parental care in animals and their adaptation.pptx
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Parental care of the terrestrial and aquatic animals
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parental care of fishes.pptx
Parental care in fishes includes various forms of post-spawning care such as depositing eggs in suitable locations, building nests, concealing eggs and young in their bodies, viviparity, and caring for independently swimming young. Different fish species exhibit different types and levels of parental care depending on factors like the number of eggs produced and the environment. Some common examples are mouth-brooding in cichlids, male seahorses carrying fertilized eggs in pouches, and stickleback males building elaborate barrel-shaped nests.
Parental care in Amphibians
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
Zoo CC305 Parental Care in Amphibians.pdf
Parental care in amphibians involves behaviors that protect eggs and offspring and increase their chances of survival. There are two main types of parental care in amphibians: 1) Protection via nests and nurseries, such as depositing eggs in water, on leaves, or constructing mud or foam nests. 2) Direct care from parents, including carrying eggs on their body or in pouches, coiling around eggs, and transporting tadpoles to water. Examples include tree frogs wrapping eggs in foam and males carrying eggs on their legs. Parental care enhances egg and tadpole survival by protecting them from predators and desiccation, contributing to increased reproductive fitness.
PARENTAL CARE IN FISHES.pptx for 5th sem
Parental care in fishes varies greatly depending on the species. Some species exhibit no parental care at all, with the eggs being left to develop on their own, while others display elaborate forms of care, such as guarding the eggs, fanning them to provide oxygen, or even carrying the eggs in their mouths. These behaviors can enhance the survival of the offspring by protecting them from predators, providing oxygen, and ensuring optimal conditions for development.
Parental care in amphibia
It is mainly a college presentation based on 'parental care in amphibia'. In this ppt, I discussed about parental care, basic facts of amphibia, the types and benefits of parental care taken by amphibia
Parental care in amphibia
Amphibians display a wide range of parental care behaviors. Some female salamanders carry eggs attached to their neck until hatching. Frogs and toads also provide care, with some species gluing eggs to leaves or building mud nests. The male Darwin's frog cares for tadpoles by carrying them in his vocal sacs until they emerge fully developed.
Parental care of fishes
Parental care in fishes ranges from simple nest building to carrying eggs and live birth. Some common types of parental care seen in fishes are nest building like bubble nests and weed nests. Other fishes attach eggs to their bodies like pipefish and sea horses where males carry fertilized eggs in brood pouches. Mouth brooding is also common where parents incubate eggs in their mouths. Some sharks and rays enclose eggs in leathery mermaid's purses. The highest level of care is viviparity where young develop internally and receive nourishment from a placenta.
Parental care in fishes, several fishes showing parental care,different types...
parental care in fishes is very important role in survival of young ones.the important parental care methods included in this slide,and this slide also contain which are the fishes showing parental cares.
Recommended
parental care of fishes.pptx
Parental care in fishes includes various forms of post-spawning care such as depositing eggs in suitable locations, building nests, concealing eggs and young in their bodies, viviparity, and caring for independently swimming young. Different fish species exhibit different types and levels of parental care depending on factors like the number of eggs produced and the environment. Some common examples are mouth-brooding in cichlids, male seahorses carrying fertilized eggs in pouches, and stickleback males building elaborate barrel-shaped nests.
Parental care in Amphibians
Parental care in amphibians provides benefits to offspring survival. There are various types of parental care exhibited by different amphibian species, including selecting protected nesting sites, defending eggs or territories, directly transporting tadpoles to water, gluing or carrying eggs attached to the body, and even viviparity in some species. Parental care improves offspring chances of survival by protecting eggs from predators and ensuring young amphibians safely reach water once hatched.
Zoo CC305 Parental Care in Amphibians.pdf
Parental care in amphibians involves behaviors that protect eggs and offspring and increase their chances of survival. There are two main types of parental care in amphibians: 1) Protection via nests and nurseries, such as depositing eggs in water, on leaves, or constructing mud or foam nests. 2) Direct care from parents, including carrying eggs on their body or in pouches, coiling around eggs, and transporting tadpoles to water. Examples include tree frogs wrapping eggs in foam and males carrying eggs on their legs. Parental care enhances egg and tadpole survival by protecting them from predators and desiccation, contributing to increased reproductive fitness.
PARENTAL CARE IN FISHES.pptx for 5th sem
Parental care in fishes varies greatly depending on the species. Some species exhibit no parental care at all, with the eggs being left to develop on their own, while others display elaborate forms of care, such as guarding the eggs, fanning them to provide oxygen, or even carrying the eggs in their mouths. These behaviors can enhance the survival of the offspring by protecting them from predators, providing oxygen, and ensuring optimal conditions for development.
