The document describes the design and fabrication of a portable paper recycling machine for educational institutions. The machine was designed to convert waste paper into recycled products on site to reduce paper waste and costs for schools and colleges. Key components included a frame, motor, belt drive, pulleys, pneumatic cylinder and heater. Calculations were provided for components like the motor, belt drive, pulley sizing, pneumatic cylinder and heater energy. The machine aims to
For recycling of paper we have decided to design and develop the paper recycling machine. This machine enables the conversion of waste paper to reusable new paper. The designed machine consists of five major components that are the hydropulper, the head box, the felt conveyor, the driers and the rollers.
Design Considerations for Plate Type Heat ExchangerArun Sarasan
A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of heat, and greatly increases the speed of the temperature change. Plate heat exchangers are now common and very small brazed versions are used in the hot-water sections of millions of combination boilers. The high heat transfer efficiency for such a small physical size has increased the domestic hot water (DHW) flowrate of combination boilers. The small plate heat exchanger has made a great impact in domestic heating and hot-water. Larger commercial versions use gaskets between the plates, whereas smaller versions tend to be brazed.
For recycling of paper we have decided to design and develop the paper recycling machine. This machine enables the conversion of waste paper to reusable new paper. The designed machine consists of five major components that are the hydropulper, the head box, the felt conveyor, the driers and the rollers.
Design Considerations for Plate Type Heat ExchangerArun Sarasan
A plate heat exchanger is a type of heat exchanger that uses metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids. This has a major advantage over a conventional heat exchanger in that the fluids are exposed to a much larger surface area because the fluids spread out over the plates. This facilitates the transfer of heat, and greatly increases the speed of the temperature change. Plate heat exchangers are now common and very small brazed versions are used in the hot-water sections of millions of combination boilers. The high heat transfer efficiency for such a small physical size has increased the domestic hot water (DHW) flowrate of combination boilers. The small plate heat exchanger has made a great impact in domestic heating and hot-water. Larger commercial versions use gaskets between the plates, whereas smaller versions tend to be brazed.
Vertical Roller Mill Gearbox Reduction Ratio CalculationsSyed Fahad Ahmed
This document presents the calculations for finding out the Gear Ratio of a 3 stage (Bevel-Helical-Planetary) gearbox for Vertical Roller Mill (VRM-3700) of a Cement plant. The capacity of this VRM is 260tons/hour and is used limestone grinding.
Cements Ground in the Vertical Roller Mill Fulfil the Quality Requirements of...LOESCHE
Cement production typically requires the grinding of three separate types of material during the process: the raw materials and coal before the kiln, and the final cement product once firing is complete and the clinker cooled.
Definations related to refrigeration like refrigerating effect,TON of refrigeration,COP,vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption refrigeration system,types of refrigerants and properties of refrigerants.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Small scale generation by harnessing the wind energyeSAT Journals
Abstract Generating electricity from wind has been centered around the rotation rotating windmill in which rotating shaft coupled to the generator used to generate electricity. Other sources such as solar power hydropower, thermal power, wind power are used for generating electricity in kilo watts and megawatt but there is no such kind of application which can generate electricity on sub 100watt scale. So as to generate electricity on small scale and to provide cheap source of energy for lighting the houses in remote where there is no other sources are available. And to generate a power source that can be constructed with the help of local material and if problem occurs that can be fixed by the local people. About 2% of global electricity production comes from wind-powered generators. Their capacity has doubled in the past few years. In some countries it is more popular than solar energy because it is cheaper on a cost per watt basis. However, for powering small devices there has been minimal activity to harvest energy from the wind. This is because conventional electromagnetic wind turbines require rotating fins and gearing which adds bulk, and they become less efficient when scaled down. Key Words: Harnessing, Wind Energy, Rotating Shaft
Vertical Roller Mill Gearbox Reduction Ratio CalculationsSyed Fahad Ahmed
This document presents the calculations for finding out the Gear Ratio of a 3 stage (Bevel-Helical-Planetary) gearbox for Vertical Roller Mill (VRM-3700) of a Cement plant. The capacity of this VRM is 260tons/hour and is used limestone grinding.
