P A T I E N T P E R S P E C T I V E S
The lived experience of women victims of intimate partner violence
Alice Yuen Loke, Mei Lan Emma Wan and Mark Hayter
Aims and objectives. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the lived experience of female victims of intimate partner
violence.
Background. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex and prevalent social problem associated with significant impairment
in the physical and psychological health of victims.
Design. Exploratory, qualitative design.
Methods. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among nine IPV female victims who presented themselves at an emergency
department of a regional hospital. Data were subject to thematic analysis.
Results. Victims are often ashamed to disclose their situation and reluctant to seek help, afraid of being ridiculed or ignored.
Violent experiences also lead to low self-esteem, depression, and suicidal ideas. They are ambivalent about staying in an abusive
relationship and endure violent incidents in silence until they cannot tolerate any more and seek help at an emergency
department. They have negative experiences in help-seeking: other family members and health professionals coloured by
cultural restraints generally ignore their complaints and need for help.
Conclusions. Provided a preliminary understanding of the experience of Chinese women in Hong Kong. In support of these
women’s help-seeking behaviours, continuing education programmes are needed to better prepare health professionals for
caring for these women.
Relevance to clinical practice. Health professionals should be astute in identifying IPV victims with whom they come into
contact at work. They should assess the immediate physical and emotional needs of these women, be empathetic, show
acceptance, extend a helping hand and assess home safety before discharge.
Key words: Chinese women, intimate partner violence, lived experience
Accepted for publication: 26 February 2012
Introduction
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social health
concern worldwide (WHO 2002). Reports from various
studies indicate a high prevalence of IPV in all societies.
Although Hong Kong is a westernised society, no matter how
productive or independent women in Hong Kong are, they
are no exception to this prevalence. A review of studies
conducted in different parts of China reported the average
lifetime and annual prevalence of male on female IPV as
19Æ7% and 16Æ8%, respectively, for any type of violence
(Tang & Lai 2008). Another study, which surveyed a total of
1132 women in Hong Kong, concluded that marital dissat-
isfaction and age difference within a couple are predictors of
IPV (Tang 1999).Although prevalence and causal factors
have been reported quantitatively, there has been no in-depth
Authors: Alice Yuen Loke, RN, PhD, Professor, School of Nursing,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon; Mei Lan Emma
Wan RN, MSc, Registered Nurse, Accident & Emerg.
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
Addressing the Safety and Trauma Issues of Abused WomenLeslie Tutty
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the needs, trauma symptoms, and safety issues of 368 women residing in 10 domestic violence shelters across Canada. The study assessed women upon entering and exiting shelters using the Danger Assessment and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. It found that over 75% of women were in the extreme or severe danger range upon entry based on the Danger Assessment. Trauma symptoms as measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised significantly decreased from shelter entry to exit, though still in the clinical range. Women strongly endorsed that the shelters helped with safety, support, and access to basic needs.
Stigma, violence, and the lack of confidentiality: The need for comprehensi...Irma Kirtadze M.D.
Women who use drugs in Georgia face significant stigma and lack access to confidential and women-centered treatment services. Through interviews with 55 women, the study found high levels of physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Societal stigma prevents women from seeking help for substance use issues or health problems. The few existing services do not ensure privacy or have separate facilities for women. There is a need for empowering and skills-based treatment that addresses the trauma and unique needs of women to help them overcome stigma and regain independence.
Running head Examining the reasons 1Examining the reasons 16.docxcharisellington63520
This document provides background information and a literature review for a research study examining the reasons why women stay in abusive relationships. It discusses domestic violence as a social problem and reviews previous studies that identified common reasons women give for staying, such as fear, financial dependence, childcare responsibilities, and emotional attachment. The proposed study will conduct interviews with women aged 18-35 who are currently or were recently in a domestic violence relationship to understand their lived experiences and perspectives on why they chose to stay or leave.
Domestic violence and its relationship with depression, anxiety and quality o...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
Objectives: To find out the relationship of domestic violence with depression, anxiety and quality of life
in married women in hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Methods: This co-relational study was conducted in Rawalpindi Institute of Health Sciences from January
2019 to December 2019. All the females’ patients who were the victim of domestic violence were the
population of the study. Consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used for selection of sampling
from the target population. The inclusion criterion for this study was diagnosed case of domestic violence.
DASS 21 (The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and Quality of life (WHO) scales were administered to
116 patients.
Results: The study’s key results were that domestic abuse has positive relationship with depression,
anxiety, and stress. It was also found that domestic abuse has a negative relationship with quality of life of
those who have been subjected to domestic violence of this sort.
Conclusion: It was concluded that domestic violence whether verbal, physical, emotional or sexual has
strongly effects the mental health and quality of life of abused women
Violence against Women living with HIV A Cross Sectional Study in NepalNabaraj Mudwari
This study examined violence against women living with HIV in Nepal through interviews with 43 HIV-positive women. The study found that the vast majority (93%) of participants had experienced at least one form of violence, and prevalence of violence increased sharply after being diagnosed with HIV (93% vs 54% before diagnosis). Husbands and mothers-in-law were the most common perpetrators, and consequences included self-humiliation and health/treatment problems. This cross-sectional study suggests violence is highly prevalent among HIV-positive women in Nepal.
Addressing Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence in Medical Care and Education in the U.S. and Globally
Jennifer A. Wagman, PhD, MHS
April 13th, 2018
UCSD HIV & Global Health Rounds
The document summarizes an analysis of a sexual risk reduction (HIV/AIDS) intervention program for African American women led by Ralph DiClemente. The randomized controlled trial aimed to increase consistent condom use through skills training based on social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power. Results found women in the intervention had 2.1-4.1 higher odds of consistent condom use and improved communication compared to the control group. However, the study had limitations like not measuring long-term condom use and a p-value above 0.05, indicating no significant association between treatment and other factors.
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
Addressing the Safety and Trauma Issues of Abused WomenLeslie Tutty
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the needs, trauma symptoms, and safety issues of 368 women residing in 10 domestic violence shelters across Canada. The study assessed women upon entering and exiting shelters using the Danger Assessment and Impact of Event Scale-Revised. It found that over 75% of women were in the extreme or severe danger range upon entry based on the Danger Assessment. Trauma symptoms as measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised significantly decreased from shelter entry to exit, though still in the clinical range. Women strongly endorsed that the shelters helped with safety, support, and access to basic needs.
Stigma, violence, and the lack of confidentiality: The need for comprehensi...Irma Kirtadze M.D.
Women who use drugs in Georgia face significant stigma and lack access to confidential and women-centered treatment services. Through interviews with 55 women, the study found high levels of physical, sexual, and emotional violence. Societal stigma prevents women from seeking help for substance use issues or health problems. The few existing services do not ensure privacy or have separate facilities for women. There is a need for empowering and skills-based treatment that addresses the trauma and unique needs of women to help them overcome stigma and regain independence.
Running head Examining the reasons 1Examining the reasons 16.docxcharisellington63520
This document provides background information and a literature review for a research study examining the reasons why women stay in abusive relationships. It discusses domestic violence as a social problem and reviews previous studies that identified common reasons women give for staying, such as fear, financial dependence, childcare responsibilities, and emotional attachment. The proposed study will conduct interviews with women aged 18-35 who are currently or were recently in a domestic violence relationship to understand their lived experiences and perspectives on why they chose to stay or leave.
Domestic violence and its relationship with depression, anxiety and quality o...Dr.Nasir Ahmad
Objectives: To find out the relationship of domestic violence with depression, anxiety and quality of life
in married women in hospitals of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.
Methods: This co-relational study was conducted in Rawalpindi Institute of Health Sciences from January
2019 to December 2019. All the females’ patients who were the victim of domestic violence were the
population of the study. Consecutive non-probability sampling technique was used for selection of sampling
from the target population. The inclusion criterion for this study was diagnosed case of domestic violence.
DASS 21 (The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) and Quality of life (WHO) scales were administered to
116 patients.
Results: The study’s key results were that domestic abuse has positive relationship with depression,
anxiety, and stress. It was also found that domestic abuse has a negative relationship with quality of life of
those who have been subjected to domestic violence of this sort.
Conclusion: It was concluded that domestic violence whether verbal, physical, emotional or sexual has
strongly effects the mental health and quality of life of abused women
Violence against Women living with HIV A Cross Sectional Study in NepalNabaraj Mudwari
This study examined violence against women living with HIV in Nepal through interviews with 43 HIV-positive women. The study found that the vast majority (93%) of participants had experienced at least one form of violence, and prevalence of violence increased sharply after being diagnosed with HIV (93% vs 54% before diagnosis). Husbands and mothers-in-law were the most common perpetrators, and consequences included self-humiliation and health/treatment problems. This cross-sectional study suggests violence is highly prevalent among HIV-positive women in Nepal.
