Pantai Kerachut, Penang a National Park located at the north-western part of penang island

1. SITE ANALYSIS
SITE B
PENANG
MALAYSIA
- DESIGN STUDIO 2 -
SITE ANALYSIS
PANTAI KERACHUT

2. LOCATION PLAN Pantai Kerachut
This is the location plan of Pantai Kerachut in Penang National Park, Malaysia. This area is found at the northwestern tip of Penang island. It is popular for its harmonious serenity of nature and man. A very special feature of
this site is the ‘’Meromictic Lake’’ which is a seasonal lake. The lake is surrounded by a variety of rich vegetation.
The lake’s mouth is connected to the Malacca Strait.
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
MALACCA STRAIT
LAND
GUARD
POST
SITE PLAN
BEACH

3. SITE PLAN
This area denotes our intended site area of 100m x 200m, ensuring the bridge entrance is included as well as the
mouth of the lake, where a special phenomenon takes place. That of allowing sea water into the lake but
preventing it from backwashing into the sea, creating two layers of water ; fresh water and sea water in the lake,
hence the name, Meromictic Lake. Our site also allows generous amount of flat gentle land.
100m
BEACH FOREST
BRIDGE
MALACCA STRAIT
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
LAND
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
SITE PLAN
200m
BEACH

4. CONTOURS
The map here shows the contours of the area. The lowest contour height is -2m. And the highest is 34m. The
0m contour line represents the sea level. It is clear that this area is made of both steep terrain as well as some
areas of gentle flat land.
BRIDGE
MALACCA STRAIT
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
LAND
SITE PLAN
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
BEACH

5. SECTIONS
Due to the complex terrain surrounding our site, we realised it would be ideal for us to have general sections of the
area instead of simply limiting it to within our site, to indicate the gradient of the slopes as well as their heights above
sea level.
BEACH FOREST
BRIDGE
MALACCA STRAIT
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
LAND
SITE PLAN
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
BEACH

6. SECTION A-1
The sections are to indicate the shape of the terrain. Each
base line of the section represents its ‘’ground’’ where we
walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the
mountain in our area.
BEACH FOREST
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Legend:
Section A-1
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
BEACH
MALACCA STRAIT
MOUNTAIN TOP
SEA LEVEL
GROUND SURFACE
SITE PLAN
LAND
BRIDGE

7. SECTION A-2
The sections are to indicate the shape of the terrain. Each
base line of the section represents its ‘’ground’’ where we
walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the
mountain in our area.
BEACH FOREST
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Legend:
Section A-1
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
LAND
BRIDGE
BEACH
MALACCA STRAIT
MOUNTAIN TOP
GROUND SURFACE
SEA LEVEL
SITE PLAN
Section A-2

8. SECTION A-3
The sections are to indicate the shape of the terrain. Each
base line of the section represents its ‘’ground’’ where we
walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the
mountain in our area.
BEACH FOREST
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Legend:
Section A-1
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Section A-3
LAND
BRIDGE
BEACH
MALACCA STRAIT
MOUNTAIN TOP
GROUND SURFACE
SEA LEVEL
SITE PLAN
Section A-2

9. SECTION A-4
The sections are to indicate the shape of the terrain. Each
base line of the section represents its ‘’ground’’ where we
walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the
mountain in our area.
BEACH FOREST
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Legend:
Section A-1
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Section A-2
Section A-3
LAND
BRIDGE
BEACH
MALACCA STRAIT
MOUNTAIN TOP
GROUND SURFACE
SEA LEVEL
SITE PLAN
Section A-4

10. SECTION A-5
The sections are to indicate the shape of the terrain. Each
base line of the section represents its ‘’ground’’ where we
walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the
mountain in our area.
BEACH FOREST
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Legend:
Section A-1
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Section A-2
Section A-3
LAND
BRIDGE
Section A-4
BEACH
MALACCA STRAIT
MOUNTAIN TOP
SEA LEVEL
GROUND SURFACE
SITE PLAN
Section A-5

11. SECTION B-1
The longitudinal sections also indicates the shape of the terrain. Each base line of the section
represents its ‘’ground’’ where we walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the mountain in
our area.
Legend:
Section B-1
MALACCA STRAIT
BRIDGE
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
BEACH
MOUNTAIN TOP
GROUND SURFACE
SEA LEVEL
SITE PLAN
LAND

