The document discusses paraphrasing and summarizing external sources in academic writing. It defines paraphrasing as rewriting a source's sentences using different structure and vocabulary while keeping all the original details. Summarizing is also rewriting using different words, but involves only including the main ideas in a significantly shorter form than the original. The document provides examples to illustrate high-quality paraphrasing and summarizing, and outlines a six-step process for summarizing a passage while avoiding direct plagiarism.

1. PARAPHRASING &
SUMMARIZING

2. Introduction
◦ In academic writing, it is essential that you include external sources from
books, articles, magazines, and the internet. They are used to support your
main points.
◦ Three common ways to do this: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing.
◦ Quoting information includes in taking the original words from the source,
putting quotation marks at the beginning and end of these words, and adding
them into your writing. Refer to your eBook, page 15-19.
◦ As for paraphrasing and summarizing, they involve in rewriting the sentences
in different words.
◦ Find out the similarities and differences of these two skills.

3. Paraphrasing Summarizing
• Change the sentence structure of the original text.
• Change the vocabulary of the original text.
• Use all the details in the original text.
• A paraphrase is often similar length as the
original.
• Use only in the most important ideas in the
original text.
• A summary is significantly shorter than the
original.

4. Paraphrasing
It must be written in your own words and structure.
It must contain the same details as the original.
Do not change any of the ideas in the original information.
Do not remove any ideas, or add new ones.
It is not necessary to change every word. Certain words and phrases should not be changed as
they cannot be stated differently, or a shared language.
For example:
◦ Proper nouns (names of people, organizations, places, etc.): Albert Einstein, Inti International College,
Kuala Lumpur
◦ Common nouns that are impossible to reword efficiently: history, computer, mosquito, summer,
technology
◦ Technical terms: carbon dioxide, hibernation, gross national product
◦ Numbers and dates: 17,000, 45%, 1987, October 22

5. Compare the paraphrases:
Original sentence: Only 9% of the students who work part-time earn
sufficient income to support themselves.
Alternative paraphrases:
a. Only 9% of the students who have part-time jobs make enough money to
support themselves.
b. Although many students work part-time, only 9% of them make their living
from their jobs because their wages are very low.
c. Of all the students who have part-time jobs, no more than 9% make enough
money to earn a living.

6. Compare the paraphrases:
Original sentence: Only 9% of the students who work part-time earn
sufficient income to support themselves.
Alternative paraphrases:
a. Not a good paraphrase as it keeps the details in the original sentence, and
the sentence structure and vocabulary are too similar to the original.
b. Not appropriate because it includes information that is not in the original
text.
c. The best paraphrase as it conveys the details in the original text accurately
and uses a different structure and vocabulary.

7. Choose the best paraphrase of the
original text. Why?
Due to the shortage of space, on-campus housing is not common in
big universities. Most students commute from their home or rent an
apartment near the campus.
a. In large cities, the number of university students living on campus is small
because schools often lack space for dormitories. Most students live with
their families or live in apartments near their schools.
b. Because of the shortage of space, on-campus housing is rare in big
universities. Most students go to school from their home or live in an
apartment nearby.
c. In big cities, not so many university students live on campus. It is more
common for them to live with their parents or live alone in an apartment
near the school.

8. Choose the best paraphrase of the
original text. Why?
Throughout most of the developed world, universities have seen a
steady increase in the number of women enrolling in engineering
courses.
a. There are increasingly more engineering schools in most of the developed
areas of the world because women are now taking the courses they offer.
b. The percentage of women studying engineering at university has been rising
steadily in a majority of developed countries.
c. In most developed countries, universities reported a consistent increase in
the number of women taking engineering courses.

9. How to paraphrase?
1. Refer to this padlet :
https://padlet.com/adibahmutalib/f84vzewsxhtw
2. 6 skills to paraphrase:
i. Paraphrase using synonyms
ii. Change from active to passive
iii. Change nouns to verbs
iv. Combine sentences using coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
v. Combine sentences using relative clause and appositives
vi. Paraphrase using definitions

10. Practice: Paraphrasing
PARAPHRASE THE SENTENCES FOLLOWING THE SKILLS SUGGESTED

11. Practice: Paraphrasing
1. Due to the widespread availability of imported food, even
ordinary people’s diets are becoming internationalized.
2. Medical officials blame sedentary activities like internet
use and video games for the dramatic jump in obesity
among teenagers.
3. Children who have pets while they are growing up are
more likely to be calmer when they are adults.

12. Summarizing
It is similar to paraphrasing as it includes rewriting the
original text using different vocabulary and structure.
However, summarizing is different as it:
◦ only has the main idea of the original text.
◦ is much shorter than the original text.

13. How to summarize?
FOLLOW THE SIX-STEPS PROCESS

14. 1. Read the original passage & understand it
The number of overweight children is predicted to rise significantly
around the world by the end of the decade. Research conducted in
25 countries has concluded that almost every country showed
significant increases in childhood obesity. Almost 50% of children in
the US, Canada and Latin America will be overweight by 2020; in
China, this figure is estimated to be one in 5. Scientists believe this
will mean that health care services will be seriously affected in the
future. Many obese children will become obese adults, which will
result in many of them suffering from heart disease, stroke, and
other work-related ailments.

15. 2. Identify the key point or points. These are supported
by specific details, statistics, and examples
The number of overweight children is
predicted to rise significantly around the
world by the end of the decade. Research
conducted in 25 countries has concluded
that almost every country showed
significant increases in childhood obesity.
Almost 50% of children in the US, Canada
and Latin America will be overweight by
2020; in China, this figure is estimated to
be one in 5. Scientists believe this will
mean that health care services will be
seriously affected in the future. Many
obese children will become obese adults,
which will result in many of them
suffering from heart disease, stroke, and
other work-related ailments.
Key point
Key point
Support for key
point
Support for key
point

16. 3. From the key points, identify and write down:
The shared language – obese, children
Details from the original using different words –
increase, cause problems, medical services

17. 4. Write your summary
Use only the words and phrases in your notes.
Do not look at the original text.
First draft:
The increasing number of obese children will cause
problems to medical services.

18. 5. Compare your summary with the original text
Does the summary use different vocabulary?
Does the summary have different sentence structure?
Does the summary includes only key points? (It should not
include specific details, statistics, or examples.)
Does the summary avoid using more than three words in a
row from the original?

19. 6. Revise your summary as necessary
Final summary:
The increasing number of obese children worldwide will
cause serious problems to medical services.

20. Practice: Summarizing
GO TO BLACKBOARD: WEEK 4B
COMPLETE THE SUMMARIZING EXERCISE