Addressing Sexual Assault and Intimate Partner Violence in Medical Care and Education in the U.S. and Globally
Jennifer A. Wagman, PhD, MHS
April 13th, 2018
UCSD HIV & Global Health Rounds
The document summarizes an analysis of a sexual risk reduction (HIV/AIDS) intervention program for African American women led by Ralph DiClemente. The randomized controlled trial aimed to increase consistent condom use through skills training based on social cognitive theory and the theory of gender and power. Results found women in the intervention had 2.1-4.1 higher odds of consistent condom use and improved communication compared to the control group. However, the study had limitations like not measuring long-term condom use and a p-value above 0.05, indicating no significant association between treatment and other factors.
Running head THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Janet Goris
GEN499: General Education Capstone (GSV1514B)
Instructor: Lance Bernard
April 20, 2015
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Children who have witnessed violence between their parents have become visibly the
center of public attention. Domestic violence is a continuing experience of psychological,
physical, and sexual abuse in some homes. It is used to establish control and power over one
another. Major research has focused on the implications of domestic violence on some key
victims. Witnessing domestic violence has major effects on “secondary victims including
children who live in houses where the partners fight. In America, for instance, 3.2 million
children witness incidents of violence annually.” (Bowland, 2012) It is important to understand
that there are secondary impacts of domestic violence. Witnessing violence can cause children to
develop negative including psychological ones. Women whose rights were violated may also be
affected by these events. They are at a risk of internalized behavior including depression and
anxiety, while children are at a risk of externalized behavior, including bullying, fighting, lying,
and cheating. The results of these are disobedience in school and at home and social competence
problems including difficulty in relationships with others and poor school performance. This
paper reviews literature on the primary and secondary psychological impacts of domestic
violence, and how it changes the victims.
Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of a spiritually focused
intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(1), 73-82.
The study by Bowland et al. (2012) was used to evaluate the efficiency of an eleven-
session focus group involving older women who had endured domestic violence. It sought
information from women aged fifty-five and above and who survived personal trauma including
sexual assault, child abuse or domestic violence. The intention was to help reduce trauma-related
- 2 -
1
1. victims.
the thesis statement isn't
quite clear here [Lance
Bernard]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 3
depression symptoms ranging from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and trauma-related depressive
symptoms. Forty three women were randomly picked for treatment. They discussed spiritual
struggles that come as a result of abuse and the spiritual resources the group developed for
handling. The group had low depressive symptoms and anxiety than the control group. In
another analysis, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress also dropped considerably. The results
were supported with a three month.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); This pilot study investigated the efficacy of cognitive group interventions in reducing traumatic stress and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission behaviors in HIV seropositive women survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
This article co-written by Dr. Robert J. Winn which aims to quantify the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Philadelphia who report to be victims of domestic violence.
The document summarizes key findings from a study by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) examining the nature and drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three refugee camps across three continents. The study found that IPV in humanitarian settings is driven by a complex set of factors including pre-existing gender inequalities that are exacerbated by displacement and changing gender roles. Drivers identified include rapidly changing gender norms, separation from family/community structures, forced marriages, poverty, and substance abuse. Women reported experiencing ongoing severe physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse. They navigated safety by first reporting to family/community, and only seeking formal support when other options failed or violence became life-threatening. Women suggested improving prevention and
Journal of Sociology and Social Work June 2017, Vol. 5, No. TatianaMajor22
This document summarizes a journal article that uses critical race theory to explore differences between African American and Caucasian women who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The study found that African American women in the sample were more likely to score higher on measures of physical conflict and parenting attitudes. The document provides background on intimate partner violence among African American female perpetrators and the use of critical race theory as a framework. It discusses how critical race theory acknowledges the intersections of race, gender, and other factors that influence the experiences of African American women with intimate partner violence.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
Women with disabilities experience domestic violence and abuse at higher rates than able-bodied women. Several studies have found that women with disabilities experience more severe and longer-lasting physical and sexual abuse at higher percentages than women without disabilities. However, research in this area is complex due to varying definitions and methodologies. There is a need for more comprehensive research that examines the unique forms of abuse experienced by women with disabilities, especially for women with multiple marginalized identities. Programs and services also need evaluation to ensure they are adequately meeting the needs of women with disabilities experiencing domestic violence.
The document examines the association between postpartum depression and domestic violence against women before or during pregnancy. A literature review was conducted using research databases to gather studies on women from different backgrounds. The review focused on examining populations studied and trends. Key findings show a clear positive relationship between postpartum depression and domestic violence. Promoting early screenings for domestic violence and depression in new mothers can positively impact their mental health. An accurate identification of high-risk women will be determined to promote preventive measures.
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docxelinoraudley582231
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool? If so, why, and how could it be beneficial? If not, what were the drawbacks of the assessments?
The Female Sexual Function Index comes out as an assessment tool which mainly focuses on women, therefore, accomplishing its intended purpose. Each of the 19 items tested by the series of questions in the questionnaire touches on the sexual experiences of women prior to, during, or before sexual intercourse making it an appropriate tool to measure the sexual functioning of women. This tool is beneficial for clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction and can be used to identify signs and symptoms of female orgasmic disorder (FOD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women (Metson, 2003).
How? The series of questions focuses on six domains which are; desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Each of the questions is classified under either domain mainly focusing on the female experiences over time. For example, when it comes to desire, there are two questions which ask about the frequency of sexual desire in the past one month as well as the degree of sexual desire over the same time period. Thus, we can argue that each of the domains has been intensively investigated to come up with the most viable result to be used for the relevant clinical purposes. Besides this, the assessment tool is reliable and relevant since it can be used to indicate different variables in each of the tested domains. The different responses for every question have been assigned different scores which are consistent with the kind of feedback which is to be expected.
References
Cindy M. Metson, (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Female Orgasmic Disorder and in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872178/
According to the CDC the HIV/AIDS reports, African-Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS and disparity continues to widen. African Americans represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but they account for approximately 43% of HIV diagnoses. The African-Americans who die of HIV/Aids represents 44% of the deaths in the U.S. The worst hit category are the black women, the youths, gays and bisexual men. Dr. Donna Hubbard McCree (2013) notes that HIV/AIDS epidemics among the blacks results from factors including poverty, lack of awareness of HIV status, stigma that prevent the majority from seeking help, high rate of sexually transmitted infection, sexual networks, lack of access to adequate health care and lack sexual education among the most affected population.
Even though recent reports demonstrate encouraging trends of reducing HIV infections among the black population, new diagnoses still occur among the black gay and bisexual men. Therefore, even with continued intervention, disproportionate trends continue among the black population continue to be re.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docxtoddr4
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Stephanie Rincon
Professor Terri Klosek
FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim
December 26,2018
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Introduction
The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families, individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse. Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, & Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are several features of domestic violence which are still being discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks into women and children as victims who are affected by the crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in dealing with the problem.
Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population (Women and Children)
The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following literature work:
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579.
It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on emotional and psy.
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear the consequences of leaving on their children and economic independence is difficult. Social pressures from family/community to remain in relationships also influence decisions.
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear their children will face consequences if they leave. They also worry about financial independence and being re-victimized by communities. The cycle of violence and trauma bonding make leaving difficult as well.
This document discusses domestic violence against women and girls. It provides an overview of the scope and magnitude of the problem globally. Some key points include:
- Domestic violence is perpetrated by intimate partners and family members and includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
- Estimates suggest 20-50% of women worldwide experience physical violence from intimate partners.
- Violence against women occurs throughout their lives, from sex-selective abortions and infanticide of baby girls to abuse as children and adults within their homes and families.
- In addition to the physical and mental health consequences for women and children, domestic violence has significant social and economic costs.