12. SECTION B-2
The longitudinal sections also indicate the shape of the terrain. Each base line of the section
represents its ‘’ground’’ where we walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the mountain in
our area.
Legend:
Section B-1
MALACCA STRAIT
BRIDGE
Section B-2
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
BEACH
MOUNTAIN TOP
GROUND SURFACE
SEA LEVEL
SITE PLAN
LAND

13. SECTION B-3
The longitudinal sections are to indicate the shape of the terrain. Each base line of the section
represents its ‘’ground’’ where we walk on. The top line represents the back drop of the mountain in
our area.
Legend:
Section B-1
MALACCA STRAIT
BRIDGE
Section B-2
BEACH FOREST
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
Section B-3
MEROMICTIC
LAKE
BEACH
MOUNTAIN TOP
GROUND SURFACE
SEA LEVEL
SITE PLAN
LAND

14. MACRO
Batu Feringgi
Teluk Bahang
Perlis
Kedah
Botanical
Garden
Penang
Georgetown
Perak
Kelantan
Terengganu
Pahang
Selangor
Negeri Sembilan
Malacca
Bayan Lepas
Johor
Penang Island
Legend :
Peninsular Malaysia
A i r p l a n e
R o u t e
Car and Bus Route
T r a i n
R o u t e
CIRCULATION
Pulau
Jerejak

15. MICRO
Hiking and Boat-Riding Path (Site: Teluk Bahang--Pedestrian Path (Site: Lake)
- Pantai Kerachut )
Meromictic
Lake
Beach Forest
Beach Forest
Pavilion
Beach Forest
Entrance
Beach
Our Site
Camping Site
Sea
Hall
Legend:
Legend:
P e d e s t r i a n
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
P a t h
P
a
t
h
Jetty
M a j o r
P e d e s t r i a n
P a t h
M i n o r
P e d e s t r i a n
P a t h
CIRCULATION
River
Bridge

16. Frequency
Time
Average Frequency
Activity
Bridge
Sight Seeing
Beach Forest
Meromictic
Lake
Evening
Morning
Sun Bathing
Afternoon
High
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Medium
Low
-
-
Low
Low
Low
High
Low
Low
High
Medium
High
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Turtle Crossing
Lakeside
Beach Forest
Bridge
Barbeque Site
Camping Site
Beach
Camping Site
Toilet
Turtle Crossing
Sea
Toilet
Legend:
High Frequency
Medium Frequency
Low
Frequency
Jetty
CIRCULATION
Hill

17. CLIMATE
SUN

18. Land Breeze and Sea Breeze
When the wind pressure flows through the enclosed area of
the trees and vegetations, being smaller in diameter, the
restriction causes a higher pressure at the narrow end. This
difference in pressure causes the wind flow to accelerate
towards the low pressure narrow section, creating a higher
constant speed.
CLIMATE
WIND

19. Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Max. Temperature
(Celcius)
31.7
32.3
32.1
32
32.1
31.8
31.8
31.3
31.1
30.8
31
31
Min. Temperature
(Celcius)
24.6
24.8
24.9
25.2
25.1
25.2
25.2
24.8
24.4
24.5
24.4
24.5
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE & HUMIDITY

20. LAKE CYCLE
25
21
20
19
15
17
16
15
14
14
12
11
10
8
15
8
5
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Yearly precipitation (days)
Intermonsoon
season
• The lake has low water levels during
the dry season which is filled mostly
with fresh water from the streams and
the water levels follows the sea tide
levels throughout the day.
Low tide (0 ~10cm)
Northeast monsoon
(May – Sept)
Intermonsoon
season
•
Formation of lake occur during intermonsoon seasons, which
Sumatra winds bring in strong waves and heavy rainfalls.
•
Throughout April-May and Oct-Nov, the lake will form and dry
up in 1 hour 15mins for several times.
Natural dam formed
CLIMATE
Southwest monsoon
(Nov – March)

21. LAKE CYCLE
Maximum water level (~170cm excluding mud level)
Lake with maximum water level
CLIMATE
High tide (20~50cm)

22. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Meromictic Lake
The Meromictic Lake in Penang National Park is
a lake that can adapt to two types of water:
where it mainly receive water from five different
streams and the sea.
Bridge
Pavilion
River
Camping site
Hall
LEGEND:
location spot
route to Virginia Forest
Entrance to Virginia Forest
Besides, the lake also consist of two different
temperature.The stream water on the lower
part has a higher temperature if compared to the
sea water which is cooler.
LANDSCAPE
Due to the presence of different densities in
these two water, the lake is seperated into two
layers, where the sea water exist in the lower
layer while other stream water lays in the upper
layer.