Parental care in amphibia
It is mainly a college presentation based on 'parental care in amphibia'. In this ppt, I discussed about parental care, basic facts of amphibia, the types and benefits of parental care taken by amphibia
Parental care in amphibia
Amphibians display a wide range of parental care behaviors. Some female salamanders carry eggs attached to their neck until hatching. Frogs and toads also provide care, with some species gluing eggs to leaves or building mud nests. The male Darwin's frog cares for tadpoles by carrying them in his vocal sacs until they emerge fully developed.
Parental care of fishes
Parental care in fishes ranges from simple nest building to carrying eggs and live birth. Some common types of parental care seen in fishes are nest building like bubble nests and weed nests. Other fishes attach eggs to their bodies like pipefish and sea horses where males carry fertilized eggs in brood pouches. Mouth brooding is also common where parents incubate eggs in their mouths. Some sharks and rays enclose eggs in leathery mermaid's purses. The highest level of care is viviparity where young develop internally and receive nourishment from a placenta.
Parental care in fishes, several fishes showing parental care,different types...
parental care in fishes is very important role in survival of young ones.the important parental care methods included in this slide,and this slide also contain which are the fishes showing parental cares.
tilapia
Tilapia have been cultured for over 3,000 years in Africa and are now widely farmed globally. They are native to Africa, Israel, and Jordan. The Nile tilapia is the most commonly farmed species. Tilapia grow well in temperatures above 25°C and can be raised in various systems like ponds, cages, tanks, and indoor raceways. They are often cultured as either mixed-sex or all-male populations, which require techniques like sex-reversal. Global tilapia production was over 2 million metric tons in 2004, with top producers being China, Egypt, and Indonesia.
Parantal care in fishes
Parental care in fishes involves various behaviors to protect eggs and offspring. Many fish build elaborate nests, such as sunfish creating shallow basin nests. Others guard eggs in their mouths or coil around them. Parental care increases survival chances for offspring and helps continue species. Behaviors seen include nest building, guarding eggs, and caring for hatchlings. Parental care is an important evolutionary development for fish reproduction.
Parental care in fishes
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Presentation on Parental care in Amphibians
This document summarizes various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians. It describes how amphibians select sites for egg-laying, form foam, mud, leaf, and shoot nests, carry eggs on their bodies, use organs as brooding pouches, coil around eggs, and transfer tadpoles to water. Some amphibians exhibit viviparity where young are born live rather than from eggs. The document concludes that parental care in amphibians likely evolved in response to their habitats and lifestyles, and may be instinctive rather than influenced by hormones.
Parental care in fishes By TANZEEBA AMIN
Parental care is an important behavior for perpetuating fish species. Many fish species care for their eggs and young in various ways. Some fish build different types of nests, such as circular, basin-shaped, or barrel-shaped nests to lay and care for eggs. Other fish deposit eggs in suitable locations or carry them in their mouths or pouches. Some fish are viviparous. Parental care benefits offspring survival but increases costs to parents. There is great diversity in parental care strategies among fish species.
Parental care in amphibian
Amphibians show various forms of parental care to protect their eggs and offspring. This includes constructing nests or shelters to house eggs, directly coiling around or carrying eggs, giving birth to larvae, or retaining eggs in pouches or internally until the offspring are fully developed. Some frogs build mud or foam nests, while others lay eggs on leaves overhanging water. Certain frogs carry eggs on their backs or transfer tadpoles to water. Salamanders may coil around eggs or carry them attached to their neck. Parental care benefits offspring by increasing survival when they are associated with parents and improving offspring quality to boost future survival and reproduction.
Parental care in amphibians
This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
Parental care in amphibians
This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
Parental care in amphibians
Amphibians exhibit two main types of parental care: protection of eggs/young through nests/shelters, and direct caring behaviors. For protection, many frogs lay eggs near water in moist habitats and defend the eggs or territories. Some frogs have direct development where eggs hatch into small frogs. Others make foam, mud, or gelatinous nests. For direct care, some species coil around eggs, transport tadpoles to water, glue eggs to their bodies, carry eggs on their backs, or use vocal sacs or viviparity to brood eggs. Parental care helps offspring develop and avoid predators until independence.
Duck billed platypus
The document provides information about the duck-billed platypus, including its range, diet, physical description, breeding habits, unique anatomy, and unusual traits. It notes that the platypus lives in eastern Australia, eats small animals and larvae it finds in rivers and lakes, and has a bill and tail unlike other animals. The document also describes how platypuses breed, build burrows, and males have venomous spurs, as well as other odd facts about their reproduction and lifespan.
Life cycles
Parental Care across the phyla. The habitats and reproduction cycle of honey bees, penguins, and seahorses.