- A coordinated, multi-sectoral approach is needed
MSc in Child Forensic Studies REDONE 19th Feb2015Gerry Linke
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis exploring midwives' perceptions and experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence and how attitudes have shifted over time. It notes that midwives are expected to routinely ask about domestic violence but some are reluctant to do so. The study aims to understand this reluctance by interviewing midwives about their views and attitudes. It discusses themes that may emerge around the environment midwives work in, consequences of asking about domestic violence, and midwives' own experiences. The implications concern improving training and support for midwives on this issue.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis on midwives' experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence being viewed as a private matter. The study aims to explore midwives' views and attitudes towards routine confidential enquiries about domestic violence. Five hospital midwives and five community midwives were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The analysis identified three main themes: the environment where midwives work impacts their ability to ask about domestic violence; midwives acknowledged their clinical responsibilities but also safety concerns for mothers and babies despite emotional issues; and midwives reported experiencing extreme reactions when asking about domestic violence though they wanted to offer support. The implications suggest training on available resources and regular reflective supervision with
The document summarizes information presented in a seminar on abuse and neglect. It discusses various types of abuse like intimate partner abuse, child abuse, and elder abuse. It provides epidemiological statistics on abuse in India, highlighting high rates of violence against women and children. It also outlines predisposing factors for abuse like biological, psychological, and sociological theories. Finally, it describes the cycle of battering in intimate partner relationships and reasons why victims may stay in abusive situations.
A cross sectional analysis on Domestic violence among married women of reprod...BANAFULRoy
This document summarizes a study on domestic violence among married women in Bangladesh. The study found that 91% of women reported their husband's controlling behavior. 83% said their husbands restricted access to healthcare. 57% reported being sexually abused by their husbands in the past year. Only 19% of physically abused women disclosed the abuse to others and 17% sought help. The study highlights the need for better implementation of domestic violence laws in Bangladesh and increasing support services for abused women.
Criminal behavior among the homeless individualsRichardWahaba1
1) The documents discuss criminal behavior among homeless individuals, especially those with mental illnesses. Several studies found high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration among homeless people with mental disorders, ranging from 63.95-90% arrested.
2) Victimization is also common, with rates of 4.4-35% for any victimization and 7.7-28% for violent victimization. Homeless women and those with a history of prior victimization are at even higher risk.
3) One study in rural China found that 10% of individuals with schizophrenia engaged in criminal behavior, with 2% incarcerated and 8% arrested. Homelessness and mental illness contribute to increased criminal behavior.
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders .docxgerardkortney
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders in a correctional treatment or supervision program.
· Describe the effect of group dynamics on facilitating programs.
· Describe techniques for establishing a therapeutic environment.
Generalist Case Management
Woodside and McClam
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/books/9781483342047/pageid/44
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128800
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483342047
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781133795247
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259760413
Use book and two outside sources.
At least 100 words per question
THANKS
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process. 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process. 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections. 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator. 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors. 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance. 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling. PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders. It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and e.
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate rol.docxgerardkortney
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate role for the judiciary. Some argue that federal judges have become too powerful and that judges “legislate from the bench.”
1. What does it mean for a judge to be an activist?
2. What does it mean for a judge to be a restrainist?
· Although conservatives had long complained about the activism of liberal justices and judges, in recent years conservative judges and justices have been likely to overturn precedents and question the power of elected institutions of government.
3. When is judicial activism appropriate? Explain.
· To defenders of the right to privacy, it is implicitly embodied in the Constitution in the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments. To opponents, it is judge-made law because there is no explicit reference to it under the Constitution. The right to privacy dates back to at least 1890, when Boston attorneys Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis equated it with the right to be left alone from journalists who engaged in yellow journalism.
4. In short, do you believe a right to privacy exists in the federal Constitution. Why or why not?
.
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Running head THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Janet Goris
GEN499: General Education Capstone (GSV1514B)
Instructor: Lance Bernard
April 20, 2015
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Children who have witnessed violence between their parents have become visibly the
center of public attention. Domestic violence is a continuing experience of psychological,
physical, and sexual abuse in some homes. It is used to establish control and power over one
another. Major research has focused on the implications of domestic violence on some key
victims. Witnessing domestic violence has major effects on “secondary victims including
children who live in houses where the partners fight. In America, for instance, 3.2 million
children witness incidents of violence annually.” (Bowland, 2012) It is important to understand
that there are secondary impacts of domestic violence. Witnessing violence can cause children to
develop negative including psychological ones. Women whose rights were violated may also be
affected by these events. They are at a risk of internalized behavior including depression and
anxiety, while children are at a risk of externalized behavior, including bullying, fighting, lying,
and cheating. The results of these are disobedience in school and at home and social competence
problems including difficulty in relationships with others and poor school performance. This
paper reviews literature on the primary and secondary psychological impacts of domestic
violence, and how it changes the victims.
Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of a spiritually focused
intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(1), 73-82.
The study by Bowland et al. (2012) was used to evaluate the efficiency of an eleven-
session focus group involving older women who had endured domestic violence. It sought
information from women aged fifty-five and above and who survived personal trauma including
sexual assault, child abuse or domestic violence. The intention was to help reduce trauma-related
- 2 -
1
1. victims.
the thesis statement isn't
quite clear here [Lance
Bernard]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 3
depression symptoms ranging from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and trauma-related depressive
symptoms. Forty three women were randomly picked for treatment. They discussed spiritual
struggles that come as a result of abuse and the spiritual resources the group developed for
handling. The group had low depressive symptoms and anxiety than the control group. In
another analysis, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress also dropped considerably. The results
were supported with a three month.
Madridge Journal of AIDS (ISSN: 2638-1958); This pilot study investigated the efficacy of cognitive group interventions in reducing traumatic stress and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission behaviors in HIV seropositive women survivors of childhood sexual abuse.
This article co-written by Dr. Robert J. Winn which aims to quantify the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Philadelphia who report to be victims of domestic violence.
The document summarizes key findings from a study by the International Rescue Committee (IRC) examining the nature and drivers of intimate partner violence (IPV) in three refugee camps across three continents. The study found that IPV in humanitarian settings is driven by a complex set of factors including pre-existing gender inequalities that are exacerbated by displacement and changing gender roles. Drivers identified include rapidly changing gender norms, separation from family/community structures, forced marriages, poverty, and substance abuse. Women reported experiencing ongoing severe physical, psychological, sexual, and economic abuse. They navigated safety by first reporting to family/community, and only seeking formal support when other options failed or violence became life-threatening. Women suggested improving prevention and
Journal of Sociology and Social Work June 2017, Vol. 5, No. TatianaMajor22
This document summarizes a journal article that uses critical race theory to explore differences between African American and Caucasian women who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The study found that African American women in the sample were more likely to score higher on measures of physical conflict and parenting attitudes. The document provides background on intimate partner violence among African American female perpetrators and the use of critical race theory as a framework. It discusses how critical race theory acknowledges the intersections of race, gender, and other factors that influence the experiences of African American women with intimate partner violence.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
Women with disabilities experience domestic violence and abuse at higher rates than able-bodied women. Several studies have found that women with disabilities experience more severe and longer-lasting physical and sexual abuse at higher percentages than women without disabilities. However, research in this area is complex due to varying definitions and methodologies. There is a need for more comprehensive research that examines the unique forms of abuse experienced by women with disabilities, especially for women with multiple marginalized identities. Programs and services also need evaluation to ensure they are adequately meeting the needs of women with disabilities experiencing domestic violence.
The document examines the association between postpartum depression and domestic violence against women before or during pregnancy. A literature review was conducted using research databases to gather studies on women from different backgrounds. The review focused on examining populations studied and trends. Key findings show a clear positive relationship between postpartum depression and domestic violence. Promoting early screenings for domestic violence and depression in new mothers can positively impact their mental health. An accurate identification of high-risk women will be determined to promote preventive measures.
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool If so, why, an.docxelinoraudley582231
Do you feel the assessment was an appropriate tool? If so, why, and how could it be beneficial? If not, what were the drawbacks of the assessments?
The Female Sexual Function Index comes out as an assessment tool which mainly focuses on women, therefore, accomplishing its intended purpose. Each of the 19 items tested by the series of questions in the questionnaire touches on the sexual experiences of women prior to, during, or before sexual intercourse making it an appropriate tool to measure the sexual functioning of women. This tool is beneficial for clinical diagnosis of female sexual dysfunction and can be used to identify signs and symptoms of female orgasmic disorder (FOD) and hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women (Metson, 2003).
How? The series of questions focuses on six domains which are; desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Each of the questions is classified under either domain mainly focusing on the female experiences over time. For example, when it comes to desire, there are two questions which ask about the frequency of sexual desire in the past one month as well as the degree of sexual desire over the same time period. Thus, we can argue that each of the domains has been intensively investigated to come up with the most viable result to be used for the relevant clinical purposes. Besides this, the assessment tool is reliable and relevant since it can be used to indicate different variables in each of the tested domains. The different responses for every question have been assigned different scores which are consistent with the kind of feedback which is to be expected.
