The document discusses the passive voice and have causative structures in English. It provides examples of when to use the passive voice, such as when the agent is unknown or to emphasize the object. It explains the structure of passive sentences and how they differ from active sentences. It also discusses how to form the passive voice in different tenses. Additionally, it covers using "get" instead of "be" and exceptions to have causative structures.

1. Passive Voice and
Have Causative
Reach up 1

2. ✔ When the agent is unknown
– Spanish "SE" : Se venden pisos.
– Flats are sold
– Subject is omitted: Le dieron un beso a Pepita.
- Pepita was given a kiss.
✔ To make the object of the active verb more
important
America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus
✔ When the description of the agent is very long
A charity record has been made by many famous names in
the world of pop music.
When do we use it?

3. BE  in the
tense of the action
the principal verb in Past Participle
+ by + agent
THE PASSIVE VERB
to BE + Past Participle + {complements}
(in the active tense) + (main verb) + {if needed}
ACTIVE PASSIVE
She wants an ice-cream An ice-cream is wanted
He sent a letter A letter was sent
We will buy a new car next week A new car will be bought
They have been cutting the grass The grass has been being cut
The agent of the action [the
subject in the active voice]

4. The passive sentence I
Active
Subject
Active
Verb
Direct
Object
Robert
ACTIVE VOICE
found a coin
by
Passive
Verb
Passive
Subject
Agent
A coin
PASSIVE VOICE
was found by Robert

5. The passive sentence II:
two-complement verbs
Active
Subject
Active
Verb
Direct
Object
Indirect
Object
Robert
ACTIVE VOICE
gave a coin to Tom
by
Direct
Object
Passive
Verb
Passive
Subject
Agent
PASSIVE VOICE
toTom
A coin
Tom
was given
was given a coin
by Robert
by Robert

6. They built this house in 1466
This house was built in 1466
Channel islanders speak French & English
French & English is spoken by Channel islanders
This book will change your life
2/ Your life will be changed by this book
Examples

7. They have cut the grass
The grass has been cut
My mother is going to give me a present
I am going to be given a present by my mother
Susan wrote an e-mail to him
He was written an e-mail by Susan
Examples

8. They can’t answer your question
Your question can’t be answered
Someone had to take her to hospital after this
She had to be taken to hospital after the crash
They shouldn’t allow the children to do these things
The children shouldn’t be allowed to do these things
Someone must tell him if we want him to know
He must be told if we want him to know
More examples

9. Structure of the verb
TENSES EXAMPLES
Present Simple Pigs are often used to find truffles
Present Continuous My house is being redecorated at the moment
Present Perfect I have never been given flowers on my birthday
Past Simple This picture was painted by Picasso
Past Continuous When I saw him he was being followed by the
police
Past Perfect She was angry because she had already been told
three times
Future Simple When you get there everything will be finished
Going to - Future They are not going to be easily convinced
Conditional Simple You would be punished if they found out
Conditional Perfect If you hadn’t told them would I have been invited?

10. ✔ GET is used instead of BE withpassive
meaning in informal English.
I got stuck in a traffic jam
She is getting married
✔ After NEED/WANT the -ing form can beused
with passive meaning
This job needs doing
That room wants cleaning
EXTENSION I: get, need, want

11. M
M
o
o
r
r
e
eppaassssiiveves
s
t
t
u
u
f
f
f
f
✔Verbs like: Believe, Think, Consider, Say,
Report, Know, Expect, Feel, Understand, Find
1. Introductory IT is used
IT + passive verb + complete subordinate sentence
without changes
It is said that he started the fire
It is thought that she doesn't live in London
It was known that the King is coming tomorrow
EXTENSION II: said, believed, thought

12. HAVE/GET SOMETHING DONE
(have causative)

13. Why do we use have causative?
when we don´t do something ourselves, but
arrange for someone to do it for us, which
means that we usually pay for the job to be
done.
Examples:
The boy had her eyesight tested by the optician.
She’s having her nails done in the new beauty
salon.

14. have causative: FORM
My father has had his coat cleaned
We are having our flat decorated
SUBJECT
PAST
PARTICIPLE
HAVE / GET
(any tense is possible)
OBJECT

15. We can also use: GET
Using «get» and not «have» is very common,
especially in colloquial English. (although it is
hardly ever used in the present perfect)
Example:
I should get my car repaired
as soon as possible!
She must get her tooth filled
soon!

16. This structure could also mean: that you managed
to finish something difficult… (you did it yourself,
not another person)
Example:
I managed to get my websibe page set up all by myself!
EXCEPTION! GET STH. DONE

17. EXCEPTION!
HAVE SOMETHING DONE =
something bad or
unpleasant happens to you
Example:
On my way home from school I
had my wallet stolen