Cements Ground in the Vertical Roller Mill Fulfil the Quality Requirements of...LOESCHE
Cement production typically requires the grinding of three separate types of material during the process: the raw materials and coal before the kiln, and the final cement product once firing is complete and the clinker cooled.
Definations related to refrigeration like refrigerating effect,TON of refrigeration,COP,vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption refrigeration system,types of refrigerants and properties of refrigerants.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Small scale generation by harnessing the wind energyeSAT Journals
Abstract Generating electricity from wind has been centered around the rotation rotating windmill in which rotating shaft coupled to the generator used to generate electricity. Other sources such as solar power hydropower, thermal power, wind power are used for generating electricity in kilo watts and megawatt but there is no such kind of application which can generate electricity on sub 100watt scale. So as to generate electricity on small scale and to provide cheap source of energy for lighting the houses in remote where there is no other sources are available. And to generate a power source that can be constructed with the help of local material and if problem occurs that can be fixed by the local people. About 2% of global electricity production comes from wind-powered generators. Their capacity has doubled in the past few years. In some countries it is more popular than solar energy because it is cheaper on a cost per watt basis. However, for powering small devices there has been minimal activity to harvest energy from the wind. This is because conventional electromagnetic wind turbines require rotating fins and gearing which adds bulk, and they become less efficient when scaled down. Key Words: Harnessing, Wind Energy, Rotating Shaft
My final year project while pursuing Bachelors in Technology from GITAM University (deemed to be) Hyderabad.
The project is based on Vortex Bladeless (https://vortexbladeless.com/)
Remaining Life Analysis of Boiler Tubes on Behalf of Hoop Stresses Produced D...IJERA Editor
Boiler tube material plays an important role in efficient power generation from a fossil fuel power plant. In order to meet out the gap between fluids to increase heat available per unit mass flow of steam. Waste heat utilization phenomenon is a big challenge on fossil fuel power plants as after use of high grade coal in thermal power plants the efficiency of power plants is not at the level of required value. Clean and efficient power generation with economical aspects is the basic need of growing power generation plants to justify the quality of power and clean power generation. Life analysis technique to calculate remaining life of boiler tubes at critical zones of high temperature requires much attention and is an important hypothesis in research field. Generation of repetitive and fluctuating stress during flow of high temperature and pressure fluid require proper attention on the methodology to be used to calculate the efficiency of system and absorption efficiency of tube material. In this paper complete mathematical analysis of boiler tubes is conducted for calculation of remaining life of boiler tubes, Hoop stress values are calculated and used with mathematical tool to calculate the efficiency. Hoop stress based calculation of efficiency is more reliable and may give more accurate and practical aspects based results.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
3. In any big institution, especially educational institutions like schools or
colleges, generation of large quantity of waste papers is quite apparent. And effective
use of recycled paper is also possible (craft papers, registers etc). So, instead of
disposing off the waste papers into trash, recycling them makes sense. This not only
helps the institute in cost saving but will also ensure its contribution towards thehelps the institute in cost saving but will also ensure its contribution towards the
protection of the environment. Designing manually operated small-scaled paper
recycling plant, which can be used in schools and colleges, ensures that a cheap and
non-complex method of production of paper product is guaranteed.
4. Paper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. The
primary raw material for the paper production is the pulp fibers obtained by
complicated chemical process from natural materials, mainly from wood. This
fiber production is very energy demanding and at the manufacturing process
there are many of the chemical matters which are very problematic from the
view point of the environment protection. The paper recycling, simplified, meansview point of the environment protection. The paper recycling, simplified, means
the repeated de-fibering, grinding and drying, when the mechanical properties of
the secondary stock are altered, the chemical properties of fibers, the
polymerization degree of pulp polysaccharide components, mainly of cellulose,
their super molecular structure, the morphological structure of fibers, range and
level of interferes bonds. Paper recycling saves the natural wood raw stock,
decreases the operation and the capital costs to paper unit, decrease water
consumption and last but not least this paper processing gives rise to the
environment preservation.