References
Cindy M. Metson, (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Women with Female Orgasmic Disorder and in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2872178/
According to the CDC the HIV/AIDS reports, African-Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS and disparity continues to widen. African Americans represent approximately 12% of the U.S. population, but they account for approximately 43% of HIV diagnoses. The African-Americans who die of HIV/Aids represents 44% of the deaths in the U.S. The worst hit category are the black women, the youths, gays and bisexual men. Dr. Donna Hubbard McCree (2013) notes that HIV/AIDS epidemics among the blacks results from factors including poverty, lack of awareness of HIV status, stigma that prevent the majority from seeking help, high rate of sexually transmitted infection, sexual networks, lack of access to adequate health care and lack sexual education among the most affected population.
Even though recent reports demonstrate encouraging trends of reducing HIV infections among the black population, new diagnoses still occur among the black gay and bisexual men. Therefore, even with continued intervention, disproportionate trends continue among the black population continue to be re.
Running head ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY .docxtoddr4
Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Stephanie Rincon
Professor Terri Klosek
FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim
December 26,2018
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Introduction
The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families, individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse. Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, & Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are several features of domestic violence which are still being discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks into women and children as victims who are affected by the crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in dealing with the problem.
Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population (Women and Children)
The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following literature work:
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579.
It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on emotional and psy.
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear the consequences of leaving on their children and economic independence is difficult. Social pressures from family/community to remain in relationships also influence decisions.
This document summarizes research on factors that influence women's decisions to stay in or leave abusive intimate relationships. It finds that children, economic constraints, social/cultural norms, and the presence of family support networks all impact a woman's choice. Women fear their children will face consequences if they leave. They also worry about financial independence and being re-victimized by communities. The cycle of violence and trauma bonding make leaving difficult as well.
This document discusses domestic violence against women and girls. It provides an overview of the scope and magnitude of the problem globally. Some key points include:
- Domestic violence is perpetrated by intimate partners and family members and includes physical, sexual, and psychological abuse.
- Estimates suggest 20-50% of women worldwide experience physical violence from intimate partners.
- Violence against women occurs throughout their lives, from sex-selective abortions and infanticide of baby girls to abuse as children and adults within their homes and families.
- In addition to the physical and mental health consequences for women and children, domestic violence has significant social and economic costs.
- A coordinated, multi-sectoral approach is needed
MSc in Child Forensic Studies REDONE 19th Feb2015Gerry Linke
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis exploring midwives' perceptions and experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence and how attitudes have shifted over time. It notes that midwives are expected to routinely ask about domestic violence but some are reluctant to do so. The study aims to understand this reluctance by interviewing midwives about their views and attitudes. It discusses themes that may emerge around the environment midwives work in, consequences of asking about domestic violence, and midwives' own experiences. The implications concern improving training and support for midwives on this issue.
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a thesis on midwives' experiences asking pregnant women about domestic violence. It discusses the historical context of domestic violence being viewed as a private matter. The study aims to explore midwives' views and attitudes towards routine confidential enquiries about domestic violence. Five hospital midwives and five community midwives were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. The analysis identified three main themes: the environment where midwives work impacts their ability to ask about domestic violence; midwives acknowledged their clinical responsibilities but also safety concerns for mothers and babies despite emotional issues; and midwives reported experiencing extreme reactions when asking about domestic violence though they wanted to offer support. The implications suggest training on available resources and regular reflective supervision with
The document summarizes information presented in a seminar on abuse and neglect. It discusses various types of abuse like intimate partner abuse, child abuse, and elder abuse. It provides epidemiological statistics on abuse in India, highlighting high rates of violence against women and children. It also outlines predisposing factors for abuse like biological, psychological, and sociological theories. Finally, it describes the cycle of battering in intimate partner relationships and reasons why victims may stay in abusive situations.
A cross sectional analysis on Domestic violence among married women of reprod...BANAFULRoy
This document summarizes a study on domestic violence among married women in Bangladesh. The study found that 91% of women reported their husband's controlling behavior. 83% said their husbands restricted access to healthcare. 57% reported being sexually abused by their husbands in the past year. Only 19% of physically abused women disclosed the abuse to others and 17% sought help. The study highlights the need for better implementation of domestic violence laws in Bangladesh and increasing support services for abused women.
Criminal behavior among the homeless individualsRichardWahaba1
1) The documents discuss criminal behavior among homeless individuals, especially those with mental illnesses. Several studies found high rates of arrest, conviction, and incarceration among homeless people with mental disorders, ranging from 63.95-90% arrested.
2) Victimization is also common, with rates of 4.4-35% for any victimization and 7.7-28% for violent victimization. Homeless women and those with a history of prior victimization are at even higher risk.
3) One study in rural China found that 10% of individuals with schizophrenia engaged in criminal behavior, with 2% incarcerated and 8% arrested. Homelessness and mental illness contribute to increased criminal behavior.
Similar to P A T I E N T P E R S P E C T I V E SThe lived experience .docx (20)
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders .docxgerardkortney
· Describe strategies to build rapport with inmates and offenders in a correctional treatment or supervision program.
· Describe the effect of group dynamics on facilitating programs.
· Describe techniques for establishing a therapeutic environment.
Generalist Case Management
Woodside and McClam
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/books/9781483342047/pageid/44
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781323128800
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781483342047
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781133795247
https://phoenix.vitalsource.com/#/books/1259760413
Use book and two outside sources.
At least 100 words per question
THANKS
1 The Role of the Correctional Counselor CHAPTER OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Identify the functions and parameters of the counseling process. 2. Discuss the competing interests between security and counseling in the correctional counseling process. 3. Know common terms and concerns associated with custodial corrections. 4. Understand the role of the counselor as facilitator. 5. Identify the various personal characteristics associated with effective counselors. 6. Be aware of the impact that burnout can have on a counselor’s professional performance. 7. Identify the various means of training and supervision associated with counseling. PART ONE: A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO COUNSELING AND CORRECTIONS There are many myths concerning the concept of counseling. Although the image of the counseling field has changed dramatically over the past two or three decades, much of society still views counseling and therapy as a mystic process reserved for those who lack the ability to handle life issues effectively. While the concept of counseling is often misunderstood, the problem is exacerbated when attempting to introduce the idea of correctional counseling. Therefore, the primary goal of this chapter is to provide a working definition of correctional counseling that includes descriptions of how and when it is carried out. In order to understand the concept of correctional counseling, however, the two words that derive the concept must first be defined: “corrections” and “counseling.” In addition, a concerted effort is made to identify the myriad of legal and ethical issues that pertain to counselors working with offenders. It is very difficult to identify a single starting point for the counseling profession. In essence, there were various movements occurring simultaneously that later evolved into what we now describe as counseling. One of the earliest connections to the origins of counseling took place in Europe during the Middle Ages (Brown & Srebalus, 2003). The primary objective was assisting individuals with career choices. This type of counseling service is usually described by the concept of “guidance.” In the late 1800s Wilhelm Wundt and G. Stanley Hall created two of the first known psychological laboratories aimed at studying and treating individuals with psychological and e.
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate rol.docxgerardkortney
· Debates continue regarding what constitutes an appropriate role for the judiciary. Some argue that federal judges have become too powerful and that judges “legislate from the bench.”
1. What does it mean for a judge to be an activist?
2. What does it mean for a judge to be a restrainist?
· Although conservatives had long complained about the activism of liberal justices and judges, in recent years conservative judges and justices have been likely to overturn precedents and question the power of elected institutions of government.
3. When is judicial activism appropriate? Explain.
· To defenders of the right to privacy, it is implicitly embodied in the Constitution in the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments. To opponents, it is judge-made law because there is no explicit reference to it under the Constitution. The right to privacy dates back to at least 1890, when Boston attorneys Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis equated it with the right to be left alone from journalists who engaged in yellow journalism.
4. In short, do you believe a right to privacy exists in the federal Constitution. Why or why not?
.
· Critical thinking paper · · · 1. A case study..docxgerardkortney
· Critical thinking paper
·
·
· 1.
A case study.
Deborah Shore, aged 45, works for a small corporation in the Research and Development department.
When she first became a member of the department 15 years ago, Deborah was an unusually creative and productive researcher; her efforts quickly resulted in raises and promotions within the department and earned her the respect of her colleagues. Now, Deborah finds herself less interested in doing research; she is no longer making creative contributions to her department, although she is making contributions to its administration.
She is still respected by the coworkers who have known her since she joined the firm, but not by her younger coworkers.
