The document discusses various types of papillary neoplasms of the breast, including intraductal papilloma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) papillary type, encapsulated papillary carcinoma, solid papillary carcinoma (in situ and invasive), and invasive papillary carcinoma. It provides the ICD-O coding, definition, etiology and pathogenesis, localization, histopathology, cytology, and other characteristics of each type of papillary neoplasm. The document also discusses myoepithelial cells and their role in papillary lesions, as well as common myoepithelial antigens used to identify these cells via immunohistochemistry.
Diagnostic challenges in endocervical adenocarcinomaPritiToppo2
This document discusses diagnostic challenges in endocervical adenocarcinoma. It begins with an introduction to the 2020 WHO classification of endocervical adenocarcinomas into HPV-associated and HPV-independent types. HPV-associated carcinomas include usual, mucinous, intestinal, and signet ring cell types. HPV-independent types include gastric, clear cell, mesonephric, and endometrioid. Precursor lesions of HPV-associated carcinomas include adenocarcinoma in situ and SMILE lesions, while HPV-independent precursors are LEGH and gAIS. The document then discusses the histopathological and cytological features, differential diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment of aden
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, with over 500,000 new cases annually. Developing countries account for 86% of cases. Risk factors include HPV infection, smoking, number of children, contraceptive use, and a weakened immune system. Histologically, cervical cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Precancerous lesions are classified as CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) grades 1-3 based on nuclear abnormalities and maturation alterations. Molecular markers like p16 and Ki-67 help with diagnosis. Rare variants include basaloid, verrucous, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. Accurate
The document discusses breast pathology and benign breast diseases. It begins by describing the anatomy of the breast including lobes, lobules, acini, and ducts. It then discusses clinical presentations of benign breast diseases such as pain, palpable masses, and nipple discharge. Various benign breast lesions are outlined including inflammatory conditions, benign epithelial lesions (nonproliferative changes, proliferative disease without atypia, and proliferative disease with atypia), and breast tumors. Risk of subsequent breast cancer is higher for proliferative disease with atypia compared to other benign breast conditions.
Pitfalls in minor salivary gland neoplasmsEkta Jajodia
1. Minor salivary gland neoplasms can be difficult to diagnose based on limited tissue sampling from biopsies due to overlapping histological features between benign and malignant tumors.
2. Both benign and malignant tumors may appear circumscribed and show similar growth patterns, cytomorphology, stroma, and immunoreactivity, limiting the ability to render a specific diagnosis.
3. A diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma can generally be made on biopsy due to its characteristic cell types, but distinction between other tumors often requires examining features of invasion in completely excised specimens.
This document summarizes a paper on endosalpingiosis, a rare benign condition where fallopian tube-like epithelium grows outside the fallopian tubes. It can mimic cancers. The paper presents two case studies of endosalpingiosis found in patients' uteri and fallopian tubes. Endosalpingiosis is thought to be related to the development of serous tumors and some evidence suggests it may be a precursor to low-grade serous carcinoma. Accurate diagnosis is important to avoid overtreatment or undertreatment of patients.
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology, as well as benign and pre-malignant breast lesions. It begins with the definition and etiology of the breast. The normal histology includes two epithelial cell types that line ducts and lobules, as well as the basement membrane and stromal tissue. Common benign breast conditions are then described, such as fibrocystic changes, adenosis, papillomas, and radial scars. Proliferative breast disease and atypical hyperplasias are covered as pre-malignant lesions. Risk factors for breast cancer and the lifetime risk associated with different lesion types are also summarized.
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the normal breast as well as various benign breast conditions. It describes the lobes, ducts, lobules and stroma of the breast. It then discusses various benign breast diseases and alterations including acute mastitis, periductal mastitis, duct ectasia, fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis and various proliferative breast diseases without atypia.
