The document discusses China's increasingly assertive "frown diplomacy" in Southeast Asia regarding territorial disputes in the South China Sea, in contrast to its previous "smile diplomacy." It describes how China strongly pressured ASEAN countries at a July 2010 meeting to not discuss the South China Sea issue. However, many countries brought it up anyway, angering China. The US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton's comments at the meeting implicitly challenged China's position on the disputes. Moving forward, China, ASEAN countries, and the US all need to find a cooperative approach to resolve the issues and uphold international law regarding the South China Sea.
The Rise of China's Maritime Power in the South China Sea: Maritime Security ...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the rising maritime power of China in the South China Sea and the security dilemma it creates in Philippines-China relations. It argues that China's implementation of its naval strategy has grown its maritime power, creating security anxieties for the Philippines. This security dilemma has trapped both countries in a "guessing game" where they try to determine each other's strategic intentions as either benign or malign. The document states that overcoming this maritime security dilemma is essential for improving bilateral ties between the Philippines and China.
The document discusses the territorial disputes in the South China Sea between China and other neighboring countries. There are several key points of contention including conflicting territorial claims, important shipping lanes, potential oil and gas reserves, fishing rights, and national prestige. The document analyzes the disputes through the lenses of realism and liberalism in international relations theory. From a realist perspective, China's actions demonstrate a pursuit of unilateral actions to advance its claims, while other countries seek to balance against China through allying with other powers like the US. From a liberal perspective, negotiations between economic partners could lead to solutions, but tensions have risen in recent years. Overall, the complex issues are unlikely to be resolved completely and conflict management is the best approach for
Philippines-China Security Relations and the South China Sea Disputes: Curren...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the history and current state of relations between the Philippines and China. It notes that ancient relations were characterized by good neighborliness, while modern relations have been more complex, with periods of amity and hostility. Key topics covered include tributary missions dating back to the 10th century, periods of relations defined by the Cold War and normalization, and recent tensions over territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The document also outlines visits by Philippine presidents to China and identifies current issues challenging relations such as the situations at Scarborough Shoal and Second Thomas Shoal.
Philippines-China Security Relations published by Yuchengco CenterRommel Banlaoi
This chapter discusses the development of international relations theory in China. It traces how IR theory began to take shape in China in the 1980s following Deng Xiaoping's reform policies. Several universities and research institutes established departments and programs on international relations during this time. While early studies focused on interpreting Marxism and Maoism, Chinese scholars began exploring IR theory with Chinese characteristics in the post-Cold War era. The chapter examines the evolution of IR studies in China and implications for analyzing Philippines-China security relations. It provides context on how China views itself and its role in international affairs.
This document discusses international opinion on disputes between China and its neighbors in the South China Sea. It argues that defending US allies Japan and the Philippines from Chinese aggression would not constitute entrapment for two reasons. First, the disputes involve China trying to alter the status quo through intimidation and coercion in critical trade routes and strategic waters. Second, the US' policy of strategic ambiguity has not been effective in preserving stability, as China continues rejecting international law and multilateral negotiations. Clear security commitments from the US are needed to uphold international law and freedom of navigation, and to reassure allies like Japan that are critical to US interests in the region.
- China has been building artificial islands in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea and claiming territory far beyond what international law allows. This has angered other countries that border the sea like Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.
- The South China Sea is a critical global trade route and may contain significant oil and gas resources, giving China strategic and economic incentives to control the area. However, its aggressive actions are exacerbating tensions.
- By ignoring international laws and treaties, China seeks to dominate the South China Sea, but its actions undermine stability in the region and its relations with neighbors. Investors would be wise to avoid the area due to these legal and political risks.
The South China Sea dispute involves competing territorial claims among China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei to island groups and maritime areas in the South China Sea. There are disputes over sovereignty of the Paracel and Spratly Islands as well as maritime boundaries. The conference in Hanoi discussed potential solutions but China rejected calls to curb its actions and asserted its claims. Key issues include sovereignty, economic interests in potential oil, gas and fishing resources, and freedom of navigation in strategic shipping lanes.
- The document discusses territorial disputes over the South China Sea between China and several Southeast Asian countries. China claims almost the entire South China Sea based on its "nine-dash line," which conflicts with the territorial claims of Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
- China has increasingly asserted control over the region by occupying islands and conducting large-scale land reclamation and construction. This has heightened tensions and risks conflict if not properly managed. The disputes have implications for freedom of navigation, trade, regional security, and the balance of power.
The Rise of China's Maritime Power in the South China Sea: Maritime Security ...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the rising maritime power of China in the South China Sea and the security dilemma it creates in Philippines-China relations. It argues that China's implementation of its naval strategy has grown its maritime power, creating security anxieties for the Philippines. This security dilemma has trapped both countries in a "guessing game" where they try to determine each other's strategic intentions as either benign or malign. The document states that overcoming this maritime security dilemma is essential for improving bilateral ties between the Philippines and China.
The document discusses the territorial disputes in the South China Sea between China and other neighboring countries. There are several key points of contention including conflicting territorial claims, important shipping lanes, potential oil and gas reserves, fishing rights, and national prestige. The document analyzes the disputes through the lenses of realism and liberalism in international relations theory. From a realist perspective, China's actions demonstrate a pursuit of unilateral actions to advance its claims, while other countries seek to balance against China through allying with other powers like the US. From a liberal perspective, negotiations between economic partners could lead to solutions, but tensions have risen in recent years. Overall, the complex issues are unlikely to be resolved completely and conflict management is the best approach for
Philippines-China Security Relations and the South China Sea Disputes: Curren...Rommel Banlaoi
This document discusses the history and current state of relations between the Philippines and China. It notes that ancient relations were characterized by good neighborliness, while modern relations have been more complex, with periods of amity and hostility. Key topics covered include tributary missions dating back to the 10th century, periods of relations defined by the Cold War and normalization, and recent tensions over territorial disputes in the South China Sea. The document also outlines visits by Philippine presidents to China and identifies current issues challenging relations such as the situations at Scarborough Shoal and Second Thomas Shoal.
Philippines-China Security Relations published by Yuchengco CenterRommel Banlaoi
This chapter discusses the development of international relations theory in China. It traces how IR theory began to take shape in China in the 1980s following Deng Xiaoping's reform policies. Several universities and research institutes established departments and programs on international relations during this time. While early studies focused on interpreting Marxism and Maoism, Chinese scholars began exploring IR theory with Chinese characteristics in the post-Cold War era. The chapter examines the evolution of IR studies in China and implications for analyzing Philippines-China security relations. It provides context on how China views itself and its role in international affairs.