Analyze the case study from the psychoanalytic, learning, and contextual perspectives: how would a theorist from each perspective explain Deborah's development? Which perspective do you believe provides the most adequate explanation, and why?
2. Interview your mother (and grandmothers, if possible), asking about experiences with childbirth. Include your own experiences if you have had children. Write a paper summarizing these childbirth experiences and comparing them with the contemporary experiences described in the text.
3. Identify a "type" of parent (e.g., single parent, teenage parent, low-income parent, dual-career couple) who is most likely to be distressed because an infant has a "difficult" temperament. Explain why you believe that this type of parent would have particular problems with a difficult infant. Write an informational brochure for the selected type of parent. The brochure should include an explanation of temperament in general and of the difficult temperament in particular, and give suggestions for parents of difficult infants.
4. Plan an educational unit covering nutrition, health, and safety for use with preschoolers and kindergartners. Take into account young children's cognitive and linguistic characteristics. The project should include (1) an outline of the content of the unit; and (2) a description of how the content would be presented, given the intellectual abilities of preschoolers. For example, how long would each lesson be? What kinds of pictures or other audiovisual materials would be used? How would this content be integrated with the children's other activities in preschool or kindergarten?
5. Visit two day care centers and evaluate each center using the information from the text as a guide. Request a fee schedule from each center. Write a paper summarizing your evaluation of each center.
Note:
Unless you are an actual potential client of the center, contact the director beforehand to explain the actual purpose of the visit, obtain permission to visit, and schedule your visit so as to minimize disruption to the center's schedule.
6. Watch some children's television programs and advertising, examine some children's toys and their packaging, read some children's books, and listen to some children's recor.
· Coronel & Morris Chapter 7, Problems 1, 2 and 3
· Coronel & Morris Chapter 8, Problems 1 and 2
A People’s History of Modern Europe
“A fascinating journey across centuries towards the world as we experience it today. ... It is
the voice of the ordinary people, and women in particular, their ideas and actions, protests
and sufferings that have gone into the making of this alternative narrative.”
——Sobhanlal Datta Gupta, former Surendra Nath Banerjee
Professor of Political Science, University of Calcutta
“A history of Europe that doesn’t remove the Europeans. Here there are not only kings,
presidents and institutions but the pulse of the people and social organizations that shaped
Europe. A must-read.”
——Raquel Varela, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
“Lively and engaging. William A Pelz takes the reader through a thousand years of
European history from below. This is the not the story of lords, kings and rulers. It is the
story of the ordinary people of Europe and their struggles against those lords, kings and
rulers, from the Middle Ages to the present day. A fine introduction.”
——Francis King, editor, Socialist History
“This book is an exception to the rule that the winner takes all. It highlights the importance
of the commoners which often is only shown in the dark corners of mainstream history
books. From Hussites, Levellers and sans-culottes to the women who defended the Paris
Commune and the workers who occupied the shipyards during the Carnation revolution in
Portugal. The author gives them their deserved place in history just like Howard Zinn did
for the American people.”
——Sjaak van der Velden, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
“The author puts his focus on the lives and historical impact of those excluded from
power and wealth: peasants and serfs of the Middle Ages, workers during the Industrial
Revolution, women in a patriarchic order that transcended different eras. This focus not
only makes history relevant for contemporary debates on social justice, it also urges the
reader to develop a critical approach.”
——Ralf Hoffrogge, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
“An exciting story of generations of people struggling for better living conditions, and for
social and political rights. ... This story has to be considered now, when the very notions of
enlightenment, progress and social change are being questioned.”
——Boris Kagarlitsky, director of Institute for globalization studies and social
movements, Moscow, and author of From Empires to Imperialism
“A splendid antidote to the many European histories dominated by kings, businessmen
and generals. It should be on the shelves of both academics and activists ... A lively and
informative intellectual tour-de-force.”
——Marcel van der Linden, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam
A People’s History
of Modern Europe
William A. Pelz
First published 2016 by Pluto Press
345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA
www.pluto.
· Complete the following problems from your textbook· Pages 378.docxgerardkortney
· Complete the following problems from your textbook:
· Pages 378–381: 10-1, 10-2, 10-16, and 10-20.
· Pages 443–444: 12-7 and 12-9.
· Page 469: 13-5.
· 10-1 How would each of the following scenarios affect a firm’s cost of debt, rd(1 − T); its cost of equity, rs; and its WACC? Indicate with a plus (+), a minus (−), or a zero (0) whether the factor would raise, lower, or have an indeterminate effect on the item in question. Assume for each answer that other things are held constant, even though in some instances this would probably not be true. Be prepared to justify your answer but recognize that several of the parts have no single correct answer. These questions are designed to stimulate thought and discussion.
Effect on
rd(1 − T)
rs
WACC
a. The corporate tax rate is lowered.
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b. The Federal Reserve tightens credit.
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c. The firm uses more debt; that is, it increases its debt ratio.
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d. The dividend payout ratio is increased.
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e. The firm doubles the amount of capital it raises during the year.
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f. The firm expands into a risky new area.
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g. The firm merges with another firm whose earnings are countercyclical both to those of the first firm and to the stock market.
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h. The stock market falls drastically, and the firm’s stock price falls along with the rest.
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i. Investors become more risk-averse.
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j. The firm is an electric utility with a large investment in nuclear plants. Several states are considering a ban on nuclear power generation.
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· 10-2 Assume that the risk-free rate increases, but the market risk premium
· 10-16COST OF COMMON EQUITY The Bouchard Company’s EPS was $6.50 in 2018, up from $4.42 in 2013. The company pays out 40% of its earnings as dividends, and its common stock sells for $36.00.
· a. Calculate the past growth rate in earnings. (Hint: This is a 5-year growth period.)
· b. The last dividend was D0 = 0.4($6.50) = $2.60. Calculate the next expected dividend, D1, assuming that the past growth rate continues.
· c. What is Bouchard’s cost of retained earnings, rs?
· 10-20WACC The following table gives Foust Company’s earnings per share for the last 10 years. The common stock, 7.8 million shares outstanding, is now (1/1/19) selling for $65.00 per share. The expected dividend at the end of the current year (12/31/19) is 55% of the 2018 EPS. Because investors expect past trends to continue, g may be based on the historical earnings growth rate. (Note that 9 years of growth are reflected in the 10 years of data.)
The current interest rate on new debt is 9%; Foust’s marginal tax rate is 40%, and its target capital structure is 40% debt and 60% equity.
· a. Calculate Foust’s after-tax cost of debt and common equity. Calculate the cost of equity as rs = D1/P0 + g.
· b. Find Foust’s WACC
· 12-7SCENARIO ANALYSIS Huang Industries is considering a proposed project whose estimated NPV is $12 million. This estimate assumes that economic conditions wi.
· Consider how different countries approach aging. As you consid.docxgerardkortney
· Consider how different countries approach aging. As you consider different countries, think about the following:
o Do older adults live with their children, or are they more likely to live in a nursing home?
o Are older adults seen as wise individuals to be respected and revered, or are they a burden to their family and to society?
· Next, select two different countries and compare and contrast their approaches to aging.
· Post and identify each of the countries you selected. Then, explain two similarities and two differences in how the countries approach aging. Be specific and provide examples. Use proper APA format and citation. LSW10
.
· Clarifying some things on the Revolution I am going to say som.docxgerardkortney
· Clarifying some things on the Revolution
I am going to say something, and I want you to hear me.
I am a scholar of the Revolution. That's the topic of my dissertation. Please believe me when I say that I know a lot about it.
I also happen to know--and this is well-supported by historians--that the Revolution was a civil war in which, for the first several years, Revolutionaries and Loyalists were evenly matched.
I will repeat that. Evenly matched. Loyalists were not merely too cowardly to fight, and they were not old fogies who hated the idea of freedom. Most had been in the Colonies for generations. Many of them took up arms for their King and their country. And when they lost, you confiscated their homes and they fled with the clothes on their back to Canada, England, and other places of the Empire. Both sides--both sides--committed unspeakable atrocities against civilians whom they disagreed with.
Now, a lot of you love to repeat some very fervent patriotic diatribe about how great the Revolution was. That's not history. That's propaganda. Know the difference.
History has shades of gray. History is complex and ambiguous. Washington, for instance, wore dentures made from the teeth of his slaves. Benjamin Franklin's son was the last royal governor of New Jersey. Did you know that the net tax rate for Americans--they always conveniently leave this out of the textbooks--was between 1.9 and 2.1%, depending on colony.? And that was if they had paid the extra taxes on tea and paper.