5. S.NO AUTHOR PUBLISHER POINTS TAKEN
1 Ajit K Ghosh Fundamentals of Paper
Drying-Theory and
Application
The dying of paper
from pulp
Application
2 IvetaČabalová et-al The Effects of Paper
Recycling and its
Environmental Impact
The effects of paper
recycling
3 Vrushabh R. Rathod
et-al
International Journal on
Recent and Innovation
Trends in Computing and
CommunicationVolume:
3 Issue: 2
The operating of
paper recycling
machine
6. In any big institution, especially educational
institutions like schools or colleges,
generation of large quantity of waste papers
is quite apparent. It causes vast of paperis quite apparent. It causes vast of paper
waste and some are burning it which
increases pollution and transportation cost
when taking to paper mills.
7. A portable paper-recycling machine was
designed and fabricated. This was done to
enable waste paper conversion into useful
product in schools and colleges.product in schools and colleges.
Accordingly design of the machine unit has
been prepared with all necessary component
specifications.
Also the overall cost is low and less electricity
is needed.
8. Electric
Supply
Motor & Heater starts
working with the input
loaded
The Sieve gets
rotating and
the pulp will be
produced
The pulp will be
extracted and
treated
The pulp will be converted
into required shape using
dyes by pneumatic means
9. The major components involved in the fabrication of Paper recycling machine are as
follows.
Frame
AC Motor AC Motor
Belt drive
Pulley
Pneumatic cylinder
Heater
10. This is made of mild steel material. The whole parts are mounted on this frame
structure with the suitable arrangement. Boring of bearing sizes and open bores done
in one setting so as to align the bearings properly while assembling. Provisions are
made to cover the bearings with grease.
11. An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor
commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils
supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside
rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The
rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or
DC or AC electrical windings.
12. Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be
axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and
pulleys. The demands on a belt-drive transmission system are large, and this has led
to many variations on the theme. They run smoothly and with little noise, and cushion
motor and bearings against load changes, albeit with less strength than gears or
chains. However, improvements in belt engineering allow use of belts in systems that
only formerly allowed chains or gears.only formerly allowed chains or gears.
13. A pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and
change of direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. P
The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or chain that runs over
the pulley inside the groove. Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of
six simple machines used to lift weights. Pulleys are also assembled as part
of belt and chain drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.
14. Pneumatic systems operate on a supply of compressed air, which must
be made available, in sufficient quantity and pressure to suit the capacity
of the system. When pneumatic system is being adopted for the first
time, however it wills indeed the necessary to deal with the question of
compressed air supply.
15. An electric heater is an electrical device that converts an electric current
into heat. The heating element inside every electric heater is
an electrical resistor, and works on the principle of Joule heating:
an electric current passing through a resistor will convert
that electrical energy into heat energy.
16. Speed,Torque and Power
Pulley Calculation
Belt drive calculation
Heater Calculation Heater Calculation
Pneumatic compression calculation
Comparison of Normal drying vs. Electrical drying.
17. AC MOTOR
VOLT : 230V A.C
RPM : 1440 RPM
CURRENT : 2.5A
PHASE : 1 PHASE PHASE : 1 PHASE
PNEUMATIC CYLINDER
SIZE : DIA -45MM
STROCK LENGTH : 100MM
MATERIAL : ALUMINIUM / M.S
PRESSURE : 10 BAR MAX.
18. Power & torque
POWER:
0.5HP = 0.373KW0.5HP = 0.373KW
P = 2ΠNT/60
Torque:
T = P*60/2ΠN
T = 0.373*60/2ΠN
T = 0.373*60/2Π*1440
T = 2.47N-m.