Diagnostic challenges in endocervical adenocarcinomaPritiToppo2
This document discusses diagnostic challenges in endocervical adenocarcinoma. It begins with an introduction to the 2020 WHO classification of endocervical adenocarcinomas into HPV-associated and HPV-independent types. HPV-associated carcinomas include usual, mucinous, intestinal, and signet ring cell types. HPV-independent types include gastric, clear cell, mesonephric, and endometrioid. Precursor lesions of HPV-associated carcinomas include adenocarcinoma in situ and SMILE lesions, while HPV-independent precursors are LEGH and gAIS. The document then discusses the histopathological and cytological features, differential diagnosis, biomarkers, and treatment of aden
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, with over 500,000 new cases annually. Developing countries account for 86% of cases. Risk factors include HPV infection, smoking, number of children, contraceptive use, and a weakened immune system. Histologically, cervical cancer includes squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Precancerous lesions are classified as CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) grades 1-3 based on nuclear abnormalities and maturation alterations. Molecular markers like p16 and Ki-67 help with diagnosis. Rare variants include basaloid, verrucous, and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. Accurate
The document discusses breast pathology and benign breast diseases. It begins by describing the anatomy of the breast including lobes, lobules, acini, and ducts. It then discusses clinical presentations of benign breast diseases such as pain, palpable masses, and nipple discharge. Various benign breast lesions are outlined including inflammatory conditions, benign epithelial lesions (nonproliferative changes, proliferative disease without atypia, and proliferative disease with atypia), and breast tumors. Risk of subsequent breast cancer is higher for proliferative disease with atypia compared to other benign breast conditions.
Pitfalls in minor salivary gland neoplasmsEkta Jajodia
1. Minor salivary gland neoplasms can be difficult to diagnose based on limited tissue sampling from biopsies due to overlapping histological features between benign and malignant tumors.
2. Both benign and malignant tumors may appear circumscribed and show similar growth patterns, cytomorphology, stroma, and immunoreactivity, limiting the ability to render a specific diagnosis.
3. A diagnosis of mucoepidermoid carcinoma can generally be made on biopsy due to its characteristic cell types, but distinction between other tumors often requires examining features of invasion in completely excised specimens.
This document summarizes a paper on endosalpingiosis, a rare benign condition where fallopian tube-like epithelium grows outside the fallopian tubes. It can mimic cancers. The paper presents two case studies of endosalpingiosis found in patients' uteri and fallopian tubes. Endosalpingiosis is thought to be related to the development of serous tumors and some evidence suggests it may be a precursor to low-grade serous carcinoma. Accurate diagnosis is important to avoid overtreatment or undertreatment of patients.
This document provides an overview of normal breast anatomy and histology, as well as benign and pre-malignant breast lesions. It begins with the definition and etiology of the breast. The normal histology includes two epithelial cell types that line ducts and lobules, as well as the basement membrane and stromal tissue. Common benign breast conditions are then described, such as fibrocystic changes, adenosis, papillomas, and radial scars. Proliferative breast disease and atypical hyperplasias are covered as pre-malignant lesions. Risk factors for breast cancer and the lifetime risk associated with different lesion types are also summarized.
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the normal breast as well as various benign breast conditions. It describes the lobes, ducts, lobules and stroma of the breast. It then discusses various benign breast diseases and alterations including acute mastitis, periductal mastitis, duct ectasia, fat necrosis, granulomatous mastitis and various proliferative breast diseases without atypia.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) refers to pre-cancerous changes that occur in the cells of the cervix. CIN is classified into three grades (CIN 1-3) based on how deep the abnormal cells are in the cervix. Human papillomavirus infection is the main cause of CIN. Screening through Pap tests and HPV testing can detect CIN early. Diagnosis involves colposcopy and biopsy of abnormal areas. Treatment options depend on the grade of CIN and include cryotherapy, loop electrosurgical excision, and conization. Leaving low-grade CIN untreated may allow spontaneous regression.
1. The document discusses various benign and atypical breast diseases, their cytological features on fine needle aspiration, and how they can be distinguished from malignant lesions.
2. Atypical changes in fibroadenomas include myxoid stroma, hemorrhagic infarct, and cellular stroma/epithelium which can mimic malignancy if prominent atypia is present.
3. Intraductal proliferative lesions like flat epithelial atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ have increasing risks of associated invasive carcinoma. Their cytological features can help distinguish them from more benign lesions.