And, wait for it, people who support California independence use the same logic and arguments as they did in 1775. Did you know that the Los Angeles and Washington are only a few hundred miles closer than Boston and London? That many of the same issues, point by point, are repeating here in California? So put yourself in those shoes. How many of you would have sided with the Empire (whether American or British) based on the fact that you don't know how this will shake out? Would you call someone who supports Calexit a Patriot? Revolutionary? Nutcase? Who gets to own that word, anyway?
You can choose that you would have supported the revolutionaries--but think. Think about the other side. They matter, and their experiences got to be cleansed out of history to make you feel better about the way the revolutionaries behaved during the War. Acknowledge that they are there, and that their point of view has merit, even if you not agree with it.
· Clarifying Unit III's assignment
I have noticed a few consistent problems with the letter in the Unit III issue. Here are some pointers to make it better.
1. Read the clarifying note I wrote above. Note that the taxes aren't actually as high as you have been led to believe, but the point is that they should not be assigned at all without your consent.
2. Acknowledge that this is a debate, that a certain percentage are radicalized for independence, but there are is also a law-and-order group who find this horrific, and want .
· Chapter 9 – Review the section on Establishing a Security Cultur.docxgerardkortney
· Chapter 9 – Review the section on Establishing a Security Culture. Review the methods to reduce the chances of a cyber threat noted in the textbook. Research other peer-reviewed source and note additional methods to reduce cyber-attacks within an organization.
· Chapter 10 – Review the section on the IT leader in the digital transformation era. Note how IT professionals and especially leaders must transform their thinking to adapt to the constantly changing organizational climate. What are some methods or resources leaders can utilize to enhance their change attitude?
.
· Chapter 10 The Early Elementary Grades 1-3The primary grades.docxgerardkortney
· Chapter 10: The Early Elementary Grades: 1-3
The primary grades are grades 1-3.
Although educational reform has had an effect on all children, it is most apparent in the early elementary years. Reform and change comes from a number of sources and the chapter begins by reminding you of this. Let’s examine a few of these sources...
Diversity. There has been a rise in the number of racial and ethnic minority students enrolled in the nation's public schools; this number will (most likely) continue to rise. Teaching children from different cultures and backgrounds is an important piece to account for when planning curriculum.
Standards. Standards is a reason for reform. We've already looked at standards; these are something you must keep in mind when planning lessons.
Data-Driven Instruction may sound new, but it is not a new concept to you. We’ve done a great deal of discussing the outcomes of test-taking and assessments. You've probably all heard "teaching to the test."
Technology. Today’s students have had much experience with technology, therefore, it’s important to provide them with opportunities to learn with technology. It may take a while for you to be creative and think of ways to use it in your teaching (if you haven’ t been).
Health and Wellness. Obesity is a major concern in this country. Therefore, it is important to make sure that children have the opportunity to be active. Unfortunately, due to the pressure of academics, many schools have been taking physical education/activity time out of the curriculum.
Violence: One issue that I notice this new edition of the text has excluded is violence. However, I think that this topic is important; we need to keep children safe when they are at school. As a result of 9/11 (and, not to mention that many violent events have happened on school campuses in recent years), many school districts now have an emergency system in place that they can easily use if there is any type of incident in which the children’s safety is at risk.
WHAT ARE CHILDREN IN GRADES ONE TO THREE LIKE?
Your text explains that the best way to think of a child’s development during this time is: slow and steady. During this stage, there is not much difference between boys and girls when it comes to physical capabilities. Although it is always important to not stereotype based on one’s gender, it is especially important during these years. These children are also entering into their "tween" years, thus; being sensitive to the children's and parents' needs in regards to such changes is important.
It is important to remember that children in the primary grades are in the Concrete Operations Stage. This stage is children ages 7 to 12. The term operation refers to an action that can be carried out in thought as well as executed materially and that is mentally and physically reversible.
These children are at an age in which they can compare their abilities to their peers. And, therefore, children may develop learned helplessnes.
· Chap 2 and 3· what barriers are there in terms of the inter.docxgerardkortney
· Chap 2 and 3
· what barriers are there in terms of the interpersonal communication model?
Typically, communication breakdowns result from lack of understanding without clarification; often, there wasn't even an attempt at clarification. If barriers to interpersonal communication are not acknowledged and addressed, workplace productivity can suffer.
Language Differences
Interpersonal communication can go awry when the sender and receiver of the message speak a different language -- literally and figuratively. Not everyone in the workplace will understand slang, jargon, acronyms and industry terminology. Instead of seeking clarification, employees might guess at the meaning of the message and then act on mistaken assumptions. Also, misunderstandings may occur among workers who do not speak the same primary language. As a result, feelings may be hurt, based on misinterpretation of words or of body language.
Cultural Differences
Interpersonal communication may be adversely affected by lack of cultural understanding, mis-perception, bias and stereotypical beliefs. Workers may have limited skill or experience communicating with people from a different background. Many companies offer diversity training to help employees understand how to communicate more effectively across cultures and relate to those who may have different background experiences. Similarly, gender barriers can obstruct interpersonal communication if men and women are treated differently, and held to different standards, causing interpersonal conflicts in the workplace.
Personality Differences
Like any skill, some people are better at interpersonal communication than others. Personality traits also influence how well an individual interacts with subordinates, peers and supervisors. Extraversion can be an advantage when it comes to speaking out, sharing opinions and disseminating information. However, introverts may have the edge when it comes to listening, reflecting and remembering. Barriers to interpersonal communication may occur when employees lack self-awareness, sensitivity and flexibility. Such behavior undermines teamwork, which requires mutual respect, compromise and negotiation. Bullying, backstabbing and cut throat competition create a toxic workplace climate that will strain interpersonal relationships.
Generational Differences
Interpersonal communication can be complicated by generational differences in speech, dress, values, priorities and preferences. For instance, there may be a generational divide as to how team members prefer to communicate with one another. If younger workers sit in cubicles, using social networking as their primary channel of communication, it can alienate them from older workers who may prefer face-to-face communication. Broad generalizations and stereotypes can also cause interpersonal rifts when a worker from one generation feels superior to those who are younger or older. Biases against workers based on age can constitute a form of disc.
· Case Study 2 Improving E-Mail Marketing ResponseDue Week 8 an.docxgerardkortney
The document provides a case study and instructions for an assignment on improving the response rate of email marketing. Students are asked to: 1) conduct a design of experiment using the provided data to test cause-and-effect relationships, 2) determine an appropriate graphical display for the results and provide rationale, 3) recommend actions to increase email response rates with rationale, and 4) propose an overall strategy to develop a process model to increase response rates and obtain effective business processes with rationale. The assignment requires a 2-3 page paper following APA formatting guidelines.
· Briefly describe the technologies that are leading businesses in.docxgerardkortney
· Briefly describe the technologies that are leading businesses into the third wave of electronic commerce.
· In about 100 words, describe the function of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Include a discussion of the differences between gTLDs and sTLDs in your answer.
· In one or two paragraphs, describe how the Internet changed from a government research project into a technology for business users.
· In about 100 words, explain the difference between an extranet and an intranet. In your answer, describe when you might use a VPN in either.
· Define “channel conflict” and describe in one or two paragraphs how a company might deal with this issue.
· In two paragraphs, explain why a customer-centric Web site design is so important, yet is so difficult to accomplish.
· In about two paragraphs, distinguish between outsourcing and offshoring as they relate to business processes.
· In about 200 words, explain how the achieved trust level of a company’s communications using blogs and social media compare with similar communication efforts conducted using mass media and personal contact.
· Write a paragraph in which you distinguish between a virtual community and a social networking Web site
· Write two or three paragraphs in which you describe the role that culture plays in the development of a country’s laws and ethical standards.