This document discusses international opinion on disputes between China and its neighbors in the South China Sea. It argues that defending US allies Japan and the Philippines from Chinese aggression would not constitute entrapment for two reasons. First, the disputes involve China trying to alter the status quo through intimidation and coercion in critical trade routes and strategic waters. Second, the US' policy of strategic ambiguity has not been effective in preserving stability, as China continues rejecting international law and multilateral negotiations. Clear security commitments from the US are needed to uphold international law and freedom of navigation, and to reassure allies like Japan that are critical to US interests in the region.
- China has been building artificial islands in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea and claiming territory far beyond what international law allows. This has angered other countries that border the sea like Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines.
- The South China Sea is a critical global trade route and may contain significant oil and gas resources, giving China strategic and economic incentives to control the area. However, its aggressive actions are exacerbating tensions.
- By ignoring international laws and treaties, China seeks to dominate the South China Sea, but its actions undermine stability in the region and its relations with neighbors. Investors would be wise to avoid the area due to these legal and political risks.
The South China Sea dispute involves competing territorial claims among China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei to island groups and maritime areas in the South China Sea. There are disputes over sovereignty of the Paracel and Spratly Islands as well as maritime boundaries. The conference in Hanoi discussed potential solutions but China rejected calls to curb its actions and asserted its claims. Key issues include sovereignty, economic interests in potential oil, gas and fishing resources, and freedom of navigation in strategic shipping lanes.
- The document discusses territorial disputes over the South China Sea between China and several Southeast Asian countries. China claims almost the entire South China Sea based on its "nine-dash line," which conflicts with the territorial claims of Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
- China has increasingly asserted control over the region by occupying islands and conducting large-scale land reclamation and construction. This has heightened tensions and risks conflict if not properly managed. The disputes have implications for freedom of navigation, trade, regional security, and the balance of power.
The document provides an overview of the Nixon administration and presidency from 1969-1974. It discusses Nixon's conservative yet also liberal domestic policies including his Southern Strategy, environmental protections, and creation of OSHA. His foreign policy achievements included establishing relations with China and negotiating arms limitations with the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal erupted over Nixon's involvement in the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters and his subsequent attempts to cover it up, ultimately leading to his resignation in 1974. Gerald Ford then assumed the presidency to complete Nixon's term.
- Gas prices were reaching new highs in the 1970s due to OPEC raising oil prices and implementing production cuts, leading to gas rationing in some states. This contributed to economic "stagflation", where inflation and unemployment both increased.
- President Carter focused on the energy crisis and conservation but was unsuccessful. He initiated the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt but most Arab nations opposed it. Iranian revolutionaries took 52 American hostages in 1979 which Carter failed to gain the release of.
This document summarizes China's disputes over maritime territories in the South China Sea. It discusses China's historical claim to much of the South China Sea based on the "Nine Dash Line" and its efforts to police foreign military activity in the region. However, an international tribunal recently invalidated China's Nine Dash Line claim as having no legal basis. Nonetheless, China continues actions to assert control, including recent military drills, and does not recognize the tribunal's authority. While China argues it has rights under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to regulate foreign activity in its EEZ, the tribunal found this does not permit restricting innocent passage of foreign militaries in international waters.
China pursues territorial claims in the South and East China Seas using civilian vessels and forces to apply pressure and intimidate neighboring countries, while avoiding overt military conflict. Beijing deploys fishing boats, coast guard ships, and other paramilitary forces in large swarms to assert control and block access. This falls short of an "armed attack" under international law, preventing other countries from invoking self-defense. Through incremental coercion with civilian forces, China seeks to overwhelm its neighbors and bring the seas into its sphere of influence, exploiting a loophole in the rules on use of force.
The document discusses various causes of conflict among countries, including competing territory, conflict over scarce resources, and ideological differences. It provides examples for each, such as the conflict between China and India over territory, Iceland and Britain's conflict over fishing grounds, and the war between North and South Korea due to their differing political ideologies. The document argues that these factors are significant causes of conflict because countries are willing to risk disputes or enter armed conflict to protect important national interests related to these issues.
The document summarizes the causes of international conflicts between countries. It provides the example of the conflict between India and China over their disputed border territories in the Himalayas region. Tensions grew between the two countries in the late 1950s over areas like Aksai Chin and NEFA, ultimately leading to war in 1962. Another example given is the conflict between Iceland and Britain in the 1970s over fishing grounds, which Iceland extended control over threatening Iceland's fishing industry and resources. Ideological differences can also spur conflicts, as demonstrated by the war between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea following their division after World War II.
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5 nixon and the cold warMrsSmithGHS
President Nixon pursued a foreign policy of realpolitik, pursuing national interests over ideology. He improved relations with both China and the Soviet Union, recognizing that neither country was fully united with the other against the US. Nixon and his adviser Kissinger arranged secret talks with China, culminating in Nixon's 1972 visit where he met with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, hoping to gain economic opportunities. This move also weakened China-Soviet ties. Nixon then visited Moscow in 1972 and signed the SALT treaty, reducing nuclear arms and tensions between the US and Soviet Union. Nixon's policy of detente replaced old suspicions with eased tensions, moving the world closer to the end of the Cold War.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Questions Fall 2015 Part 2tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 6-10 of the practice match questions. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
This thesis examines rising tensions between China and the United States that could escalate into a new Cold War. It explores the modernization of China's military, increasing cyber conflicts, and tensions over economic and maritime disputes. The author analyzes how the U.S. can counter China's growing naval power, address cyber vulnerabilities, and diversify its economy to reduce tensions. The thesis aims to determine if the relationship has deteriorated enough to be considered a Cold War and what policies the U.S. could adopt in response to China's rising threat.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Answers Fall 2015 Part 2tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 6-10 of the practice match questions with answers. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Questions Fall 2015 Part 1tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 1-5 of the practice match questions. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
Edca a deterrent to war—bautista inquirer global nationKurapt Ako
The document discusses comments made by Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Gen. Emmanuel Bautista supporting the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (Edca) between the Philippines and United States. Bautista says Edca is a "creative way" to improve deterrence against security threats with US help, as the Philippines does not have capabilities on its own. Edca could allow more frequent joint military activities and US access to Philippine bases, enabling quicker response times. While criticized as infringing on sovereignty, Bautista believes Edca strengthens the allies' 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty by operationalizing US commitment to Philippine defense.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Answers Fall 2015 Part 1tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 1-5 of the practice match questions with answers. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with its key neighbors - China, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. It discusses the history and development of diplomatic, economic, and military ties between Pakistan and each country. In particular, it notes the strong defense cooperation between Pakistan and China, economic partnerships between Pakistan and Iran, tensions over the Afghanistan border and refugee situation, and the long-standing Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India.