23. Landscape, Elevation & Sections
Vegetations & Aquatic Livings
Weed
Casuarina Tree
East -South Elevation (Scale
1:350)
A
B
Fiddler crabs
Shed shells as they grow.
Lost legs or claws during their present growth cycle, a
new one will be present when they molt
Smallest size about diameter of a 50 cent coin
A
Site Plan (N.T.S.)
LANDSCAPE
North-East Cross Section A-A (Scale 1:350)
B

24. Landscape, Elevation & Sections
Vegetations & Aquatic Livings
Weed
Casuarina Tree
East -South Elevation (Scale
1:350)
A
B
Faunus Ater
Brackish water snail species with an operculum
Aperture is ovate and white
The shell has two deep sinuses: an anal sinus
which is close to the suture and an anterior sinus more
forward in the aperture
Operculum is oval, corneous and dark brown
A
Site Plan (N.T.S.)
LANDSCAPE
North-East Cross Section A-A (Scale 1:350)
B

25. Landscape, Elevation & Sections
Water level of The Lake
Sea water cannot enter the lake while high tide
Water from the streams evaporates within 1.5 hrs
South-West Monsoon season (April~October)
Water level will reach maximum height (1.7m)
when high tide
East-South Longitudinal Section B-B (Scale 1:350)
East-South Longitudinal Section B-B (Scale
1:350)
LANDSCAPE
Dry season (November~March)

26. Landscape, Elevation & Sections
Location of Vegetation of The Lake
East-South Longitudinal Section B-B (Scale
1:350)
South-West Monsoon season (April~October)
East-South Longitudinal Section B-B (Scale
1:350)
Red Mangrove
Prop roots ("breathing tubes")
heights of up to 30 cm
Prop themselves above the
water level to absorb air through
pores in their bark .
Wind barrier
LANDSCAPE
Dry season (November~March)

27. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Bridge
Pavilion
Height: (7-8) m
Scientific name: Eurycomal Longifolia
Another common name: Pasak bumi
Family of Simaroubaceae
Evergreen tree
Function as herb: Pro-fertility and aphrodisiac
River
(m)
Camping site
Scale 1: 200
10
Hall
LEGEND:
Entrance to Virginia Forest
8
6
location spot
4
route to Virginia Forest
2
0
Tongkat
Ali
LANDSCAPE
Tongkat Ali

28. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Bridge
Scientific name: Labisia Pumila Benth
Common name: Selusuh Fatimah
Leaf size: 0.2m
Herbaceous shrub with creeping rhizomes
Surrounding: High humidity and shady
Function as herb: afterbirth care
Pavilion
River
Camping site
(cm)
Scale 1: 20
80
Hall
60
LEGEND:
location spot
route to Virginia Forest
Entrance to Virginia Forest
40
20
0
Kacip
Fatimah
LANDSCAPE
Kacip Fatimah

29. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Bridge
Kelentit Kering
Yellow-footed polypore
Microporus Xanthopus species
Polyporaceae family
Diameter: 0.09m
Grow on rotting wood
River
Camping site
(cm)
Scale 1: 20
80
Hall
60
LEGEND:
location spot
route to Virginia Forest
Entrance to Virginia Forest
40
20
0
Kelentik
Kering
LANDSCAPE
Pavilion

30. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Bridge
Nepenthes Ampullaria
(Ground species Pitcher plant)
Height: 0.1m
Width: 0.07m
Carnivorous plant, feed on insects
Able to grow in poor soils
Oten grow in damp, shady and humid area
Separate to two types
River
Camping site
(cm)
Hall
Scale 1: 20
80
60
LEGEND:
Entrance to Virginia Forest
location spot
40
route to Virginia Forest
20
0
Pitcher
Plant
LANDSCAPE
Pavilion

31. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Bintangor
Height: 10m
Diameter: 0.125m
Long waxy leaves
Soil condition: swampy area
Poisonous latex: used for stunning fish
Function as herb: Ease headache and rashes
Pavilion
River
(m)
Camping site
Scale 1: 200
10
Hall
LEGEND:
Entrance to Virginia Forest
8
6
location spot
4
route to Virginia Forest
2
0
Bintangor
LANDSCAPE
Bridge

32. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Bintangor
Height: 10m
Diameter: 0.125m
Long waxy leaves
Soil condition: swampy area
Poisonous latex: used for stunning fish
Function as herb: Ease headache and rashes
Pavilion
River
(m)
Camping site
Scale 1: 200
10
Hall
LEGEND:
Entrance to Virginia Forest
8
6
location spot
4
route to Virginia Forest
2
0
Bintangor
LANDSCAPE
Bridge

33. Location of Vegetation in Virginia Forest
Casuarina Junghuhniana
Average height: 20m
Average diameter: 40cm
Deciduous tree
Soil condition: slope, sandy soil
Suitable species as windbreaker
Improved soil fertility
Pavilion
River
(m)
Camping site
Scale 1: 200
10
Hall
LEGEND:
Entrance to Virginia Forest
8
6
location spot
4
route to Virginia Forest
2
0
Casuarina
tree
LANDSCAPE
Bridge

34. Location of Birds foraging in Virginia Forest
(5.00 a.m. morning)
Humming Bird
Smallest of birds (7.5 – 13) cm
Humming sound created by their
beating wings.
Pigeon
12 inches.
Feed on seeds, fruits, and
plants.
0.5 – 2 kg .
Bridge
Pavilion
River
Lifespan: 25 y
0.2 – 0.4 kg (Adult)
Length: 37 – 43 cm (Adult), 44 –
46 cm (Adult)
Camping site
Hall
LEGEND:
location spot
route to Virginia Forest
Entrance to Virginia Forest
Bulbul
Short-necked
Length from 13cm to 29cm .
Highly vocal, with the calls of
most species being described as
nasal or gravelly.
LANDSCAPE
Magpie

35. - Barbecuing normally happens in the afternoon and evening.
- Food is not provided by the park.
- Besides barbecuing, camping is available with the limitation of 100
visitors at the campsite. No charges are applied for camping.
- Cooking and camping facilities are not provided.
- These activities are mostly preferred by locals, especially during public
holidays and school holidays.
BARBECUE & PICNIC AREA
ACTIVITIES
LEGAL ACTIVITES

36. LEGAL ACTIVITES
SIGHT SEEING BY THE LAKE
SIGHT SEEING IN THE BEACH FOREST
- The best time for sightseeing at these sites is from morning to noon.
- It is not advised to visit the lake and the beach during the night
because of the high tide from the sea.
- During November to March, the lake becomes dry and muddy due to
the dry season so it is not ideal to visit during that time.
ACTIVITIES
SIGHT SEEING AT THE BEACH

37. LEGAL ACTIVITES
Nesting
- Green Turtles nesting: April to August
- Olive Ridley Turtle nesting: September
to February
- Nesting occurs at night.
- Viewing is allowed but with minimal
light shining at the turtles as to not
disrupt the process.
Nesting Site Selection
- Located under the vegetative cover of
merambong trees
- Open sands
- Under bushes
Based on the statistics of 2008 &
2009, 60% of Green Turtle nests were
located under merambong trees,
24.8% were located under bushes
and 14.9% in open sands.
ACTIVITIES
TURTLE NESTING

38. LEGAL ACTIVITES
Turtle Hatchery & Sanctuary
- The cage indicates that the eggs are
being incubated until they are ready
to be hatched.
- Office hours: 7.30AM – 6PM
- After the eggs are laid, they are reburied in the hatchery nests
excavated to a depth of 60cm deep & 25cm wide.
- After placing them in the nesting chamber, the nest is
compacted with remaining sand and left for incubation.
- They then label the clutches using bamboo sticks & cover the
nest with a protective netting to avoid predation attempts.
ACTIVITIES
TURTLE CONSERVATION SANCTUARY

39. LEGAL ACTIVITES
- There are 3 hiking trails in Penang National Park.
- The best months to hike is throughout the year, excluding the
months of March - April because they are the ludicrously hot
months therefore it is not ideal to hike.
- The distance from Teluk Bahang to Pantai Kerachut is 3km and
the hike usually takes around 1.5 -2 hours, depending on
individual speed.
ACTIVITIES
JUNGLE TREKKING / HIKING

40. LEGAL ACTIVITES
JETTY / FISHING
- Pre booking is required for 15-20 minutes boat ride from
Pantai Kerachut back to Teluk Bahang abd vise versa.
ACTIVITIES
The lake is a dry mud bank during neap tides and dry
season. October to April is not a good time to visit
the lake.