QUESTION 1
Lakota peoples of the Great Plains are notably:
nomadic and followed the buffalo herds
Sedentary farmers, raising corn, northern beans, and potatoes
peaceful people who tried to live in harmony with neighboring tribes and the environment
religious and employed a variety of psychoactive plants during religious ceremonies
QUESTION 2
Tribal peoples of the Great Plains experienced greater ease at hunting and warfare after the introduction of:
Hotchkiss guns
smokeless gunpowder
horses
Intertribal powwows
all of the above
QUESTION 3
The Apaches and Navajos (Dine’) of the southwestern region of North America speak a language similar to their relatives of northern California and western Canada called:
Yuman
Uto-Aztecan
Tanoan
Athabaskan
Algonkian
QUESTION 4
The Navajo lived in six or eight-sided domed earth dwellings called:
wickiups
kivas
hogans
roadhouses
sweat lodge
QUESTION 5
Pueblo Indians, such as the Zuni and Hopi tribes, are descendants of the ancient people known as the:
Anasazi
Ashkenazi
Athabaskan
Aztecanotewa
Atlantean
2 points
QUESTION 6
1. Kachinas, or spirits of nature, were believed to:
Assist in the growth of crops and send rain
Help defend the Navajo against all foreign invaders
Provide medical assistance to the Hopi when doctors were not available
Combat evil spirits such as Skin-walkers or Diablitos
All of the above
2 points
QUESTION 7
1. The preferred dwellings among the Lakota Sioux were:
wickiups
adobe pueblos
pit houses
teepees
buffalo huts
2 points
QUESTION 8
1. Native Americansbenef.
· Assignment List· My Personality Theory Paper (Week Four)My.docxgerardkortney
· Assignment List
· My Personality Theory Paper (Week Four)
My Personality Theory Paper (Week Four)
DUE: May 31, 2020 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
May 4, 2020 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
My Personality Theory Paper
Instructions:
For this assignment, you will write a paper no less than 7 pages in length, not including required cover and Reference pages, describing a single personality theory from the course readings that best explains your own personality and life choices. You are free to select from among the several theories covered in the course to date but only one theory may be used.
Your task is to demonstrate your knowledge of the theory you choose via descriptions of its key concepts and use of them to explain how you developed your own personality. It is recommended that you revisit the material covered to date to refresh your knowledge of theory details. This is a "midterm" assignment and you should show in your work that you have studied and comprehended the first four weeks of course material. Your submission should be double-spaced with 1 inch margins on all sides of each page and should be free of spelling and grammar errors. It must include source crediting of any materials used in APA format, including source citations in the body of your paper and in a Reference list attached to the end. Easy to follow guides to APA formatting can be found on the tutorial section of the APUS Online Library.
Your paper will include three parts:
I. A brief description of the premise and key components of the theory you selected. You should be thorough and concise in this section and not spend the bulk of the paper detailing the theory, but rather just give enough of a summary of the key points so that an intelligent but uniformed reader would be able to understand its basics. If you pick a more complicated theory, you should expect explaining its premise and key components to take longer than explaining the same for one of the simpler theories but, in either case, focus on the basics and keep in mind that a paper that is almost all theory description and little use of the theory described to explain your own personality will receive a significant point deduction as will the reverse case of the paper being largely personal experience sharing with little linkage to clearly described key theory components.
II. A description of how your chosen theory explains your personality and life choices with supporting examples.
III. A description of the limitations of the theory in explaining your personality or anyone else’s.
NOTE: Although only your instructor will be reading your paper, you should still think about how much personal information you want to disclose. The purpose of this paper is not to get you to share private information, but rather to bring one .
· Assignment List
· Week 7 - Philosophical Essay
Week 7 - Philosophical Essay
DUE: Mar 22, 2020 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
Feb 3, 2020 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
Top of Form
Assignment Instructions
Objective: Students will write a Philosophical Essay for week 7 based on the course concepts.
Course Objectives: 2, 3, & 4
Task:
This 4 - 5 full page (not to exceed 6 pages) Philosophical Essay you will be writing due Week 7 is designed to be a thoughtful, reflective work. The 4 - 5 full pages does not include a cover page or a works cited page. It will be your premier writing assignment focused on the integration and assessment relating to the course concepts. Your paper should be written based on the outline you submitted during week 4 combined with your additional thoughts and instructor feedback. You will use at least three scholarly/reliable resources with matching in-text citations and a Works Cited page. All essays are double spaced, 12 New Times Roman font, paper title, along with all paragraphs indented five spaces.
Details:
You will pick one of the following topics only to do your paper on:
· According to Socrates, must one heed popular opinion about moral matters? Does Socrates accept the fairness of the laws under which he was tried and convicted? Would Socrates have been wrong to escape?
· Consider the following philosophical puzzle: “If a tree falls in the forest and there's no one around to hear it, does it make a sound?” (1) How is this philosophical puzzle an epistemological problem? And (2) how would John Locke answer it?
· Evaluate the movie, The Matrix, in terms of the philosophical issues raised with (1) skepticism and (2) the mind-body problem. Explain how the movie raises questions similar to those found in Plato’s and Descartes’ philosophy. Do not give a plot summary of the movie – focus on the philosophical issues raised in the movie as they relate to Plato and Descartes.
· Socrates asks Euthyphro, “Are morally good acts willed by God because they are morally good, or are they morally good because they are willed by God?” (1) How does this question relate to the Divine Command Theory of morality? (2) What are the philosophical implications associated with each option here?
· Explain (1) the process by which Descartes uses skepticism to refute skepticism, and (2) what first principle does this lead him to? (3) Explain why this project was important for Descartes to accomplish.
Your paper will be written at a college level with an introduction, body paragraphs, a conclusion, along with in-text citations/Works Cited page in MLA formatting. Students will follow MLA format as the sole citation and formatting style used in written assignments submitted as part of coursework to the Humanities Department. Remember - any resource that is listed on the Works Cited page must .
· Assignment 3 Creating a Compelling VisionLeaders today must be .docxgerardkortney
· Assignment 3: Creating a Compelling Vision
Leaders today must be able to create a compelling vision for the organization. They also must be able to create an aligned strategy and then execute it. Visions have two parts, the envisioned future and the core values that support that vision of the future. The ability to create a compelling vision is the primary distinction between leadership and management. Leaders need to create a vision that will frame the decisions and behavior of the organization and keep it focused on the future while also delivering on the short-term goals.
To learn more about organizational vision statements, do an Internet search and review various vision statements.
In this assignment, you will consider yourself as a leader of an organization and write a vision statement and supporting values statement.
Select an organization of choice. This could be an organization that you are familiar with, or a fictitious organization. Then, respond to the following:
· Provide the name and description of the organization. In the description, be sure to include the purpose of the organization, the products or services it provides, and the description of its customer base.
· Describe the core values of the organization. Why are these specific values important to the organization?
· Describe the benefits and purpose for an organizational vision statement.
· Develop a vision statement for this organization. When developing a vision statement, be mindful of the module readings and lecture materials.
· In the vision statement, be sure to communicate the future goals and aspirations of the organization.
· Once you have developed the vision statement, describe how you would communicate the statement to the organizational stakeholders, that is, the owners, employees, vendors, and customers.
· How would you incorporate the communication of the vision into the new employee on-boarding and ongoing training?
Write your response in approximately 3–5 pages in Microsoft Word. Apply APA standards to citation of sources.
Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M1_A3.doc. For example, if your name is John Smith, your document will be named SmithJ_M1_A3.doc.
By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.
Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Chose and described the organization. The description included the purpose of the organization, the products or services the organization provides, and the description of its customer base.
16
Developed a vision statement for the organization. Ensured to accurately communicate the goals and aspirations of the organization in the vision statement.
24
Ensured that the incorporation and communication strategy for the vision statement is clear, detailed, well thought out and realistic.
28
Evaluated and explained which values are most important to the organization.
24
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate r.
· Assignment 4
· Week 4 – Assignment: Explain Theoretical Perspectives for Real-life Scenarios
Assignment
Updated
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
For each of the following three scenarios, use a chart format to assess how each traditional theoretical perspective would best explain the situation that a social worker would need to address. You may create your charts in Word or another software program of your choice. An example chart follows the three scenarios.
Scenario 1
You are a hospital social worker who is working with a family whose older adult relative is in end-stage renal failure. There are no advanced directives and the family is conflicted over what the next steps should be.
Scenario 2
You are a caseworker in a drug court. Your client has had three consecutive dirty urine analyses. She is unemployed and has violated her probation order.
Scenario 3
You are a school social worker. A teacher sends her 9-year-old student to you because he reports that he has not eaten in 2 days and there are no adults at home to take care of him.
Chart Example:
Your client, an 11-year-old girl, was removed from home because of parental substance abuse. She is acting out in her foster home, disobeying her foster parents and not following their rules.
Theory
Explanation for Scenario – please respond to the questions below in your explanation
Systems Theory
What systems need to be developed or put in place to support the child? Would Child Protective Services need to become involved? What other systems would support her and a successful outcome for being in foster care?
Generalist Theory
What is the best intervention or therapy to use based on this child’s situation? Given her circumstances, how could you best improve her functioning?
Behavioral Theory
What behaviors are being reinforced? What behaviors are being ignored or punished? What would you suggest to maintain this placement? Would this involve working with the foster parents?