1. The document analyzes the South China Sea dispute between China and neighboring ASEAN countries over island territories, and the recent involvement of the US.
2. It argues that the US portrayal of renewed engagement is overstated, as the US has long maintained a naval presence and military exercises in the region. Meanwhile, China has strengthened economic ties with ASEAN through their free trade agreement.
3. The document concludes that media portrayals of rising tensions are overblown, as claimants are continuing informal negotiations over the disputes through ASEAN-China cooperation, while military conflict is unlikely given China's preference for non-military resolution and expanding economic influence in the region.
Evolution of Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947 2012)Evan Pathiratne
The document summarizes the evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present in three phases. The first phase from 1947-1962 saw Pakistan explore relationships with all countries while initially aligning with the West. The second phase from 1962-1990 was a transition away from complete alignment with the West towards bilateralism and non-alignment. The third phase from 1990 onward dealt with the post-Cold War era, Pakistan's nuclear development, the war in Afghanistan, and recent counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan's foreign policy has aimed to balance national security, economic interests, Islamic solidarity, and peaceful relations while remaining non-aligned.
International opinion on the South China Sea issueraissarobles
This PDF file was just now provided by the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. It is the first such compilation of reports on the South China Sea conflict from Manila's perspective
This document provides an overview of issues related to the South China Sea, including China's increasing assertiveness in the region, competing territorial claims among regional powers, and relevant international law. Specifically, it discusses China's historical claims to the South China Sea, its perspectives on controlling resources and securing sea lanes, recent military engagements and island building activities, and the ambiguous nature of its maritime claims. The document also outlines the positions of US allies in the region, including Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam and Taiwan, and their views on applying international law to the territorial disputes.
Senkaku Islands Disputes: Maritime Security Challenges for the Asia Pacific R...Rommel Banlaoi
1. The document discusses the maritime security challenges posed by China's disputes with Japan over the Senkaku Islands and with the Philippines over the Spratly Islands.
2. China has established control of Scarborough Shoal near the Philippines and increased its paramilitary presence in the South China and East China Seas, heightening security concerns.
3. Overlapping fishing and patrols in the disputed waters increases the risk of accidental clashes that could escalate into violent conflicts, threatening regional maritime security and stability.
El documento describe un proyecto europeo llamado District of the Future liderado por Telefónica para mejorar la eficiencia energética en tres edificios de la ciudad de Sabadell, España a través del monitoreo de datos energéticos y la plataforma FIWare. Sabadell recibirá más de 200,000 euros de la Unión Europea para este proyecto piloto de tres años que involucra a 11 socios de España, Reino Unido y Francia.
This document provides a summary of how life and transportation have changed over different eras from prehistory to modern times.
In prehistoric times, early humans lived in caves or small villages near rivers, began farming plants and domesticating animals, and traveled by foot or basic vehicles. In ancient times during Roman rule, cities were built, the wealthy lived in homes while the poor lived in cramped housing, and transportation included horses, ships, and new roads. In the Middle Ages, knights lived in castles with their families and servants, villages grew near castles, and travel was by foot, horse, carts on poor roads, and ships. In modern times, as navigation advanced, cities expanded with homes
The document provides an overview of the Nixon administration and presidency from 1969-1974. It discusses Nixon's conservative yet also liberal domestic policies including his Southern Strategy, environmental protections, and creation of OSHA. His foreign policy achievements included establishing relations with China and negotiating arms limitations with the Soviet Union. However, the Watergate scandal erupted over Nixon's involvement in the break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters and his subsequent attempts to cover it up, ultimately leading to his resignation in 1974. Gerald Ford then assumed the presidency to complete Nixon's term.
- Gas prices were reaching new highs in the 1970s due to OPEC raising oil prices and implementing production cuts, leading to gas rationing in some states. This contributed to economic "stagflation", where inflation and unemployment both increased.
- President Carter focused on the energy crisis and conservation but was unsuccessful. He initiated the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt but most Arab nations opposed it. Iranian revolutionaries took 52 American hostages in 1979 which Carter failed to gain the release of.
This document summarizes China's disputes over maritime territories in the South China Sea. It discusses China's historical claim to much of the South China Sea based on the "Nine Dash Line" and its efforts to police foreign military activity in the region. However, an international tribunal recently invalidated China's Nine Dash Line claim as having no legal basis. Nonetheless, China continues actions to assert control, including recent military drills, and does not recognize the tribunal's authority. While China argues it has rights under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea to regulate foreign activity in its EEZ, the tribunal found this does not permit restricting innocent passage of foreign militaries in international waters.
China pursues territorial claims in the South and East China Seas using civilian vessels and forces to apply pressure and intimidate neighboring countries, while avoiding overt military conflict. Beijing deploys fishing boats, coast guard ships, and other paramilitary forces in large swarms to assert control and block access. This falls short of an "armed attack" under international law, preventing other countries from invoking self-defense. Through incremental coercion with civilian forces, China seeks to overwhelm its neighbors and bring the seas into its sphere of influence, exploiting a loophole in the rules on use of force.
The document discusses various causes of conflict among countries, including competing territory, conflict over scarce resources, and ideological differences. It provides examples for each, such as the conflict between China and India over territory, Iceland and Britain's conflict over fishing grounds, and the war between North and South Korea due to their differing political ideologies. The document argues that these factors are significant causes of conflict because countries are willing to risk disputes or enter armed conflict to protect important national interests related to these issues.
The document summarizes the causes of international conflicts between countries. It provides the example of the conflict between India and China over their disputed border territories in the Himalayas region. Tensions grew between the two countries in the late 1950s over areas like Aksai Chin and NEFA, ultimately leading to war in 1962. Another example given is the conflict between Iceland and Britain in the 1970s over fishing grounds, which Iceland extended control over threatening Iceland's fishing industry and resources. Ideological differences can also spur conflicts, as demonstrated by the war between communist North Korea and democratic South Korea following their division after World War II.