Myoepithelial cells play an important role in both healthy breast tissue and disease. In health, they form part of the bilayered ductal and lobular structures, secreting basement membrane proteins and influencing epithelial cell polarity and differentiation. In benign lesions like sclerosing adenosis and papillomas, myoepithelial cells proliferate along with epithelial cells. Some rare tumors like adenomyoepithelioma are composed of both myoepithelial and epithelial elements. Myoepithelial cells can also be involved in malignancies, either forming part of biphasic tumors or demonstrating pure myoepithelial differentiation in rare carcinomas. Their role in disease progression from ductal
Histopathological Interpretation of Breast Cancer.pptxMunmun Kulsum
This lecture was prepared while opening of 'Breast Clinic' in Department of surgery , Cumilla Medical college Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh. This was delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, as a resource person in the seminar regarding opening of breast clinic.
The document discusses several benign breast conditions that can present as lumps, including cysts, fibroadenomas, fat necrosis, and sclerosing adenosis. It also covers various benign and rare breast tumors such as fibroadenomas, nipple adenomas, pleomorphic adenomas, adenomyoepitheliomas, papillomas, granular cell tumors, and lactating adenomas. The cytological features of fine needle aspirates for many of these conditions are provided. Additionally, radiation-induced changes in breast tissue and cytology samples are described.
Tumors of lung with its 2015 WHO classification along with cytological evidences to rule out various differential diagnosis. The difference between small biopsy and resected specimen terminology has been briefed in a precise manner.
CA-125 is a protein biomarker found in higher concentrations in ovarian cancer cells than normal tissues. It is considered a tumor marker and can help monitor disease status when diagnosed, though its exact role is not well understood. Imaging studies like mammography play an essential role in detecting noninvasive breast cancers by identifying microcalcifications that can indicate conditions like ductal carcinoma in situ. Initial evaluation of diagnosed in situ disease involves biopsy confirmation and consideration of treatment options like observation, breast-conserving surgery, or mastectomy based on diagnosis and patient factors.
Management Of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors Take note of the peculiarities
Management Of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors Take note of the peculiarities
This document provides an overview of breast carcinoma. It discusses that breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females worldwide. Histological grading using the Elston-Ellis modification and cytological grading using the Robinson system are important in determining prognosis. The document outlines the structure and histology of the breast, risk factors, classification, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, grading systems, and types of invasive breast cancers including ductal carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and lobular carcinoma. It concludes with an overview of TNM staging and important prognostic factors for breast cancer.
This document discusses cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a precancerous condition affecting the cervix. It provides a historical background of CIN and describes the grading system used (CIN 1-3). Risk factors for CIN include HPV infection and early sexual activity. CIN results from abnormal cell growth in the cervix due to HPV infection. Progression from CIN to invasive cancer depends on the grade, with higher grades having greater risk. Diagnosis involves Pap testing, colposcopy, and HPV testing.
Histology and staging of lung cancer & metastaticmohit6233
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. The document discusses the histology and staging of lung cancer, including the 2015 WHO classification of lung tumors. The WHO classification recognizes several subtypes of epithelial tumors (such as adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), neuroendocrine tumors, mesenchymal tumors, and others. Specific histologic patterns are associated with prognosis, including solid and micropapillary patterns in adenocarcinoma predicting worse outcomes. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in lung cancer diagnosis and classification.
1) The document discusses various precancerous lesions of the colon and rectum, including adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated lesions, and traditional serrated adenomas.
2) It describes the histological features and progression of these lesions, noting that sessile serrated lesions and traditional serrated adenomas have a significant malignant potential, whereas hyperplastic polyps have a very low malignant potential.
3) Two pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis are discussed: the classic adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the serrated neoplastic pathway, which involves certain serrated polyps.
The document discusses normal breast anatomy and various benign and malignant breast lesions. It begins by describing the normal structure of the breast including major ductal systems and terminal duct lobular units. It then discusses common benign breast conditions such as fibrocystic changes, proliferative breast disease without atypia, and proliferative disease with atypia. Malignant conditions covered include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Risk factors for breast cancer are also summarized.
This document discusses different types and classifications of breast cancer. It begins by classifying breast cancers as either invasive (extending into surrounding tissue) or non-invasive (confined to ducts or lobules).
It then provides details on specific histologic types of non-invasive (in-situ) breast carcinomas like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget's disease. It also describes invasive breast carcinoma types including infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. For each type, it provides information on frequency, survival rates, clinical features, and microscopic appearance.
