aspects of cancer like paraneoplastic syndromes and cachexia.
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide. The document discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of various cancers. It provides data on the most common cancers globally and lists lifestyle risk factors. The key mechanisms of carcinogenesis include chemical, physical, and infectious causes. Chemical carcinogens can be direct or require metabolic activation. Various epidemiological factors influence cancer risk such as genetics, environment, age, and hormones. Physical carcinogens like radiation and asbestos can also cause cancer development. Certain viruses are associated with different cancer types.
This document discusses the process of tissue processing in histology and histopathology laboratories. [1] Tissue samples are obtained from biopsies and autopsies and undergo histotechniques to prepare them for microscopic examination. [2] The key steps include fixation, processing, embedding in paraffin wax, sectioning, staining, and mounting. [3] Automated equipment is now commonly used to improve efficiency at many steps such as tissue processing, sectioning, and staining.
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
The document discusses headaches, their prevalence, types, symptoms, evaluation, treatment and management. It notes that 90% of individuals experience at least one headache per year, with 40% experiencing severe headaches. It describes the most common primary headache types as migraine (16%), tension-type (69%) and cluster (0.1%). Secondary headaches are often caused by infection, injury or vascular issues. Evaluation of headaches involves considering quality, severity, location, duration and time course. Serious underlying causes may present with worst-ever headaches, new headaches in older patients, or symptoms like fever or neurological issues. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, managing symptoms, and using medications like triptans, NSAIDs or preventive drugs.
The document provides guidelines for diagnosing and managing different types and severities of acute brain attacks or strokes. It discusses classifying strokes as TIA, mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms. For TIA and mild strokes, the guidelines recommend emergent diagnostic tests like CT scan and treating conditions like high blood pressure. For moderate strokes, the priorities are supportive care, monitoring vitals, diagnostics like blood tests and CT scan. The guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosing the type of stroke and identifying underlying causes through further diagnostic testing.
The document discusses human excreta (feces and urine), sewage, and refuse disposal. It describes:
- Nutrients contained in human excreta and their importance as fertilizer.
- Public health risks of improper excreta and sewage disposal such as disease transmission.
- Approved methods and systems for excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal including pit latrines, septic tanks, and sewage treatment to remove pathogens and nutrients.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
1. The document discusses dietary recommendations for various infectious diseases and conditions including fever, malaria, emphysema, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, and others.
2. For fever and infections, the recommendations are to increase calories to meet increased metabolic demands and avoid starvation, increase protein intake to correct nitrogen balance, and increase carbohydrates and fluids.
3. For specific conditions like emphysema, recommendations include high calorie, low carbohydrate, high protein diets as well as vitamin supplements and regular exercise to promote strength and efficiency.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence varies significantly between regions, from low rates in the United States and Africa to very high rates in parts of Asia. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Clinical features can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sometimes liver biopsy. High-risk groups are screened regularly through alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasound. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include surgical resection, ablation, chemotherapy, and transplantation.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
This document summarizes the stages and neurophysiology of sleep. It describes the four stages of non-REM sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns. REM sleep is characterized by low voltage mixed frequency brain waves. Various brain regions are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep serves important restorative functions and deficiencies can cause problems like daytime sleepiness. Insomnia and other sleep disorders are also summarized.
This document discusses tic disorders such as Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. Tourette's is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic over a period of more than one year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. Treatment includes haloperidol. Differential diagnoses include chronic motor or vocal tic disorder and transient tic disorder.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and serve as a healthy distraction from daily stressors.
The document outlines a dermatology syllabus covering various common skin conditions organized into 18 topics. Some of the key conditions discussed include eczema (its classification and types), urticaria, acne/rosacea, psoriasis, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), sexually transmitted diseases, tumors (benign and malignant), and connective tissue diseases. For each condition, the syllabus provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria where relevant, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses tic disorders, including Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. There are simple and complex motor and vocal tics. Tourette's disorder is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic for over a year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. While the cause is unknown, dopamine and endogenous opioids may play a role. Treatment includes haloperidol. Transient tic disorder involves single or multiple tics for less than a year.