Unit 6 section 2 lesson 5 nixon and the cold warMrsSmithGHS
President Nixon pursued a foreign policy of realpolitik, pursuing national interests over ideology. He improved relations with both China and the Soviet Union, recognizing that neither country was fully united with the other against the US. Nixon and his adviser Kissinger arranged secret talks with China, culminating in Nixon's 1972 visit where he met with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, hoping to gain economic opportunities. This move also weakened China-Soviet ties. Nixon then visited Moscow in 1972 and signed the SALT treaty, reducing nuclear arms and tensions between the US and Soviet Union. Nixon's policy of detente replaced old suspicions with eased tensions, moving the world closer to the end of the Cold War.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Questions Fall 2015 Part 2tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 6-10 of the practice match questions. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
This thesis examines rising tensions between China and the United States that could escalate into a new Cold War. It explores the modernization of China's military, increasing cyber conflicts, and tensions over economic and maritime disputes. The author analyzes how the U.S. can counter China's growing naval power, address cyber vulnerabilities, and diversify its economy to reduce tensions. The thesis aims to determine if the relationship has deteriorated enough to be considered a Cold War and what policies the U.S. could adopt in response to China's rising threat.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Answers Fall 2015 Part 2tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 6-10 of the practice match questions with answers. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Questions Fall 2015 Part 1tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 1-5 of the practice match questions. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
Edca a deterrent to war—bautista inquirer global nationKurapt Ako
The document discusses comments made by Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff Gen. Emmanuel Bautista supporting the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (Edca) between the Philippines and United States. Bautista says Edca is a "creative way" to improve deterrence against security threats with US help, as the Philippines does not have capabilities on its own. Edca could allow more frequent joint military activities and US access to Philippine bases, enabling quicker response times. While criticized as infringing on sovereignty, Bautista believes Edca strengthens the allies' 1951 Mutual Defense Treaty by operationalizing US commitment to Philippine defense.
TNWAC WorldQuest Practice Answers Fall 2015 Part 1tnwac
The Tennessee World Affairs Council hosts the Academic WorldQuest HS competition each year. In the fall TNWAC organizes a practice round. This presentation provides Rounds 1-5 of the practice match questions with answers. The match was held at Belmont University on November 21, 2015. The TNWAC State Championship match is set for February 21, 2016 at Belmont University in Nashville. Visit TNWAC.org/worldquest for details. Please feel free to use our practice questions and answers for your teams.
The document summarizes Pakistan's relations with its key neighbors - China, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. It discusses the history and development of diplomatic, economic, and military ties between Pakistan and each country. In particular, it notes the strong defense cooperation between Pakistan and China, economic partnerships between Pakistan and Iran, tensions over the Afghanistan border and refugee situation, and the long-standing Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India.
1. The document analyzes the South China Sea dispute between China and neighboring ASEAN countries over island territories, and the recent involvement of the US.
2. It argues that the US portrayal of renewed engagement is overstated, as the US has long maintained a naval presence and military exercises in the region. Meanwhile, China has strengthened economic ties with ASEAN through their free trade agreement.
3. The document concludes that media portrayals of rising tensions are overblown, as claimants are continuing informal negotiations over the disputes through ASEAN-China cooperation, while military conflict is unlikely given China's preference for non-military resolution and expanding economic influence in the region.
Evolution of Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947 2012)Evan Pathiratne
The document summarizes the evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy from 1947 to the present in three phases. The first phase from 1947-1962 saw Pakistan explore relationships with all countries while initially aligning with the West. The second phase from 1962-1990 was a transition away from complete alignment with the West towards bilateralism and non-alignment. The third phase from 1990 onward dealt with the post-Cold War era, Pakistan's nuclear development, the war in Afghanistan, and recent counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan's foreign policy has aimed to balance national security, economic interests, Islamic solidarity, and peaceful relations while remaining non-aligned.
International opinion on the South China Sea issueraissarobles
This PDF file was just now provided by the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. It is the first such compilation of reports on the South China Sea conflict from Manila's perspective
This document provides an overview of issues related to the South China Sea, including China's increasing assertiveness in the region, competing territorial claims among regional powers, and relevant international law. Specifically, it discusses China's historical claims to the South China Sea, its perspectives on controlling resources and securing sea lanes, recent military engagements and island building activities, and the ambiguous nature of its maritime claims. The document also outlines the positions of US allies in the region, including Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam and Taiwan, and their views on applying international law to the territorial disputes.
Senkaku Islands Disputes: Maritime Security Challenges for the Asia Pacific R...Rommel Banlaoi
1. The document discusses the maritime security challenges posed by China's disputes with Japan over the Senkaku Islands and with the Philippines over the Spratly Islands.
2. China has established control of Scarborough Shoal near the Philippines and increased its paramilitary presence in the South China and East China Seas, heightening security concerns.
3. Overlapping fishing and patrols in the disputed waters increases the risk of accidental clashes that could escalate into violent conflicts, threatening regional maritime security and stability.
El documento describe un proyecto europeo llamado District of the Future liderado por Telefónica para mejorar la eficiencia energética en tres edificios de la ciudad de Sabadell, España a través del monitoreo de datos energéticos y la plataforma FIWare. Sabadell recibirá más de 200,000 euros de la Unión Europea para este proyecto piloto de tres años que involucra a 11 socios de España, Reino Unido y Francia.
This document provides a summary of how life and transportation have changed over different eras from prehistory to modern times.
In prehistoric times, early humans lived in caves or small villages near rivers, began farming plants and domesticating animals, and traveled by foot or basic vehicles. In ancient times during Roman rule, cities were built, the wealthy lived in homes while the poor lived in cramped housing, and transportation included horses, ships, and new roads. In the Middle Ages, knights lived in castles with their families and servants, villages grew near castles, and travel was by foot, horse, carts on poor roads, and ships. In modern times, as navigation advanced, cities expanded with homes
La división de honor del Club Estralla de Chile ganó el mayor porcentaje de títulos con un 31%, mientras que las divisiones infantiles y segunda obtuvieron cada una casi una cuarta parte de los títulos con 26% y 22% respectivamente, y los kids ganaron el porcentaje más bajo con 21%.
Este proyecto Erasmus+ involucra a 6 escuelas de Polonia, España, Hungría, Finlandia, Eslovenia y Alemania para desarrollar actividades conjuntas sobre el tema del agua. Los estudiantes participarán en investigaciones, fotografía, concursos y un juego de rol en cada reunión para desarrollar competencias clave. El proyecto concluirá con una exposición de los productos finales creados por cada escuela en Polonia.
BAKER DONELSON'S - Appears To Announce News of Florida Governor Signing Into ...VogelDenise
Florida passed a law allowing state agencies to randomly drug test up to 10% of employees every 90 days. The bill was signed by Governor Rick Scott on March 19, 2012 and allows computer-generated random selection of employees for alcohol and illegal substance testing. Employees who test positive can be disciplined or discharged, and may be referred to assistance programs, with their employment dependent on ability to perform duties while in treatment.