The document contains several images illustrating different breast carcinoma histologies and clinical presentations
Spindle cell neoplasms usually occur in head, neck, orbit, soft tissues of scalp and along the upper aerodigestive tract. They are relatively uncommon in lower gastrointestinal tract and represent a distinct clinical entity. Increased awareness is required among colorectal surgeons and pathologists due to their benign nature & uncertain etiology, to avoid misdiagnosis of rectal cancer. Definitive diagnosis necessitates immunohistochemical analysis. We present an unusual case of spindle cell neoplasm of rectum in an asymptomatic elderly gentleman, detected on screening colonoscopy. Following thorough evaluation with MRI pelvis, CT scan thorax, abdomen, pelvis with contrast and multidisciplinary meeting discussion (MDT) at our institution, he was successfully treated with a specialized minimally invasive approach (TAMIS). Histopathology with immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasm. As they are uncommon in colorectum & non-invasive, management and long-term follow-up is still under study. These lesions should be differentiated from other stromal tumours in GIT.
Breast cancer can be locally advanced. The document discusses the anatomy, vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves of the breast. It then covers the pathology, epidemiology, genetics, classification, clinical features, and risk factors of breast cancer. Locally advanced breast cancer is discussed in terms of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Grading, genetic predisposition, male breast cancer, and phyllodes tumors are also summarized.
1. The combination of SMMHC and p63 is ideal for marking myoepithelial cells and assessing features such as stromal invasion and differentiation of in situ versus invasive lesions.
2. Positive 34βE12 and CK5/6 staining within the proliferative component indicates atypical papilloma rather than papilloma with DCIS.
3. Intracystic papillary carcinoma shows positive staining by Collagen IV around ducts, distinguishing it from solid papillary carcinoma.
1) Oncocytic lesions in salivary glands range from hyperplasia to carcinoma and include nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, oncocytoma, and oncocytic carcinoma.
2) Nodular oncocytic hyperplasia is a non-neoplastic proliferation of oncocytes appearing in nodules. Oncocytoma is a benign epithelial neoplasm composed of oncocytes.
3) Oncocytic carcinoma is a rare malignant epithelial neoplasm with infiltrative growth and cytological atypia that can arise de novo or from a pre-existing oncocytoma.
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) refers to pre-cancerous changes that occur in the cells of the cervix. CIN is classified into three grades (CIN 1-3) based on how deep the abnormal cells are in the cervix. Human papillomavirus infection is the main cause of CIN. Screening through Pap tests and HPV testing can detect CIN early. Diagnosis involves colposcopy and biopsy of abnormal areas. Treatment options depend on the grade of CIN and include cryotherapy, loop electrosurgical excision, and conization. Leaving low-grade CIN untreated may allow spontaneous regression.
1. The document discusses various benign and atypical breast diseases, their cytological features on fine needle aspiration, and how they can be distinguished from malignant lesions.
2. Atypical changes in fibroadenomas include myxoid stroma, hemorrhagic infarct, and cellular stroma/epithelium which can mimic malignancy if prominent atypia is present.
3. Intraductal proliferative lesions like flat epithelial atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ have increasing risks of associated invasive carcinoma. Their cytological features can help distinguish them from more benign lesions.
Myoepithelial cells play an important role in both healthy breast tissue and disease. In health, they form part of the bilayered ductal and lobular structures, secreting basement membrane proteins and influencing epithelial cell polarity and differentiation. In benign lesions like sclerosing adenosis and papillomas, myoepithelial cells proliferate along with epithelial cells. Some rare tumors like adenomyoepithelioma are composed of both myoepithelial and epithelial elements. Myoepithelial cells can also be involved in malignancies, either forming part of biphasic tumors or demonstrating pure myoepithelial differentiation in rare carcinomas. Their role in disease progression from ductal
Histopathological Interpretation of Breast Cancer.pptxMunmun Kulsum
This lecture was prepared while opening of 'Breast Clinic' in Department of surgery , Cumilla Medical college Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh. This was delivered by Dr. Umme Kulsum Munmun, as a resource person in the seminar regarding opening of breast clinic.