Life cycles w/pictures
The document discusses various methods of parental care across different taxa. It covers examples such as mouth-brooding fish, colonial breeding species like lions and honey bees, and parental care strategies in penguins and seahorses. Seahorses have an unusual form of paternal care where males carry and give birth to live young after the female deposits eggs in the male's brood pouch. Penguins exhibit monogamous relationships and take turns incubating eggs and caring for chicks. Parental care strategies help offspring survive and are adapted to each species' environment and lifestyle.
Tilapia
The document summarizes information about tilapia, including that it is native to Africa but distributed worldwide, adapts well to different environments, and has a high growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. It also discusses global tilapia aquaculture production led by China, common tilapia species farmed like Nile tilapia, their breeding cycles and parental care, and techniques used for brood stock management and production of monosex seed including hormonal sex reversal and hybridization.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including types (asexual and sexual), sexual maturity timelines that vary by species, diversity in sexes (dioecious and hermaphroditic), modes of sexual reproduction (oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity), clutch sizes, courtship synchronism, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young. Sexual reproduction is the most common, involving internal or external fertilization of eggs, while a few fish species can reproduce asexually or are hermaphroditic.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Development 3 phyla
This narrated presentation discusses the development of 4 different species, two are deuterostomes and 2 are protostomes (one from the phyla Cnidaria, one from the phyla arthropoda, and two from the phylum chordata) development discussed is from early embryonic or egg stage to a mature adult. The presentation focuses on morphological development but also may key in on the purpose of each developmental stage. The creatures representing each of the phyla include the jellyfish, the honeybee, the elephant, and the platypus. Interestingly, Cnidaria have both sexual and asexual stages in their life cycle. The honeybee larvae have 3 different developmental paths they can take, the elephant has an extremely long gestation period, and the platypus is an egg-laying mammal. The video focuses on the uniqueness of each organisms development.
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tilapia
Tilapia have been cultured for over 3,000 years in Africa and are now widely farmed globally. They are native to Africa, Israel, and Jordan. The Nile tilapia is the most commonly farmed species. Tilapia grow well in temperatures above 25°C and can be raised in various systems like ponds, cages, tanks, and indoor raceways. They are often cultured as either mixed-sex or all-male populations, which require techniques like sex-reversal. Global tilapia production was over 2 million metric tons in 2004, with top producers being China, Egypt, and Indonesia.
Parantal care in fishes
Parental care in fishes involves various behaviors to protect eggs and offspring. Many fish build elaborate nests, such as sunfish creating shallow basin nests. Others guard eggs in their mouths or coil around them. Parental care increases survival chances for offspring and helps continue species. Behaviors seen include nest building, guarding eggs, and caring for hatchlings. Parental care is an important evolutionary development for fish reproduction.
Parental care in fishes
Parental care is any behavior pattern in which a parent invests time or energy in feeding and protecting its offspring.
Parental care is a form of altruism since this type of behaviour involves increasing the fitness of the offspring at the expense of the parents.
The evolution of parental care is beneficial as it facilitates offspring performance traits that are ultimately tied to offspring fitness.
Parental care is evolved in those organism which produce limited no. of eggs to ensure the continuity of their race.
Presentation on Parental care in Amphibians
This document summarizes various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians. It describes how amphibians select sites for egg-laying, form foam, mud, leaf, and shoot nests, carry eggs on their bodies, use organs as brooding pouches, coil around eggs, and transfer tadpoles to water. Some amphibians exhibit viviparity where young are born live rather than from eggs. The document concludes that parental care in amphibians likely evolved in response to their habitats and lifestyles, and may be instinctive rather than influenced by hormones.
Parental care in fishes By TANZEEBA AMIN
Parental care is an important behavior for perpetuating fish species. Many fish species care for their eggs and young in various ways. Some fish build different types of nests, such as circular, basin-shaped, or barrel-shaped nests to lay and care for eggs. Other fish deposit eggs in suitable locations or carry them in their mouths or pouches. Some fish are viviparous. Parental care benefits offspring survival but increases costs to parents. There is great diversity in parental care strategies among fish species.
Parental care in amphibian
Amphibians show various forms of parental care to protect their eggs and offspring. This includes constructing nests or shelters to house eggs, directly coiling around or carrying eggs, giving birth to larvae, or retaining eggs in pouches or internally until the offspring are fully developed. Some frogs build mud or foam nests, while others lay eggs on leaves overhanging water. Certain frogs carry eggs on their backs or transfer tadpoles to water. Salamanders may coil around eggs or carry them attached to their neck. Parental care benefits offspring by increasing survival when they are associated with parents and improving offspring quality to boost future survival and reproduction.
Parental care in amphibians
This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
Parental care in amphibians
This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
Parental care in amphibians
Amphibians exhibit two main types of parental care: protection of eggs/young through nests/shelters, and direct caring behaviors. For protection, many frogs lay eggs near water in moist habitats and defend the eggs or territories. Some frogs have direct development where eggs hatch into small frogs. Others make foam, mud, or gelatinous nests. For direct care, some species coil around eggs, transport tadpoles to water, glue eggs to their bodies, carry eggs on their backs, or use vocal sacs or viviparity to brood eggs. Parental care helps offspring develop and avoid predators until independence.