Michael Knight returns to his hometown of Manchester to perform a series of concerts at the O2 Apollo Manchester in March 2014. His debut solo album was released in December 2013 and reached the top 10 in the UK album charts. During an interview, Knight discusses his musical influences including The Kinks, and how he achieved success with his hit single "Rock n Roll Star" off his album "New Start". He also shares his love of Manchester City football club and his plans to stay happy and bring peace to his fans.
The document compares the Professional, Enterprise, and Performance editions of Service Cloud. The Professional edition provides basic service and support capabilities for small teams. The Enterprise edition extends service to the web with customization and automation features for large contact centers. The Performance edition combines CRM apps, platforms, and tools to drive customer satisfaction and maximize sales and service success.
The poem expresses a wish that school tests focused on video games instead of traditional subjects, and that playing video games could count as studying. In just 3 lines, it conveys a student's desire for more engaging and enjoyable ways of demonstrating their knowledge through video game play rather than conventional testing.
El documento lista las diferentes constituciones del Perú durante los siglos XIX y XX, incluyendo 15 constituciones del siglo XIX desde 1823 hasta 1920, y 4 constituciones del siglo XX desde 1933 hasta la actual constitución de 1993, con una breve discusión sobre la unicameralidad vs bicameralidad del congreso peruano.
Douglas Benedict Costa has over 7 years of experience in banking and financial services. He currently works as an Officer/Analyst at Standard Chartered Bank, where he is responsible for financial transaction processing, clearing activities, fund transfers, and risk identification. Previously, he worked at Sinai for over a year as an Officer Admin managing accounts, finances, and customer services. He holds an MBA and Bachelor's degree in Management and has strong computer and analytical skills.
The Prelim task was a short introductory project in film class to familiarize students with video editing software and equipment before creating longer films. The student found planning camera angles and shots for the 60-second film most difficult initially but easier after storyboarding. Filming went smoothly but taking a short college film seriously was hard at first. In the end, the student felt the film was successful with a full storyline and camerawork, leaving them prepared for future projects while still having areas of camera operation to further improve.
A direção do colégio apresentou jogos de escrita criativa para os alunos. A professora de língua portuguesa ensinou conceitos como advérbios e discurso direto e indireto para ajudar os alunos no 5o ano. Os alunos são encorajados a participar dos jogos com cuidado para serem criativos e eficientes.
MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN INVESTIGACIÓN EN ECONOMÍA DE LA EMPRESAOscar Herrera
Este documento presenta la estructura de un Máster Universitario en Investigación en Economía de la Empresa en la Universidad de Burgos. En el primer curso, los estudiantes deben elegir 60 créditos de asignaturas optativas de cuatro módulos diferentes: Organización de Empresas, Sistemas de Información Contable, Comercialización e Investigación de Mercados, y Economía Financiera. En el segundo curso, los estudiantes deben cursar asignaturas obligatorias de dos módulos: Investigación I y II, que incl
Chapter TwoAmerican Foreign PolicyGlenn P. HastedtDaJinElias52
Chapter Two
American Foreign Policy
Glenn P. Hastedt
Dateline: The South China Sea
By definition, foreign policy is outward-looking and seeks to promote the national interest. Disagreement exists over how best to anticipate threats and recognize opportunities found beyond state borders. Do we look at the structure of the international system, changing relations between countries, or specific events? Each of these focal points presents itself as the United States formulates a foreign policy to respond to Chinese actions in the South China Sea.1
Some 648,000 square nautical miles, the South China Sea is one of the world’s largest semi-enclosed seas. Five countries (six if Taiwan is counted) with a combined population of about 270 million are found along its borders: China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Malaysia. All claim 28sovereignty over some or all of it. China argues that these islands have been Chinese territory “since antiquity.” At issue is control not only over the waters and the airspace above it, but also over some four hundred to six hundred rocks, reefs, atolls, and islands. The two largest groupings of land in the South China Sea are the Spratly and Paracel Islands. Both have been the focal point of military-political conflicts involving competing claims made by China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The United States has taken no official position on these conflicting territorial claims, other than rejecting China’s claim to sovereignty over virtually all of it.
Three geostrategic factors come together to frame the South China Sea foreign policy problem facing the United States. First, the South China Sea is a critical passageway for global commercial shipping and naval operations linking the Middle East and Africa to Asia. The amount of oil passing through its waters is six times larger than that going through the Suez Canal. Second, evidence points to the presence of potentially significant natural energy reserves beneath the South China Sea that the Chinese media refer to as “the second Persian Gulf.” Third, the South China Sea is of great strategic importance to China. It is often spoken of in terms comparable to the United States’ traditional view of the Caribbean Sea. To a considerable degree it was in recognition of China’s growing economic and military power, along with the key role that the South China Sea played in China’s foreign policy thinking, that President Obama called for a “pivot” to Asia when he became president.
Tensions between the United States and China have grown noticeably over the past decade. As China’s military and economic power have increased, the U.S. has placed greater emphasis on Asia in its foreign policy. In November 2013, after China unilaterally claimed the right to police a contested portion of the airspace over the South China Sea, the United States sent two B-52 bombers into that zone without asking permission. In May 2014, without notice, China unilaterally placed a $1 billion deep ...
The South China Sea: Disputes, Risks and DiplomacyPierre Memheld
Why is there maritime tension between China and its southeast Asian neighbours, and where is it heading? Lord Michael Williams and Christian Le Mière of International Institute for Strategic Studies discuss at Chatham House on 23 October 2012.
Philippine Solution to the South China Sea Problem: More Problems, Less Solu...Rommel Banlaoi
The document discusses the Philippine proposal for a "Zone of Peace, Freedom, Friendship and Cooperation" (ZoPFFC) in the South China Sea. It aimed to provide an overarching solution to territorial disputes but was rejected by China. The document describes increasing tensions in the South China Sea due to more assertive diplomacy and naval activities by claimant states. It outlines the Philippine proposal and examines its merits and limitations in managing disputes in the region.
The document discusses international opinions on China's territorial claims and actions in the South China Sea from newspapers and publications around the world. It focuses on tensions between China and ASEAN over negotiations for a binding Code of Conduct (COC) to resolve disputes in the South China Sea. Key points include:
1) ASEAN faces challenges in reaching an agreement with China on a COC due to China continuing unilateral actions in the South China Sea that alter the status quo, as well as maintaining unity among ASEAN members with differing interests.
2) The document outlines differing views among ASEAN claimant states the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei toward the South China Sea issue and negotiations with China.
