3. Chronic progressive
Neurodegenerative disorder
Movement disorder
also causes a range of non-motor
disorders including cognitive and
mood dysfunction , difficulties in
communication and autonomic
dysfunction.
Parkinson
4. The causes of sporadic PD are
unknown; however, it is likely that
the disease results from a
combination of factor such as
ageing, environmental toxins and
genetic susceptibility, resulting in
convergent mechanisms causing
cell death in vulnerable
dopaminergic neurons
5.
6. The pathology responsible for PD occurs in a
group of grey matter structures in the
subcortical region of the cerebrum and in the
ventral midbrain, the basal ganglia.
70 to 80% loss of neurons before symtoms
become apperent.
Pathophysiology
10. Drug induced PD
multiple system atrophy (MSA),
progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP);
arteriosclerotic parkinsonism;
viral infections such as post encephalic
parkinsonism
repeated head trauma as experienced by
sportsmen such as boxers (dementia pugilistica)
rare metabolic diseases such as Wilson’s disease
rare genetic disorders such as Hallervorden–
Spatz syndrome;
normal-pressure hydrocephalus;
cortical basal ganglionic degeneration;
tumours as rare causes of misdiagnosis
DIFFERENTIALS
26. Break down complex movement sequences into simple
component parts
Arrange parts in a logical, sequential order
Utilize prior mental rehearsal of the whole movement
sequence
Perform each part separately, ideally ending in a stable
resting position from which the next step can be
initiated
Execute each part under conscious control
Avoid simultaneous motor or cognitive tasks
Use appropriate visual, auditory and somatosensory
cues
to initiate and maintain movement.
Cognitive movement
strategies
27. Failure to maintain automatically the
appropriate scale and timing of sequential
movements is a key motor problem
experienced with basal ganglia disorder.
When a movement is externally generated
using cues, the lateral (superior) parietal,
thalamus, and premotor areas are relatively
more activated
Cueing