41. LEGAL ACTIVITES
SHELTER
BIRD WATCHING
Bird watching is available at 5am and in the
evening. This activity happens often due to the
migration of different species of birds.
ACTIVITIES
Shelter is provided for visitors to rest and bird
watching. It’s a place for people to gather around.

42. ILLEGAL ACTIVITES
SWIMMING
Swimming is not allowed as a precaution
for jellyfish stings.
SMOKING
Smoking is prohibited
throughout the park to sustain
the air quality and cleanliness.
ACTIVITIES
HERBS COLLECTING
Herbs collecting is not allowed
as a measure of preservation
of nature.

43. EXISTING STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
(site plan)

44. EXISTING STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
(site plan)

45. EXISTING STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
(site plan)

46. EXISTING STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
(location plan)

47. EXISTING STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
(location plan)

48. EXISTING STRUCTURE
LOCATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
(location plan)

49. MEASUREMENTS
PLAN
SCALE 1:100
SIDE ELEVATION
SCALE 1:100
FRONT ELEVATION SCALE 1:100
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Suspension Bridge

50. MEASUREMENTS
PLAN
SCALE 1:20
SIDE ELEVATION
SCALE 1:20
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Shelter

51. PURPOSE OF EXISTENCE
Suspension Bridge
EXISTING STRUCTURE
• To connect forest and Pantai Kerachut
• To provide an extensive view of Tasik Meromiktik
• To act as a clear border between the sea and the lake

52. REASON OF CHOICE
•
•
Less hassle during construction.
Difference in height between the
two lands.
EXISTING STRUCRURE
Suspension Bridge

53. MATERIALS USED
Platform
Handle
Base
Fibre Cement Board
Polyvinyl Chloride
Concrete
Columns
Supporting Cables
Supporting I – beams
Concrete
Steel Cable
Galvanized Mild Steel
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Suspension Bridge

54. REASON OF CHOICE
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Suspension Bridge

55. PURPOSE OF EXISTENCE
Shelter
EXISTING STRUCTURE
• Acts as a shelter during sunny or rainy days
• To allow mountain hikers and beach lovers to have a nice place to rest
• To bring the Malay traditional flavours to Pantai Kerachut

56. MATERIALS USED
Kapur Wood – Shellac coated
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Shelter

57. PURPOSE OF EXISTENCE
Guard Post
EXISTING STRUCTURE
• To provide security
• To ensure cleanliness
• To carry out registration

58. MATERIALS USED
Kapur Wood – Shellac coated
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Guard Post

59. PURPOSE OF EXISTENCE
EXISTING STRUCTURE
Sign Boards

60. VIEWS AND SENSORY
SITE ANALYSIS

61. VIEWS AND SENSORY
WIND

62. NOISE
Sound of the nature
and insects from the
forest
Sound of sea breeze
and sea waves
Sound of the wind
and sea breeze
Sound of the insects
and birds from the
forest
Sound of the insects and
birds from the forest
VIEWS AND SENSORY
Sound of waves
splashing onto the
rocks