3)
The management of U.S.-China relations poses significant challenges for any U.S. administration. While China's rise is legitimate and beneficial in many ways, its growing military capabilities and claims in the South China Sea call into question the long-standing U.S.-led security architecture in Asia. Additionally, the U.S. and China have competing visions for the regional and global order that will shape their relationship. The author outlines several policy frameworks that will be essential for any U.S. administration to balance in managing relations, including strengthening alliances, upholding international norms, addressing ideological differences, improving perceptions of each other's intentions, and expanding practical cooperation. Finding solutions that address China's security concerns without threatening U.
Southeast asian perspectives on the rise of chinaRommel Banlaoi
1) Southeast Asian countries view China's rise as an economic opportunity but also a security challenge rather than a serious threat. They see China as a partner in economic cooperation and growth.
2) However, China's territorial disputes in the South China Sea and past military actions continue to cause worries in the region. Its assertive behavior in incidents like the EP3 plane collision raised concerns.
3) Still, Southeast Asian countries are engaging with China through economic cooperation and security forums to help shape China's behavior and assure its intentions remain peaceful. The release of China's recent defense white paper created optimism that it will be more transparent.
South China Sea & Crimea -- similarities !!!Jeff Schubert
Events is Crimea should serve as a warning about what could easily happen in the South China Sea. Russia & China will always focus on "national security"
Renewed Tensions and Continuing Maritime Security Dilemma in the South China ...Rommel Banlaoi
1) Tensions have increased in the South China Sea since 2007 despite a 2002 agreement, as claimants continue developing civilian and military facilities on islands to strengthen claims.
2) China's growing naval power has exacerbated the maritime security dilemma, prompting other claimants to upgrade their own navies.
3) The security dilemma framework explains the tensions, as countries cannot be certain if other countries' military actions are for defense or offense, fueling mutual suspicion. Renewed tensions and the security dilemma pose challenges for maritime security in Asia.
This document summarizes the key threats to peace and security in the Pacific region based on discussions from a series of conferences held by the Boston Global Forum. It identifies China's increasingly aggressive territorial claims in the South and East China Seas as a major flashpoint, as China uses its growing military capabilities to assert control over strategic waterways and their natural resources. The document outlines specific incidents where China has used its coast guard and fishing boats to threaten neighbors like Vietnam and the Philippines. While the US is strengthening defense ties with regional allies, China is engaging in a substantial naval buildup, raising concerns about future conflict over the vital economic and strategic interests at stake in the Pacific waters.
Maritime Territorial Disputes in East AsiaNian Yao
The maritime territorial disputes in East Asia are proving increasingly difficult to manage for several reasons:
1) Growing strategic and economic interests in the seas have led to heightened tensions as countries seek to assert control and access resources.
2) Nationalist sentiments among the public and governments have been mobilized in support of claims, undermining relations between disputing countries.
3) While international law provides some framework, its application is limited given sovereignty disputes require consent of all parties and there are differences in how Asian countries view international law compared to Western countries where current laws originated.
- The relationship between the U.S. and China is increasingly tense as China's military and economic power grows. A recent encounter between U.S. and Chinese ships in the South China Sea nearly resulted in collision, highlighting rising tensions.
- Japan is responding to increased Chinese military activity by boosting its own defense spending and revising its security strategy to take a more active role in defense and diplomacy.
- South Korea also conducted military exercises in the East China Sea in response to China's newly declared air defense zone, signaling its rejection of China's claims and growing cooperation with Japan despite ongoing disputes between the two countries. Maintaining stability and cooperation in Northeast Asia is crucial given the region's economic and
This document discusses the complex relationship between the U.S. and China and debates whether China poses a threat or can be a responsible global stakeholder. It explores strategies like engagement versus containment of China and argues that a combination of strong U.S. military presence and consistent diplomatic outreach that invites China to participate internationally may be the best approach to shape China's choices and get it to contribute constructively. However, persuading a large developing country with nationalism to cooperate fully is a major challenge facing diplomats.
This document provides an overview of an international conference on the South China Sea that will take place from September 28-30, 2016 in Canberra, Australia. The conference is organized by UNSW Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy, the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, and the Japan Institute of International Affairs. The conference will include panels on the strategic and economic implications of the South China Sea disputes, challenges for Southeast Asian countries, the role of international law, and paths forward for conflict mitigation. It outlines the objectives, participants, speaker details, and session topics for the conference and associated workshops.
This document provides context on past, present, and future military cooperation between Vietnam and the United States from the Vietnamese perspective. It discusses Vietnam's reasons for closer cooperation with the US, including concerns about China's rise and actions in the South China Sea. The document then outlines the development of the military relationship since 1995, starting with cooperation on recovering MIA soldiers and moving to increased exchanges, training programs, and high-level visits between the two countries. It concludes by noting Vietnam's calculations in strengthening ties with the US while avoiding provoking China.
West philippine sea dispute jeopardizes petroleum exploration and developmentFernando Penarroyo
The West Philippine Sea refers to that part of the South China Sea that President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III declared as the maritime area on the western side of the Philippine archipelago when he issued on 05 September 2012 Administrative Order No. 29. The area is currently subject to a maritime dispute considered by geopolitical analysts as a key political risk to watch as the Philippines seeks a further credit rating update to attract more foreign direct investments.
China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia and Brunei have competing claims over South China Sea and have wrangled over territory in the South China Sea for centuries, but tension has steadily increased in recent years.
China has backed its expansive claims with island-building and naval patrols. The US says it does not take sides in territorial disputes, but has sent military ships and planes near disputed islands, calling them "freedom of navigation" operations to ensure access to key shipping and air routes.Both sides have accused each other of "militarising" the South China Sea.There are fears that the area is becoming a flashpoint, with potentially serious global consequences.
Functional Cooperation and Joint Development: A Way Ahead in the South China SeaRommel Banlaoi
This document discusses functional cooperation as a way to facilitate joint development in the South China Sea. It outlines some of the obstacles to joint development, including differing definitions of the concept among claimants and ethnocentric outlooks that increase distrust. However, it argues that functional cooperation between technical experts from claimant states, focused on apolitical issues, could help reduce barriers by de-politicizing the disputes. Encouraging cooperation among scientists and academics could establish collaborative relationships and influence political elites to pursue research and development for mutual benefit, thereby enabling joint development in the South China Sea.