The document discusses various causes of drug-induced liver injury including direct toxicity from drugs like acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride as well as idiosyncratic reactions. Certain drugs are more likely to cause hepatotoxicity through both direct toxicity and idiosyncratic mechanisms. Supportive treatment measures for acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury are also outlined. Herbal and dietary supplements can also potentially cause liver injury through mechanisms like pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination.
The document discusses acute and chronic pancreatitis, including causes such as alcohol abuse, gallstones, and trauma. It describes clinical features such as severe epigastric pain and elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like CT scans and MRCP, and endoscopic ultrasound. Treatment depends on the severity and includes IV fluids, analgesics, antibiotics, and surgery for complications like pseudocysts or obstruction.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and diagnosing liver disease. It discusses classifying liver diseases as hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed based on etiology and evaluating disease severity and stage. Common symptoms, diagnostic tests, clinical findings, and classifications such as Child-Pugh staging for cirrhosis are outlined.
The document discusses various complications that can arise from cirrhosis of the liver. It describes portal hypertension, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, coagulation abnormalities, and other hematologic abnormalities as common complications. Diagnosis and treatment approaches are mentioned for several of these conditions.
This document discusses chronic hepatitis, which is hepatic inflammation and necrosis that continues for at least 6 months. It can be classified by cause such as hepatitis B, C, autoimmune hepatitis, or drug-associated hepatitis. It can also be classified by grade based on the extent of necrosis and inflammation visible on biopsy. Chronic hepatitis B has varying likelihood of chronicity depending on age at infection and may present asymptomatically or with fatigue, jaundice, ascites, or bleeding varices. Laboratory findings include elevated liver enzymes and hypoalbuminemia. Chronic hepatitis B clinical forms are differentiated based on presence of HBeAg and levels of ALT and HBVDNA.
The document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, a parasite that can cause liver abscesses. The most common extraintestinal symptoms are fever, right upper quadrant pain, anorexia and point tenderness in the right upper quadrant area, with jaundice being rare. Diagnostic tests for liver abscesses caused by E. histolytica include ultrasonography, CT scan, MRI, and Elisa antibody tests. Treatment is generally metronidazole, with 90% seeing a good response within 72 hours.
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
The document discusses headaches, their prevalence, types, symptoms, evaluation, treatment and management. It notes that 90% of individuals experience at least one headache per year, with 40% experiencing severe headaches. It describes the most common primary headache types as migraine (16%), tension-type (69%) and cluster (0.1%). Secondary headaches are often caused by infection, injury or vascular issues. Evaluation of headaches involves considering quality, severity, location, duration and time course. Serious underlying causes may present with worst-ever headaches, new headaches in older patients, or symptoms like fever or neurological issues. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, managing symptoms, and using medications like triptans, NSAIDs or preventive drugs.
The document provides guidelines for diagnosing and managing different types and severities of acute brain attacks or strokes. It discusses classifying strokes as TIA, mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms. For TIA and mild strokes, the guidelines recommend emergent diagnostic tests like CT scan and treating conditions like high blood pressure. For moderate strokes, the priorities are supportive care, monitoring vitals, diagnostics like blood tests and CT scan. The guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosing the type of stroke and identifying underlying causes through further diagnostic testing.
The document discusses human excreta (feces and urine), sewage, and refuse disposal. It describes:
- Nutrients contained in human excreta and their importance as fertilizer.
- Public health risks of improper excreta and sewage disposal such as disease transmission.
- Approved methods and systems for excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal including pit latrines, septic tanks, and sewage treatment to remove pathogens and nutrients.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
1. The document discusses dietary recommendations for various infectious diseases and conditions including fever, malaria, emphysema, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, and others.