The document discusses several benign breast conditions that can present as lumps, including cysts, fibroadenomas, fat necrosis, and sclerosing adenosis. It also covers various benign and rare breast tumors such as fibroadenomas, nipple adenomas, pleomorphic adenomas, adenomyoepitheliomas, papillomas, granular cell tumors, and lactating adenomas. The cytological features of fine needle aspirates for many of these conditions are provided. Additionally, radiation-induced changes in breast tissue and cytology samples are described.
Tumors of lung with its 2015 WHO classification along with cytological evidences to rule out various differential diagnosis. The difference between small biopsy and resected specimen terminology has been briefed in a precise manner.
CA-125 is a protein biomarker found in higher concentrations in ovarian cancer cells than normal tissues. It is considered a tumor marker and can help monitor disease status when diagnosed, though its exact role is not well understood. Imaging studies like mammography play an essential role in detecting noninvasive breast cancers by identifying microcalcifications that can indicate conditions like ductal carcinoma in situ. Initial evaluation of diagnosed in situ disease involves biopsy confirmation and consideration of treatment options like observation, breast-conserving surgery, or mastectomy based on diagnosis and patient factors.
Management Of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors Take note of the peculiarities
Management Of Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors Take note of the peculiarities
This document provides an overview of breast carcinoma. It discusses that breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females worldwide. Histological grading using the Elston-Ellis modification and cytological grading using the Robinson system are important in determining prognosis. The document outlines the structure and histology of the breast, risk factors, classification, pathogenesis, diagnostic criteria, grading systems, and types of invasive breast cancers including ductal carcinoma, tubular carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, medullary carcinoma, and lobular carcinoma. It concludes with an overview of TNM staging and important prognostic factors for breast cancer.
This document discusses cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), a precancerous condition affecting the cervix. It provides a historical background of CIN and describes the grading system used (CIN 1-3). Risk factors for CIN include HPV infection and early sexual activity. CIN results from abnormal cell growth in the cervix due to HPV infection. Progression from CIN to invasive cancer depends on the grade, with higher grades having greater risk. Diagnosis involves Pap testing, colposcopy, and HPV testing.
Histology and staging of lung cancer & metastaticmohit6233
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. The document discusses the histology and staging of lung cancer, including the 2015 WHO classification of lung tumors. The WHO classification recognizes several subtypes of epithelial tumors (such as adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), neuroendocrine tumors, mesenchymal tumors, and others. Specific histologic patterns are associated with prognosis, including solid and micropapillary patterns in adenocarcinoma predicting worse outcomes. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in lung cancer diagnosis and classification.
1) The document discusses various precancerous lesions of the colon and rectum, including adenomas, hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated lesions, and traditional serrated adenomas.
2) It describes the histological features and progression of these lesions, noting that sessile serrated lesions and traditional serrated adenomas have a significant malignant potential, whereas hyperplastic polyps have a very low malignant potential.
3) Two pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis are discussed: the classic adenoma-carcinoma sequence and the serrated neoplastic pathway, which involves certain serrated polyps.
The document discusses normal breast anatomy and various benign and malignant breast lesions. It begins by describing the normal structure of the breast including major ductal systems and terminal duct lobular units. It then discusses common benign breast conditions such as fibrocystic changes, proliferative breast disease without atypia, and proliferative disease with atypia. Malignant conditions covered include ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Risk factors for breast cancer are also summarized.
This document discusses different types and classifications of breast cancer. It begins by classifying breast cancers as either invasive (extending into surrounding tissue) or non-invasive (confined to ducts or lobules).
It then provides details on specific histologic types of non-invasive (in-situ) breast carcinomas like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and Paget's disease. It also describes invasive breast carcinoma types including infiltrating ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma. For each type, it provides information on frequency, survival rates, clinical features, and microscopic appearance.