Fordham University Chapter Title Transpacific Entang.docxshericehewat
Fordham University
Chapter Title: Transpacific Entanglements
Chapter Author(s): Yên Lê Espiritu, Lisa Lowe and Lisa Yoneyama
Book Title: Flashpoints for Asian American Studies
Book Editor(s): Cathy J. Schlund-Vials
Published by: Fordham University. (2018)
Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1xhr6h7.13
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Flashpoints for Asian American Studies
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P a r t I I I
Remapping Asia, Recalibrating Asian Amer i ca
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175
In our collaborative contribution, we examine the geopo liti cal, military,
and epistemological entanglements between U.S. wars in Asia, U.S. racial
capitalism, and U.S. empire and argue that U.S. empire and militarism in
Asia and the Pacific Islands have been critical, yet underrecognized, parts
of the genealogy of the con temporary condition of U.S. neoliberalism. We
emphasize that U.S. neoliberalism mediates itself through the U.S. national
security state, which is si mul ta neously a racial state and a settler state; this
is expressed not merely in the racialization of Asian and Pacific Islander
peoples but significantly in the erasure of historical and ongoing settler
colonialism and, furthermore, in a racial social order that si mul ta neously
pronounces antiblackness and Islamophobia. In our elaboration of “trans-
pacific entanglements,” historical and ongoing settler logics of invasion, re-
moval, and seizure continuously articulate with other forms of appropriation
and subjugation: This U.S. settler logic intersects with racialized capitalism
and overseas empire asserts itself— often through the collaborative networks
of the U.S.- backed, patriarchally or ga nized, subimperial Asian “client-
states”—in transpacific arrangements such as: export pro cessing zones in
the Philippines, U.S. military bases in Okinawa and Guam, nuclear test sites
C h a p t e r 1 0
Transpacific Entanglements
Yên Lê Espiritu, Lisa Lowe, and Lisa Yoneyama
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...
On the 6th and 7th of June 2016, high officials from China and the United States met in Beijing to discuss finance, trade, the environment, security, and much more. US Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of the Treasury Jack Lew, as well as Chinese State Councilor Yang Jiechi and Chinese Vice Premier Wang Yang co-chaired the talks, with Kerry and Jiechi handling the strategic track and Wang and Lew handling the economic track. It was the eighth annual meeting between the senior Cabinet-level officials from the world’s two largest economies. The two sides held in-depth discussions on major bilateral, global economic, and regional issues, promising to keep co-operating in various areas. You can learn more by visiting our blog listed below. https://www.laowaicareer.com/blog/john-kerrys-visit-china/
The document discusses international relations needed to deter China's pursuit of economic control in the South China Sea. It outlines the key diplomatic relationships between the US, China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam regarding their overlapping territorial claims. It also discusses how international law, like UNCLOS, relates to exclusive economic zones and could help resolve disputes if applied properly. Finally, it notes the importance of the region's trade routes and resources, and how instability there could spread without cooperation between interested parties.
1. Pacific Forum CSIS
PacNet
Number 45
Honolulu, Hawaii
October 6, 2010
China’s ‘frown diplomacy’ in Southeast Asia July when the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) met in Hanoi.
By Donald K Emmerson Instead of moderating its position, Beijing reportedly
contacted ASEAN member governments and strongly urged
Donald K Emmerson (emmerson@stanford.edu) heads the
them not to broach the subject of the SCS.
Southeast Asia Forum at Stanford University. A somewhat
longer version originally appeared in Asia Times Online. It failed. At the ARF meeting on 23 July, nearly half – 12 –
of the heads of the 27 delegations present mentioned the SCS,
“Smart Power, Chinese Style” is the title of a 2008 article by
including several Southeast Asian foreign ministers and US
a renowned Singaporean analyst, Kishore Mahbubani. Kishore
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. Chinese Foreign Minister
praised China for the “competence” of its diplomacy,
Yang Jiechi’s reaction was still very much on the minds of the
contrasted China’s “deft geopolitical instincts” with American
Southeast Asians I met on my travels nearly two months later.
“incompetence” and “arrogance,” and noted admiringly
Beijing’s fealty to ancient principles of Chinese statecraft: to Based on accounts by individuals who were in the room,
observe and analyze calmly, deal with changes patiently, and Yang was angry. Clinton was the foremost target of his wrath,
avoid the limelight. Unlike the self-absorbed Americans, the but he lashed out as well at the Southeast Asians who had been
Chinese had “developed a remarkable capacity to understand so bold as to mention the SCS, reminding them their
the voices of others around the globe” and evinced superior countries’ economic ties to China, as if those links could be
“geopolitical acumen and better professional diplomacy.” broken at any time. My informants took his remarks to be a
clear warning not to challenge Beijing.
2008 was then; 2010 is now. The sheer muscularity of recent
Chinese diplomacy has made Kishore’s assessment seem, in Hillary in Hanoi. At a “press availability” afterwards,
retrospect, wishfully Sinophilic. The “smile diplomacy” in Secretary Clinton made no mention of Yang’s outburst.
Southeast Asia that China watchers used to describe has been Instead she said that “like every nation,” the US too had “a
reversed by Beijing - into a frown; China has come close to national interest in freedom of navigation, open access to
deleting the first letter in its heralded “charm offensive.” Asia’s maritime commons, and respect for international law in
the South China Sea.” (Her reference to a US “national
I heard variations on this critique in recent weeks traveling
interest” could be construed as a riposte to China’s apparent
in East Asia. Japanese concern focused on Beijing’s hardball
“core interest.”) While noting that the US “does not take
response to Tokyo’s detention of the Chinese fishing boat
sides” in the “territorial disputes over land features in the
captain arrested in a confrontation over the Senkaku/Diaoyutai
South China Sea” Clinton described the US position as:
Islands. Many Southeast Asians were upset by China’s
behavior before, during, and after the July 2010 meeting of the (1) opposed to “the use or threat of force by any claimant”;
ASEAN Regional Forum in Hanoi.
(2) favoring a collaborative process for resolving these
China sticks out its tongue. On a Chinese map a line nine disputes in accord with the UN Convention on the Law of the
dashes long snakes southward, hugging the Philippine coast Sea (despite the failure of the US to ratify it, an omission she
before turning west past Malaysian Sabah, Brunei, and said her administration hoped to correct);
Malaysian Sarawak. It bottoms out near Indonesia’s Great
(3) supporting the “Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
Natuna island before turning northward along the coast of
the South China Sea” (DOC) that China and the ASEAN states
Vietnam, finally coming to an end near Hainan; a giant
co-signed in 2002, encouraging the parties to agree on “a full
lapping tongue that demarcates its apparent claim to virtually
[i.e., binding] code of conduct,” and offering to “facilitate
the entire surface of, and the seabed and subsoil beneath, the
initiatives and confidence building measures”; and
South China Sea (SCS).
