This document discusses four main parenting styles - permissive, authoritative, neglectful, and authoritarian - as identified by developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind and expanded on by researchers Eleanor Maccoby and Jacob Martin. It provides statistics on the prevalence of each parenting style in the US and examines the effects of each style. The authoritative parenting style, which is high in both demandingness and responsiveness, tends to have the most positive outcomes for children's development, while neglectful parenting tends to result in the most negative outcomes. The document also explores additional parenting styles like attachment parenting, helicopter parenting, tiger parenting, and free-range parenting.

1. Parenting Styles
and their Effects on
Children
Kathlyn Villalobos
Evergreen Valley College
Psych 001: Introduction to Psychology
Prof: Nirali Patel
December 11, 2022

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Introduction
- The four main parenting styles — permissive,
authoritative, neglectful and authoritarian — used
in child psychology today are based on the work
of Diana Baumrind a developmental psychologist,
and Stanford researchers Eleanor Maccoby
and Jacob Martin.
-Based on extensive observation, interviews, and
analyses, Baumrind initially identified three
parenting styles: authoritative parenting,
authoritarian parenting, and permissive parenting.
-Although Diana Baumrind is known for her work
on categorizing parenting styles, Maccoby and
Martin (1983) were the ones who expanded this 3-
parenting-styles model using a two-dimensional
framework.
Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Theory

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- Maccoby and Martin expanded Baumrind’s
permissive parenting style into two different
parenting types: permissive style (also known as
indulgent parenting style) and neglectful parenting
(also known as uninvolved parenting style).
Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Theory
Cont'd
Statistics On Different Types Of Parenting
Styles
In the US, roughly 46% of parents use an
authoritative parenting style, 26% authoritarian
parenting style, 18% permissive parenting style,
and 10% neglectful parenting style .
46% Authoritative
26% Authoritarian
18% Permissive
10% Neglectful

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07Cultural Background
What is Culture?
Culture refers to a pattern of social norms,
values, language, and behavior shared by
individuals parents are affected by their culture
• Parenting approaches vary across cultures concerning
promoting attention, compliance, delayed
gratification, executive function, and effortful control.
• Every parent has a different approach in how to
interact and guide their children. A child’s morals,
principles, and conduct are generally established
through this bond.
• Cultural backgrounds have a major impact on
how the family unit exists and how children are
reared. In the last several years, the population
of the United States of America has had a
makeup. Changes driven by immigration,
socioeconomic status, and single-parent families
are some of the factors that determine a variety
of parenting styles among families.

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• Responsiveness refers to the degree to which
parents are accepting and sensitive to their
children’s emotional and developmental needs.
Parenting Styles
Baumrind developed and refined a theory
describing parenting styles based on two aspects
of parenting that are found to be
extremely important:
1. Demandingness
2. Responsiveness
• Demandingness refers to the extent to which
parents control their child’s behavior or
demand their maturity.

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Effects
 Strict parental rules and punishments often
influence the child to rebel against authority
figures as they grow older.
 Perform worse academically.
1) Authoritarian
• There is little to no room for negotiations from
the child, and the rules are not usually explained.
• Mistakes usually lead to punishment.
High demandingness. Low responsiveness.
• Less nurturing and have high expectations
with limited flexibility.  Have poorer social competence.

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2)Authoritative Effects
• Disciplinary methods are used as a way of
support instead of punishment
• Warm and responsive
• This type of parent normally develops a close,
nurturing relationship with their children
 Authoritative parenting results in children who are
confident, responsible, and able to self-regulate
 They can manage their negative emotions more
effectively, which leads to better social outcomes
and emotional health
 These children have a high level of academic
achievement and school performance
High demandingness. High responsiveness.

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16 Effects
 Cannot follow rules.
 Have worse self-control.
 Possess egocentric tendencies.
 Encounter more problems in relationships and
social interactions.
3) Permissive
Low demandingness. High responsiveness
• They impose limited rules on their children
• They do not like to say no or disappoint their
children.
• They act more like friends than parents

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183)Neglectful/ Uninvolved
Low demandingness. Low responsiveness.
• They fulfill the child’s basic needs while generally
remaining detached from their child’s life.
• Does not utilize a particular disciplining style
• Has a limited amount of communication with
their child
Effects
 They are more impulsive.
 Cannot self-regulate emotion
 Have more mental issues — e.g. suicidal
behavior in adolescents.
 Encounter more delinquent behavior and
addiction problems.
 May have academic challenges

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Other Types of Parenting
ATTACHMENT PARENTING
- a style of parenting aimed at meeting the
emotional needs of infants responsively through
close physical contact and emotional attunement.
Outcomes:
 Better communication
 Healthier social-emotional development
HELICOPTER PARENTING
-is a term used to describe the over-protective
attitude
• Parents hovers over their child, monitors, and
controls every aspect of their children’s lives and
steps in whenever a problem arises.
• This parenting style is close to authoritarian
Outcomes:
 Fear of Failure
 Less independent

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Other Types of Parenting
TIGER PARENTING
-It is characterized by a very strict and harsh set of
rules and regulations.
• Emotional abuse such as shaming and insulting
is often used to force children to comply.
-Is the practice of allowing children to be more
independent than traditional parenting would allow
• They make choices and learn from the
consequences of their choices
• It is the antithesis of helicopter parenting
• Children can explore their environment and
develop into independent adults.
Outcomes:
•Less sense of family obligation
•More depressive symptoms
FREE-RANGE PARENTING

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24 In contrast to the authoritative style,
authoritarian parents probably would not relax
bedtime rules during a vacation because they
consider the rules to be set, and they expect
obedience. This style can create anxious,
withdrawn, and unhappy kids. It is important to
point out that authoritarian parenting is as
beneficial as the authoritative style in some ethnic
groups (Russell, Crockett, & Chao, 2010).
Conclusion
The authoritative parenting style is considered the
best parenting style by psychologists and
psychiatrists.
Of the four parenting styles, the authoritative style
is the one that is most encouraged in modern
American society. American children raised by
authoritative parents tend to have high self-esteem
and social skills. However, effective parenting styles
vary as a function of culture and, as Small (1999)
points out, the authoritative style is not necessarily
preferred or appropriate in all cultures.

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Reference
•Mendez, M. (n.d.). Types of parenting styles and effects
on children - statpearls -
NCBI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568743/
•Pamela Li, M. S. (n.d.). 4 types of parenting styles and
their effects on the child. Parenting For Brain. 11AD, from
https://www.parentingforbrain.com/4-baumrind-
parenting-styles/
•Worthy, L. D., Lavigne, T., & Romero, F. (2020, July 27).
Parenting styles. Culture and Psychology.
https://open.maricopa.edu/culturepsychology/chapter/p
arenting-styles/

16. THANK YOU