The document contains several images illustrating different breast carcinoma histologies and clinical presentations
Spindle cell neoplasms usually occur in head, neck, orbit, soft tissues of scalp and along the upper aerodigestive tract. They are relatively uncommon in lower gastrointestinal tract and represent a distinct clinical entity. Increased awareness is required among colorectal surgeons and pathologists due to their benign nature & uncertain etiology, to avoid misdiagnosis of rectal cancer. Definitive diagnosis necessitates immunohistochemical analysis. We present an unusual case of spindle cell neoplasm of rectum in an asymptomatic elderly gentleman, detected on screening colonoscopy. Following thorough evaluation with MRI pelvis, CT scan thorax, abdomen, pelvis with contrast and multidisciplinary meeting discussion (MDT) at our institution, he was successfully treated with a specialized minimally invasive approach (TAMIS). Histopathology with immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of spindle cell neoplasm. As they are uncommon in colorectum & non-invasive, management and long-term follow-up is still under study. These lesions should be differentiated from other stromal tumours in GIT.
Breast cancer can be locally advanced. The document discusses the anatomy, vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves of the breast. It then covers the pathology, epidemiology, genetics, classification, clinical features, and risk factors of breast cancer. Locally advanced breast cancer is discussed in terms of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Grading, genetic predisposition, male breast cancer, and phyllodes tumors are also summarized.
1. The combination of SMMHC and p63 is ideal for marking myoepithelial cells and assessing features such as stromal invasion and differentiation of in situ versus invasive lesions.
2. Positive 34βE12 and CK5/6 staining within the proliferative component indicates atypical papilloma rather than papilloma with DCIS.
3. Intracystic papillary carcinoma shows positive staining by Collagen IV around ducts, distinguishing it from solid papillary carcinoma.
1) Oncocytic lesions in salivary glands range from hyperplasia to carcinoma and include nodular oncocytic hyperplasia, oncocytoma, and oncocytic carcinoma.
2) Nodular oncocytic hyperplasia is a non-neoplastic proliferation of oncocytes appearing in nodules. Oncocytoma is a benign epithelial neoplasm composed of oncocytes.
3) Oncocytic carcinoma is a rare malignant epithelial neoplasm with infiltrative growth and cytological atypia that can arise de novo or from a pre-existing oncocytoma.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Papillary Neoplasm of the Breast-Dr.dr. Berti J Nelwan, M.Kes, Sp.PA(K), Sp.F.pptx
1. PAPILLARY NEOPLASM
OF THE BREAST
Pembimbing :
Dr.dr. Berti Julian Nelwan, M.Kes., Sp.PA(K)
Nama Mahasiswa : dr. Rahman Firmansyah
NIM : C075212001
Program Studi Ilmu Patologi Anatomik
Departemen Ilmu Patologi Anatomik
Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis -1
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Hasanuddin
2023
2. VISI MISI PROGRAM STUDI PATOLOGI ANATOMI
PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN DOKTER SPESIALIS-1
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
Visi
Menjadi program studi yang unggul bertaraf internasional dalam bidang akademik, riset, publikasi, pengabdian masyarakat dan
menghasilkan Dokter Spesialis Patologi Anatomi yang profesional, berdaya saing tinggi dan menghayati nilai-nilai etika, agama dan
kemanusiaan.
Misi
Mengembangkan sistem Pendidikan belajar sepanjang hayat (long life learning) yang unggul dan berbasis kompetensi dalam domain
kognitif, afektif dan psikomotor (MISI PENDIDIKAN)
Menyelenggarakan penelitian dan menerbitkan publikasi yang bertaraf nasional maupun internasional (MISI RISET)
Menyelenggarakan pengabdian masyarakat yang relevan dengan kebutuhan masyarakat (MISI PENGABDIAN MASYARAKAT)
Mengadakan dan mengembangkan sumber daya manusia pendidik dan kependidikan dalam hal jumlah dan mutu sesuai kebutuhan
program studi (MISI KETENAGAAN)
Menyelenggarakan kegiatan-kegiatan yang bersifat kesejawatan dan pengembangan profesionalisme berkelanjutan (Continuing
Professional Development) (MISI ALUMNI)
3. 5th eds, 2019 vol.2
WHO classification of epithelial tumours of the breast
Papillary neoplasms
8503/0 Intraductal papilloma
8503/2 Ductal carcinoma in situ, papillary
8504/2 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma
8504/3 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma with invasion
8509/2 Solid papillary carcinoma in situ
8509/3 Solid papillary carcinoma with invasion
8503/3 Intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma with invasion
4. INTRODUCTION OF THE BREAST
Histology of The Breast
Component of the Breast :
• Skin
• Subcutaneous adiposa tissue
• Functional glandular tissue
5. INTRODUCTION OF THE BREAST
Histology of The Breast
Component of the Breast :
• Two major structures : Two types of epithelial cells : Two types of stroma:
Duct Lobules Luminal Myoepithelial Interlobular Intralobular
6. INTRODUCTION OF THE BREAST
Histology of The Breast
Component of the Breast :
• Structuture of Ducts
Collecting duct
(lactiferous sinus)
Segmental Ducts
Sub-Segmental Ducts
Terminal duct-lobular unit
(TDLU)
7. INTRODUCTION OF THE BREAST
Histology of The Breast
Component of the Breast :
• Divided into 15-25
lobes which is
made up 20-40
lobules/acinus/alveoli
• Epithelial cells :
• Luminal / Secretory Cell
• Myoepithelial
11. PAPILLARY NEOPLASMS OF THE BREAST
Introduction
Myoepithelial cells may sometimes be difficult to identify in H&E staining, but can be
visualized by immunohistochemistry staining on myoepithelial antigens : Calponin, SMA,
SMMHC, and p63.