(4) believing that, consistent with customary international
On my recent trip a Chinese colleague said it was normal for
law, “claims to maritime space in the South China Sea should
inter-state rivalries to wax and wane. In the SCS since 2007,
be derived solely from legitimate claims to land features.”
however, they have mostly waxed. Unilateral actions, some by
Hanoi but most by Beijing, including a Chinese ban on fishing It is tempting to dismiss Yang’s outburst as much ado about
in “its” waters, have triggered a sequence of maritime nothing. Clinton did not explicitly oppose China’s claim. Nor
confrontations. Alarm bells rang still louder in March 2010 did she back any rival claim. Yet arguably each of her points,
when Chinese officials reportedly told senior US officials that if not actually aimed at Beijing, could be said to challenge its
the SCS was a “core interest” of Beijing, as if that claim were position. (Admittedly, the opacity of China’s stand makes it
no less absolute and no more negotiable than Chinese hard to know just what would constitute a challenge.)
sovereignty over Taiwan or Tibet.
Reviewing Clinton’s four points in the light of China’s
Having so prominently stuck out its maritime tongue at behavior, one could conclude that, on the first score, Beijing
Southeast Asia, China knew that it might face a backlash in has already used force – against Vietnamese fisherman, for
1003 Bishop Street, Suite 1150, Honolulu, HI 96813 Tel: (808) 521-6745 Fax: (808) 599-8690
Email: PacificForum@pacforum.org Web Page: www.pacforum.org
2. example. As for observing the Law of the Sea, although China ASEAN, despite their historical debts to Vietnam and
did sign on, its endorsement was conditioned with reservations Vietnam’s evident dislike of China’s newly robust profile.
that make that ratification almost meaningless. Clinton’s third
As for the divergence of ASEAN and American perspectives
point, in support of the DOC, could be taken as criticism of
on China, suffice it to recall this remark by a high-ranking
China’s unwillingness to upgrade the Declaration into a
ASEAN official: “Remember, for us in Asia, the US is
binding code of conduct. Last but not least, Clinton’s case for
geopolitical, but China is geographical.” Faraway friends are
deriving claims to sea space “solely from legitimate claims to
welcome and helpful, but the local landscape is a permanent
land features” seems to contradict the sheer amplitude of
fact. One has to adapt to it – and to the seascape – to survive.
Beijing’s nine-dash tongue.
But proximity is not destiny. The Obama administration’s
But China is not the sole claimant. So are Brunei, Malaysia,
remarkable effort to reach across the Pacific is neither deluded
the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. It would be wrong to
nor doomed. At least it may enhance the ability of Southeast
blame China alone for a legal limbo that owes much to the
Asians to hedge against overdependence on China. At best it
unwillingness of the implicated ASEAN states to sort out their
should facilitate free SCS transit and stable relations.
own differences. When I asked Southeast Asians why they
couldn’t settle their own disagreements first, before What next? Based on events so far, it would be wildly
approaching Beijing, they assured me that such an outcome, premature to predict either a Sino-American cold war or
however desirable, was impossible. So long as that remains malign Chinese hegemony over the region. Nor will Southeast
the case, one ought not rush to a wholly anti-Chinese Asia passively succumb to either scenario. ASEAN under
judgment. Indonesian leadership in 2011 may try to revive the
languishing effort to nudge the DOC toward something less
Who said what. Now fast-forward two months, from July 23
aspirational and more enforceable.
in Hanoi to Sept. 24 in Manhattan, site of the Second US-
ASEAN Leaders Meeting. ASEAN-watchers were eager to Each player in this ongoing drama would do well to
learn what Obama and his counterparts – eight heads of reconsider and readjust its role. China could gain credibility by
government plus Indonesia’s vice-president and Myanmar’s rethinking the contradiction between its support for a
foreign minister – could agree to say about the SCS. multilaterally driven regional community spanning Southeast
and Northeast Asia on the one hand, and its insistence on hub-
In their Joint Statement, the US and ASEAN leaders were
and-spokes bilateralism regarding the SCS on the other. By
on the same page. But its text did not quite match the White
several accounts, Beijing has even informed ASEAN states
House’s summary recollection.
that they must not caucus among themselves to achieve a
In their Statement the leaders reaffirmed the importance of common position. If correct, this illustrates something other
“regional peace and stability, maritime security, unimpeded than “smart power, Chinese style.”
commerce, and freedom of navigation” in keeping with
ASEAN could refurbish its own credibility, along with its
international law and the Law of the Sea, “and the peaceful
centrality as a keeper of regional peace, by incentivizing the
settlement of disputes.”
four claimants – Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam –
In contrast, the White House “Read-out” said the leaders to cease being part of the problem and to become part of the
agreed on the importance of “peaceful resolution of disputes, solution. The fortuitous combination of renewed American
freedom of navigation, regional stability, and respect for interest in Southeast Asia and Indonesia’s chairmanship of
international law, including in the South China Sea.” It was ASEAN in 2011 offers, at least in principle, a window of
surely not lost on Chinese observers that whereas the White diplomatic opportunity for harmonization and conciliation.
House had put peaceful dispute-settlement first, as if to remind Because maritime peace and access are in the interest of all,
Beijing to calm down and play by the rules, the leaders had ASEAN should do more than wait for its four implicated
put it last, as if not to annoy Beijing. More telling was the members to resolve their contending claims on their own.
mention of the SCS in the Read-out but not in the Joint
Finally, in Washington, it is a time neither for
Statement.
Schadenfreude at the spectacle of “dumb power, Chinese
If it is true that the Chinese heavily lobbied the Southeast style,” nor for self-congratulation. It is instead time for the
Asians to keep the Statement SCS-free, they must have been Obama administration to broaden and deepen its renewed
pleased at the result. But Beijing may also have opposed any engagement. Priorities should include a more vigorous pursuit
reference to “maritime security, unimpeded commerce, and of trade and investment, so that ASEAN thinks of Americans
freedom of navigation.” If so, on that second front, they lost. as more than specialized dispensers of regional security alone,
and an effort to ratify the Law of the Sea, so that American
Sino-ASEAN relations are not a zero-sum game. Neither are
insistence on Chinese conformity does not seem hypocritical.
Sino-US affairs. One side’s views of the other have not (yet)
congealed. ASEAN leaders diverge both among themselves Ultimately, the question for all concerned with the SCS –
and from their American colleagues in how they look at China. China other claimant states, and the US – is this: Will you
Across ASEAN a spectrum of attitudes runs from those most ignore the rules? Or will you uphold them to the benefit of
willing to give China the benefit of the doubt to those most peace and prosperity in this vital part of the world?
doubtful of China’s benefit to them. Asian informants cited
Cambodia and Laos as the most pro-Beijing members of
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