2. For fever and infections, the recommendations are to increase calories to meet increased metabolic demands and avoid starvation, increase protein intake to correct nitrogen balance, and increase carbohydrates and fluids.
3. For specific conditions like emphysema, recommendations include high calorie, low carbohydrate, high protein diets as well as vitamin supplements and regular exercise to promote strength and efficiency.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence varies significantly between regions, from low rates in the United States and Africa to very high rates in parts of Asia. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Clinical features can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sometimes liver biopsy. High-risk groups are screened regularly through alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasound. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include surgical resection, ablation, chemotherapy, and transplantation.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
This document summarizes the stages and neurophysiology of sleep. It describes the four stages of non-REM sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns. REM sleep is characterized by low voltage mixed frequency brain waves. Various brain regions are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep serves important restorative functions and deficiencies can cause problems like daytime sleepiness. Insomnia and other sleep disorders are also summarized.
This document discusses tic disorders such as Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. Tourette's is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic over a period of more than one year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. Treatment includes haloperidol. Differential diagnoses include chronic motor or vocal tic disorder and transient tic disorder.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and serve as a healthy distraction from daily stressors.
The document outlines a dermatology syllabus covering various common skin conditions organized into 18 topics. Some of the key conditions discussed include eczema (its classification and types), urticaria, acne/rosacea, psoriasis, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), sexually transmitted diseases, tumors (benign and malignant), and connective tissue diseases. For each condition, the syllabus provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria where relevant, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses tic disorders, including Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. There are simple and complex motor and vocal tics. Tourette's disorder is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic for over a year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. While the cause is unknown, dopamine and endogenous opioids may play a role. Treatment includes haloperidol. Transient tic disorder involves single or multiple tics for less than a year.
The document discusses various causes of drug-induced liver injury including direct toxicity from drugs like acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride as well as idiosyncratic reactions. Certain drugs are more likely to cause hepatotoxicity through both direct toxicity and idiosyncratic mechanisms. Supportive treatment measures for acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury are also outlined. Herbal and dietary supplements can also potentially cause liver injury through mechanisms like pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination.
The document discusses acute and chronic pancreatitis, including causes such as alcohol abuse, gallstones, and trauma. It describes clinical features such as severe epigastric pain and elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like CT scans and MRCP, and endoscopic ultrasound. Treatment depends on the severity and includes IV fluids, analgesics, antibiotics, and surgery for complications like pseudocysts or obstruction.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and diagnosing liver disease. It discusses classifying liver diseases as hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed based on etiology and evaluating disease severity and stage. Common symptoms, diagnostic tests, clinical findings, and classifications such as Child-Pugh staging for cirrhosis are outlined.
The document discusses various complications that can arise from cirrhosis of the liver. It describes portal hypertension, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, coagulation abnormalities, and other hematologic abnormalities as common complications. Diagnosis and treatment approaches are mentioned for several of these conditions.
This document discusses chronic hepatitis, which is hepatic inflammation and necrosis that continues for at least 6 months. It can be classified by cause such as hepatitis B, C, autoimmune hepatitis, or drug-associated hepatitis. It can also be classified by grade based on the extent of necrosis and inflammation visible on biopsy. Chronic hepatitis B has varying likelihood of chronicity depending on age at infection and may present asymptomatically or with fatigue, jaundice, ascites, or bleeding varices. Laboratory findings include elevated liver enzymes and hypoalbuminemia. Chronic hepatitis B clinical forms are differentiated based on presence of HBeAg and levels of ALT and HBVDNA.
The document discusses Entamoeba histolytica, a parasite that can cause liver abscesses. The most common extraintestinal symptoms are fever, right upper quadrant pain, anorexia and point tenderness in the right upper quadrant area, with jaundice being rare. Diagnostic tests for liver abscesses caused by E. histolytica include ultrasonography, CT scan, MRI, and Elisa antibody tests. Treatment is generally metronidazole, with 90% seeing a good response within 72 hours.