Duck billed platypus
The document provides information about the duck-billed platypus, including its range, diet, physical description, breeding habits, unique anatomy, and unusual traits. It notes that the platypus lives in eastern Australia, eats small animals and larvae it finds in rivers and lakes, and has a bill and tail unlike other animals. The document also describes how platypuses breed, build burrows, and males have venomous spurs, as well as other odd facts about their reproduction and lifespan.
Life cycles
Parental Care across the phyla. The habitats and reproduction cycle of honey bees, penguins, and seahorses.
Life cycles w/pictures
The document discusses various methods of parental care across different taxa. It covers examples such as mouth-brooding fish, colonial breeding species like lions and honey bees, and parental care strategies in penguins and seahorses. Seahorses have an unusual form of paternal care where males carry and give birth to live young after the female deposits eggs in the male's brood pouch. Penguins exhibit monogamous relationships and take turns incubating eggs and caring for chicks. Parental care strategies help offspring survive and are adapted to each species' environment and lifestyle.
Tilapia
The document summarizes information about tilapia, including that it is native to Africa but distributed worldwide, adapts well to different environments, and has a high growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. It also discusses global tilapia aquaculture production led by China, common tilapia species farmed like Nile tilapia, their breeding cycles and parental care, and techniques used for brood stock management and production of monosex seed including hormonal sex reversal and hybridization.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including types (asexual and sexual), sexual maturity timelines that vary by species, diversity in sexes (dioecious and hermaphroditic), modes of sexual reproduction (oviparity, ovoviviparity, viviparity), clutch sizes, courtship synchronism, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young. Sexual reproduction is the most common, involving internal or external fertilization of eggs, while a few fish species can reproduce asexually or are hermaphroditic.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish reproduction
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Development 3 phyla
This narrated presentation discusses the development of 4 different species, two are deuterostomes and 2 are protostomes (one from the phyla Cnidaria, one from the phyla arthropoda, and two from the phylum chordata) development discussed is from early embryonic or egg stage to a mature adult. The presentation focuses on morphological development but also may key in on the purpose of each developmental stage. The creatures representing each of the phyla include the jellyfish, the honeybee, the elephant, and the platypus. Interestingly, Cnidaria have both sexual and asexual stages in their life cycle. The honeybee larvae have 3 different developmental paths they can take, the elephant has an extremely long gestation period, and the platypus is an egg-laying mammal. The video focuses on the uniqueness of each organisms development.
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parental care in animals and their adaptation.pptx
- 2. ■ In several species the parental care are well developed particularly in ber vertebrates to increase the survival rate of their young one. ■ It is found mainly in the species which produces fewer off springs and ansisting long time period for the development. ■ In this particular behaviour, either one or both parents involve in taking care of their young ones until it can be capable for self care and self dependent. ■ Male-female providing food, shelter and protection to their offspring is known as "parental care".
- 3. ARIUS / CATFISH ■ Once fertilization occurs, the male arius showing parental care through keeping eggs into mouth and take care of it by protecting and maintaining the temperature for hatching. ■ Male arius do not eat anything until fry are not emerge out of eggs.
- 4. ■ The offspring are around 6-8 cm long and gradually adapt to adult behaviour, such as opportunistic bottom feeding and scavenging. ■ Incubations continue through the yolk-sac larval state, for approx length of 8-11 weeks.
- 5. ■ The hardhead catfish are also mouth brooder in which paternal care are there my Male keeping eggs in his mouth and did not feed until the eggs hatch out and non- functioning ■ Eggs are used as food for male mouth brooder. ■ Other kind of paternal care also there in other species of fish like bubble nesting in which male guards the eggs by making bubble nest.
- 6. Ichthyophis ■ Ichthyophis is an apodans amphibian lives in burrows in moist ground. ■ In this sticky caecilian Female shows parental care as she coiled around the eggs till they hatch out. ■ In this way she guarding and maintaining the suitable temperature for hatching the eggs.
- 7. Alytes ■ Many species carry eggs on their backs to guard them. ■ It is also found in Alytes commonly known as mid-wife toad due to their peculiar parental behaviour shown by the male as it carry a string of fertilized eggs on their back and act as 'mid-wife". ■ The female expels a strand of eggs which the male fertilizes externally and then warps them around his leg to protect them from predators in the water.
- 8. ■ Once the eggs are hatched completely, mole wades into shallow water where he allows the tadpole to emerge out from the eHgs. ■ Thus the male protecting the eggs from various predators by sticking them on his back and carries them till they hatch.