19. Belt & Pulley Calculation:
Power = 0.373KW
Speed N1 = 1440 RPM
Diameter of pulley:
DRIVEN, d = 50mm
DRIVING,D = 250mmDRIVING,D = 250mm
The pulley has selected for the torque requirement
Center Distance of Pulley C = 225mm
Selection of belt section:
For the power , Section A is selected from PSG DB pg no 7.58
Speed ratio
D/d = N1/N2
280/56 = 1440/N2
N2 = 288RPM
20. Centre distance:
C=225mm
Nominal pitch length:
L= 2C + Π/2(d+d)+((d+d)2)/(4c)
L= 965.64mm
For the nominal inside length and a section. The next std pitch length is
selected as 1001mm )
For the nominal inside length and a section. The next std pitch length is
selected as 1001mm (selected from PSG DB pg no 7.59)
Length correction factor:
Fc=0.88 (selected from PSG DB pg no 7.59)
Correction factor for arc of contact
Arc of contact = 180° – ((D-d)/C)*60°
= 180° – ((250-50)/225)*60°
= 126 .7 °
21. FOR 126 .7 °From PSG DB Correction factor of AoC
Fd = 0.85
Service factor:
For light duty for over 16hrs continuous factor
F = 1.1Fa = 1.1
Max. Power capacity:
Kw = (0.45 S^(-0.99) - (19.62/de) – 0.765*10^-4 s^2)s
S = speed of belt
S = ΠdN1/60
= (3.14*d*N1)/60
S = 3.77 m/s
22. de = dp*fb
Dp = smaller diameter = 56mm
Fb = smaller diameter factor = 1.14 (From
PSG DB pg no7.62)PSG DB pg no7.62)
De = 50*1.14
=70 mm
kW = (0.45 S^(-0.99) - (19.62/de) –
0.765*10^-4 s^2)s
kW = 0.444
23. Determination of no.of.belts.
No of belts = ((P*Fa)/(kW*Fc*Fd)
No of belts = ((0.373*1.1)/(0.444*0.88*0.85)
No of belts = 1.2 belt = 1belt
Calculation of Actual Centre Distance : Calculation of Actual Centre Distance :
Cactual = A+√(A2+B)
A = L/4 – Π((D+d)/8) = 132.44
B = (D-d)2/8 = 5000
Cactual = 132.44+ √ ((132.44^2)+5000))
Cactual = 244.44mm
24. Volume of pulp slurry = mass/density
Mass = 0.5kg
Density = 1.201kg/m3
Volume = 0.5/1.201
Volume = 0.416m3Volume = 0.416m3
25. Pneumatic cylinder:
Force Calculation:
Force to be exerted is 5bar
Pressure in the cylinder = 0.5*105 N/m2
Area of the piston = Force/PressureArea of the piston = Force/Pressure
= 50/50000
= 0.001m2
Bore dia = 0.0356m = 35.6mm
26. Heater Energy:
Q = m Cp ΔT
Mass (m)= ½ kgMass (m)= ½ kg
Specific heat capacity Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg
Change of temperature ΔT = T2-T1 = 570°C
Q = 0.5 * 1.005 * 570
Energy, Q = 0.079 KW
27. Normal Drying Using Electric Dryer
•Using normal drying methods like
natural drying it will take up more than a
day to get dried up.
Whereas by using electrical air dryers
such a electrical heaters the drying time
of papers can be reduced to a minimum
of 5 – 10minutes according to the
•Time for drying up in sunlight = 1 ½
days.
of 5 – 10minutes according to the
thickness of the paper.
28.
29.
30. Handling is easy.
The capital cost of the project is low.
Increases production.
Small in size and hence portable.
The wastes that are produced from this machine
Small in size and hence portable.
The wastes that are produced from this machine
are environmental friendly and don’t produce any
harm to the environment.
No need of skilled persons to operate the
machine.
Repairing is easy.
Replacement of parts are easy.
31. The machine can be automated and can use
for more hours.
The drying of paper can be automated and
the time can be reduced.the time can be reduced.
32. These types of manually operated paper
recycling machines have wide range of
applications in the fields like,
All sorts of small scale industries
Schools and colleges.
33. We are proud that we have completed the work
with the limited time successfully. The “Paper
recycling machine” is working with satisfactory
conditions. We are able to understand theconditions. We are able to understand the
difficulties in maintaining the tolerances and
also quality.
34. Wahistrom, P.I. 1970. Paper Machine, Pulp and Paper Technology 2nd ed. Litton
Educational Publishers.
Young J.H. 1980. Fibre Preparation, Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Chemical
Technology 3rd ed.Vol
Gitesh D.Kapse, Nitesh T. Chandekar, et-all (2016), Fabrication of recycling
machine, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4,machine, International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 4,
Issue 02. II, John Wiley and Sons
International Research Journal of Engineering andTechnology (IRJET)
PSG Design Data Book - DesignOf Machine Elements