Reactive myofibroblasts adjacent to papillary carcinoma nodules often express myoepithelial
antigens such as : calponin and SMA.
Myoepithelial marker panels (e.g. calponin and p63) can be used to evaluate myoepithelium
in papillary lesions.
Perisites associated with capillaries inside the fibrovascular nucleus and on the periphery of
papillary lesions can express actin, calponin, and SMMHC, should not be mistaken for
myoepithelial cells.
12. PAPILLARY NEOPLASMS OF THE BREAST
Introduction
Scattered neoplastic epithelial cells, especially in papillary neoplasms, can express p63
should not be mistaken for myoepithelial cells.
Antibodies to myoepithelial/basal antigens (p63, CK5, CK14) and luminal cytokeratin (CK8
and CK18) to assess the presence and distribution of myopithelial cells in papillary lesions, as
well as epithelial proliferation properties
13. INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA
Intraductal papilloma
ICD-O coding
8503/0 Intraductal papilloma
Definition : Intraductal papilloma is a benign breast lesion arising within a
duct in a central (solitary) or peripheral (multiple) location, composed of
papillary projections with fibrovascular cores, covered by an epithelial and
myoepithelial layer.
Etiology & Pathogenesis: Activating point mutations in the PIK3CA/AKT1
pathway
- Hilangnya heterozigositas pada 16p13 ditemukan pada lesi papiler jinak
serta karsinoma papiler
- Heterozigositas pada 16q23 dengan penanda D16S476 hanya ditemukan
pada lesi papiler ganas
Localization : large ducts near the nipple or
peripherally in smaller ducts, in any quadrant.
14. INTRADUCTAL PAPILLOMA
Intraductal papilloma
Staging :
Histopathology :
1. Papiloma intraduktal NOS
2. Intraductal papilloma with ADH (atypical ductal hyperplasia) and (ductal
carcinoma in situ) DCIS
3. Papillary DCIS
4. Intraductal papilloma with atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular
carcinoma in situ
Cytologi :
16. PAPILLARY DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
Papillary ductal carcinoma in situ
ICD-O coding
8503/2 Ductal carcinoma in situ, papillary
Definition : Papillary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a morphological
subtype of DCIS composed of filiform arborizing fibrovascular cores lined by
neoplastic ductal epithelium, devoid of myoepithelium and contained within
central or peripheral ducts with retained myoepithelium at the periphery.
Etiology & Pathogenesis:
Localization : Papillary DCIS is usually associated with DCIS having other
architectural patterns, and it may involve central or peripheral ducts.
Papillary DCIS in central/subareolar ducts may be associated with
encapsulated papillary carcinoma.
17. PAPILLARY DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU
Papillary ductal carcinoma in situ
Staging :
Histopathology :
Cytologi :
19. ENCAPSULATED PAPILLARY CARCINOMA
Encapsulated Papillary Carcinoma
ICD-O coding
8504/2 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma
8504/3 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma with invasion
Definition : Encapsulated papillary carcinoma is a carcinoma characterized
by fine fibrovascular stalks covered by neoplastic epithelial cells of low or
intermediate nuclear grade, typically present within a cystic space and
surrounded by a fibrous capsule. There are usually no myoepithelial cells
along the papillae or at the periphery of the lesion.