63. VIEWS AND SENSORY
VIEWS FROM THE SITE

64. Point A
Point B
Point C
VIEWS AND SENSORY
VIEWS

65. VIEWS AND SENSORY
VIEW QUALITIES FROM SITE

66. VIEWS AND SENSORY
POINT A (VIEWS FROM BRIDGE)

67. VIEWS AND SENSORY
POINT B (VIEWS FROM LAKESIDE)

68. VIEWS AND SENSORY
POINT C

69. VIEWS AND SENSORY
VIEWS THROUGH THE SITE

70. VIEWS AND SENSORY
VIEWS TO THE SITE

71. VIEWS AND SENSORY
VIEWS TO THE SITE

72. VIEWS AND SENSORY
BEST VIEWS

73. One of the best nature view during 6.45am-7.25am, when the sun
rises.
VIEWS AND SENSORY
BEST VIEWS (EAST)

74. One of the best nature view during 5.45pm-7.15pm, when the sun
rises.
VIEWS AND SENSORY
BEST VIEWS (WEST)

75. Site Plan ( 1:1500 )

76. Forest Ranger
A forest ranger is a person entrusted with protecting and
preserving forests
DUTY
- To protect the park resources for future generations
- To protect park visitors.
SKILLS
- Have strong communication and leadership skills
- Physically fit
- Have knowledge of basic first aid, surviving skills
EQUIPMENTS
- First Aid kit to rescue visitors if any emergency
happened.
- Fire-fighting tools to prevent forest fire if there is any.
- Torch light, matches or lighters
- Knife
- Safety Boot
- Water Bottle
- Rope
- Other appropriate gears

77. Standard Lookout/ Observation Towers
12 meters
16 meters
36 meters
35 meters
Standard lookout towers with different heights and
constructional structure ( bracings )
A zig-zag or staircases to go up and down with one
space at the top for observation.
12 meters

78. Simple Local Guard Towers
-
Located in Teluk Cempedak Beach, Kuantan
-
Constructed with concrete and consists of wooden or
steel handrails for stairs
-
Simplest structure with one staircase around the
tower to go up and down
-
Located between Hyatt Hotel and Commercial street
nearby Mc Donald Restaurant
-
Provide good overall view of the sea for safety
purpose

79. Korkeasaari Lookout Tower
-Situated on a site 18 meters above sea
- Competition for design of Ten meters high
Timber Tower
- Provide spectacular views of the sea and city
of Helsinki
- Landmark of Korkeasaari Island
Ville Hara
Helsinki, Finland

80. - The load bearing structure consists of 72 long
battens, with a section of 60mmx60mm, that are
bent and twisted on the site from seven pre-bent
types.
- Over 600 bolted joints hold the shell structure
together.
- The wood is treated with a linen oil-based
wood balm with UV-protection.

82. - A batten is a thin strip of solid
material, typically made from wood,
plastic or metal.
- Battens are used in building
construction and various other fields.
- Ideal for external cladding and
facades
- Light and strong material

83. JeJawi Tower, Pulau Ubin, Singapore
- Located at Chek Jawa Wetlands,
- Big attraction for bird watching and view most of greenery in
Pulau Ubin
- 21 meters tall viewing tower
- Includes 7 storeys of 3-meter risers and at each storey, there is
a small deck for observing the surroundings

84. - There is one staircase to go up and come down.
- Can accommodate 20 people at the top cabin.
- Materials – Steel and Timber

85. - Construction includes diagonal bracing from the base to the top.
- Consists of Four primary post columns with bracings
Cross Bracing K-Bracing
Eccentric
Types of Bracing

86. Killesberg Tower
- Observatory Tower completed in 2000, designed by
Jorg Schlaich
- Consists of 5 floors above the ground
- 40.3 meters high and base width is 21 meters
- Landmark of Stuggart
Stuttgart, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany

87. -
The tower is accessed by two open-air spiral
staircases : One to go up and one to go down.
-
4 platforms and 2 counter-rotating stairs (348 steps)
-
Height to observation deck from ground – 31 meters
-
The tower has different heights in viewing platforms –
8 m, 16m, 24m, 31m.

88. - Main Material used is Steel.
- Constructed with steel mesh and pre-stressed cable
net type with an open lattice structure.
-
There are 48 cables.

89. Bird Observation Tower
-
Located on the far-projecting peninsula
Graswarder, Heiligenhafen, Germany
-
12.5 meters high
-
Gross External Area : 48 meter squared
-
Heiligenhafen
Germany
Designed by GMP architects
Wooden construction made of Siberian Larch

90. Two flight staircase providing access to the tower
Type of staircase – Half-Landing Stairs

91. Siberian Larch Wood is used for Decking and Siding.
With great stability, durability, and its natural resistance for
decay are the most impressive features.
A type of hard wood with high density and they are
aesthetically beautiful with natural color.

92. Inspirations
Observation Tower on the River Mur,
Border of Austria and Slovneia
The Jübergtower, Germany
Lookout tower at
Pipestem Resort,
West Virginia
Vienna Jubilaeumswarte
Tower at Honda Wetlands,Ohio
Observation Tower at
Putrajaya Water Sports Complex
Bird-watching Tower in Heitasaari Island,
Finland