Etiology & Pathogenesis:
Localization : Most tumours are central and subareolar.
22. SOLID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (IN SITU AND INVASIVE)
Solid Papillary Carcinoma (in situ and invasive)
ICD-O coding
8509/2 Solid papillary carcinoma in situ
8509/3 Solid papillary carcinoma with invasion
Definition : Solid papillary carcinomas (in situ and invasive) are tumours
characterized by a solid growth pattern with delicate fibrovascular cores.
They frequently show neuroendocrine differentiation and are biologically
indolent.
Etiology & Pathogenesis:
Localization : Any part of the breast may be affected, but the
central/subareolar area is affected most commonly.
23. SOLID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (IN SITU AND INVASIVE)
Solid Papillary Carcinoma (in situ and invasive)
Staging :
Histopathology :
Cytologi :
24. SOLID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (IN SITU AND
INVASIVE)
Expansile nodules with a solid growth pattern
have inconspicuous, delicate fibrovascular cores,
with no convincing evidence of invasion.
High-power view of solid nodules with
inconspicuous delicate fibrovascular stalks
and a monotonous population of round
epithelial cells with low-grade nuclear atypia.
25. SOLID PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (IN SITU AND
INVASIVE)
Intracellular mucin
(goblet cells) may be
prominent in the
neoplastic population.
Irregular neoplastic glands and trabeculae
infiltrate the breast parenchyma adjacent to
solid papillary carcinoma.
Intracellular mucin (goblet cells) may be
prominent in the neoplastic population.
26. INVASIVE PAPILLARY CARCINOMA
Invasive Papillary Carcinoma
ICD-O coding
8503/3 Intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma with invasion
Definition : Invasive papillary carcinoma is an invasive carcinoma with
fibrovascular cores covered by neoplastic epithelium.
Etiology & Pathogenesis:
Localization : Any part of the breast may be affected, but the
central/subareolar area is affected most commonly.
28. INVASIVE PAPILLARY CARCINOMA
Low-power view of carcinoma with invasion of
breast parenchyma.
Mildly dilated invasive ducts and glands
containing papillary cores and necrotic
material
29. 8503/0 Intraductal papilloma
8503/2 Ductal carcinoma in situ, papillary
Papillary neoplasms
8504/2 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma
8504/3 Encapsulated papillary carcinoma with invasion
8503/3 Intraductal papillary adenocarcinoma with invasion
8509/2 Solid papillary carcinoma in situ
8509/3 Solid papillary carcinoma with invasion
WHO classification of epithelial tumours of the breast
Sel-sel mioepitel kadang-kadang sulit diidentifikasi dalam pewarnaan H&E, tetapi dapat divisualisasikan dengan pewarnaan imunohistokimia pada antigen mioepitel : Calponin, SMA, SMMHC, dan p63. Miofibroblas reaktif yang berdekatan dengan nodul karsinoma papiler sering mengekspresikan antigen mioepitel seperti calponin dan SMA. Panel penanda mioepitel (misalnya calponin dan p63) dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi mioepitel pada lesi papiler. Perisit yang terkait dengan kapiler di dalam nukleus fibrovaskular dan di pinggiran lesi papiler dapat mengekspresikan aktin, calponin, dan SMMHC, tidak boleh disalahartikan sebagai sel mioepitel.
Scattered neoplastic epithelial cells, especially in papillary neoplasms, can express p63 should not be mistaken for myoepithelial cells.
Antibodies to myoepithelial/basal antigens (p63, CK5, CK14) and luminal cytokeratin (CK8 and CK18) to assess the presence and distribution of myopithelial cells in papillary lesions, as well as epithelial proliferation properties.
Indonesian translation. Sel epitel neoplastik yang tersebar, terutama pada neoplasma papiler, dapat mengekspresikan p63 tidak boleh disalahartikan sebagai sel mioepitel. Antibodi terhadap antigen mioepitel/basal (p63, CK5, CK14) dan sitokeratin luminal (CK8 dan CK18) untuk menilai keberadaan dan distribusi sel miopitel pada lesi papiler, serta sifat proliferasi epitel.