Cognitive Theory
How would you help your client to examine her thinking, emotions, and behavior? What would this entail from a cognitive developmental framework?
Support your assignment with a minimum of three resources.
Length: 3 charts, not including title and reference pages
Your assignment should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts presented in the course by providing new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards where appropriate. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy.
Assignement 3
State the function of each of the following musculoskeletal system structures: Describe the structures of the musculoskeletal system.
Skeletal muscle
Tendons
Ligaments
Bone
Cartilage
Describe each of the following types of joints:
Ball-and-socket
Hinge
Pivot
Gliding
Saddle
Condyloid
Newspaper Rubric
CATEGORY
4
3
2
1
Headline & Byline & images
16 points
Article has a .
· Assignment 2 Leader ProfileMany argue that the single largest v.docxgerardkortney
· Assignment 2: Leader Profile
Many argue that the single largest variable in organizational success is leadership. Effective leadership can transform an organization and create a positive environment for all stakeholders. In this assignment, you will have the chance to evaluate a leader and identify what makes him/her effective.
Consider all the leaders who have affected your life in some way. Think of people with whom you work—community leaders, a family member, or anyone who has had a direct impact on you.
· Choose one leader you consider to be effective. This can be a leader you are personally aware of, or someone you don’t know, but have observed to be an effective leader. Write a paper addressing the following:
· Explain how this leader has influenced you and why you think he or she is effective.
· Analyze what characteristics or qualities this person possesses that affected you most.
· Rate this leader by using a leadership scorecard. This can be a developed scorecard, or one you develop yourself. If you use a developed scorecard, please be sure to cite the sources of the scorecard. Once you have identified your scorecard, rate your leader. You decide what scores to include (for example, scale of 1–5, 5 being the highest) but be sure to assess the leader holistically across the critical leadership competencies you feel are most important (for example, visioning, empowering, strategy development and communication).
· Critique this individual’s skills against what you have learned about leadership so far in this course. Consider the following:
· How well does he/she meet the practices covered in your required readings?
· How well has he/she adapted to the challenges facing leaders today?
· If you could recommend changes to his/her leadership approach, philosophy, and style, what would you suggest? Why?
· Using the assigned readings, the Argosy University online library resources, and the Internet including general organizational sources like the Wall Street Journal, BusinessWeek, or Harvard Business Review, build a leadership profile of the leader you selected. Include information from personal experiences as well as general postings on the selected leader from Internet sources such as blogs. Be sure to include 2–3 additional resources not already included in the required readings in support of your leadership profile.
Write a 3–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M2_A2.doc.
By the due date assigned, deliver your assignment to the Submissions Area.
Assignment 2 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Explained how this leader has been influential and why you think the leader is effective showing analysis of the leader’s characteristics or qualities.
16
Analyzed the characteristics or qualities the leader possesses that have affected you most..
16
Rated your leader using a leadership scorecard and supported your rationale for your rating.
32
Criti.
· Assignment 1 Diversity Issues in Treating AddictionThe comple.docxgerardkortney
· Assignment 1: Diversity Issues in Treating Addiction
The complexities of working with diverse populations in treating disorders, such as addictions, require special considerations. Some approaches work better with some populations than with others. For example, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) programs are spiritually based and focus on a higher power. Some populations have difficulty with these concepts and are averse to participating in such groups.
Select a population—for example, African Americans; Native Americans; or lesbians, gays, or bisexual individuals. Research your topic by using articles from the supplemental readings for this course or from other resources such as the Web, texts, experience, or other journal articles related to diversity issues and addictions.
Write a three- to five-page paper discussing the following:
· Some specific considerations for working with your chosen population in the area of addiction treatment
· Whether your research indicates that 12-step groups work with this population
· Any special problems associated with this population that make acknowledging the addiction and seeking treatment more difficult
· Any language or other barriers that this population faces when seeking treatment
Prepare your paper in Microsoft Word document format. Name your file M4_A1_LastName_Research.doc, and submit it to the Submissions Area by the due date assigned Follow APA guidelines for writing and citing text.
Assignment 1 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Discussed some specific considerations for working with your chosen population in the area of addiction.
8
Discussed whether your research indicates that 12-step groups work with your chosen population.
8
Discussed any special problems associated with this population that make acknowledging the addiction and seeking treatment more difficult .
8
Discussed any language or other barriers that this population faces when seeking treatment.
8
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources, displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
4
Total:
36
· M4 Assignment 2 Discussion
Discussion Topic
Top of Form
Due February 9 at 11:59 PM
Bottom of Form
Assignment 2: Discussion Questions
Your facilitator will guide you in the selection of two of the three discussion questions. Submit your responses to these questions to the appropriate Discussion Area by the due date assigned. Through the end of the module, comment on the responses of others.
All written assignments and responses should follow APA rules for attributing sources.
You will be attempting two discussion questions in this module; each worth 28 points. The total number of points that can be earned for this assignment is 56.
Minority Groups
Many minority groups experience stress secondary to their social surroundings. For example, a family living in poverty may face frequent violence. Limited income makes meeting the day-to-day need.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
P A T I E N T P E R S P E C T I V E SThe lived experience .docx
1. P A T I E N T P E R S P E C T I V E S
The lived experience of women victims of intimate partner
violence
Alice Yuen Loke, Mei Lan Emma Wan and Mark Hayter
Aims and objectives. This study aims to gain a better
understanding of the lived experience of female victims of
intimate partner
violence.
Background. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a complex and
prevalent social problem associated with significant impairment
in the physical and psychological health of victims.
Design. Exploratory, qualitative design.
Methods. Face-to-face interviews were conducted among nine
IPV female victims who presented themselves at an emergency
department of a regional hospital. Data were subject to thematic
analysis.
Results. Victims are often ashamed to disclose their situation
and reluctant to seek help, afraid of being ridiculed or ignored.
Violent experiences also lead to low self-esteem, depression,
and suicidal ideas. They are ambivalent about staying in an
abusive
2. relationship and endure violent incidents in silence until they
cannot tolerate any more and seek help at an emergency
department. They have negative experiences in help-seeking:
other family members and health professionals coloured by
cultural restraints generally ignore their complaints and need
for help.
Conclusions. Provided a preliminary understanding of the
experience of Chinese women in Hong Kong. In support of
these
women’s help-seeking behaviours, continuing education
programmes are needed to better prepare health professionals
for
caring for these women.
Relevance to clinical practice. Health professionals should be
astute in identifying IPV victims with whom they come into
contact at work. They should assess the immediate physical and
emotional needs of these women, be empathetic, show
acceptance, extend a helping hand and assess home safety
before discharge.
Key words: Chinese women, intimate partner violence, lived
experience
Accepted for publication: 26 February 2012
Introduction
3. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social health
concern worldwide (WHO 2002). Reports from various
studies indicate a high prevalence of IPV in all societies.
Although Hong Kong is a westernised society, no matter how
productive or independent women in Hong Kong are, they
are no exception to this prevalence. A review of studies
conducted in different parts of China reported the average
lifetime and annual prevalence of male on female IPV as
19Æ7% and 16Æ8%, respectively, for any type of violence
(Tang & Lai 2008). Another study, which surveyed a total of
1132 women in Hong Kong, concluded that marital dissat-
isfaction and age difference within a couple are predictors of
IPV (Tang 1999).Although prevalence and causal factors
have been reported quantitatively, there has been no in-depth
Authors: Alice Yuen Loke, RN, PhD, Professor, School of
Nursing,
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon; Mei Lan
Emma
Wan RN, MSc, Registered Nurse, Accident & Emergency
Department, Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Hong
4. Kong,
Hong Kong; Mark Hayter PhD, RN, Cert Ed, FRSA, Professor,
Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, UK
Correspondence: Alice Yuen Loke, Professor, School of
Nursing,
Division Head, Division of Family and Community Health, The
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong. Telephone:
852 2766 6386.
E-mail: [email protected]
! 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
2336 Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2336–2346, doi:
10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04159.x
qualitative work into women’s experiences of IPV in Hong
Kong and how they relate to the international empirical
evidence on this important health and social issue. This study
is designed to address this gap in the literature.
Background
Chinese culture and intimate partner violence
In traditional Chinese families, the husband has the final
5. authority on family issues. The social norms provide/dictate
that a ‘good woman’ should obey her husband and perform the
roles of a virtuous wife and mother well. Although the
patriarchal social structure in China may have diminished
somewhat, Chinese women (25–40%) still believe that a good
wife obeys her husband and is obliged to fulfil her husband’s
requests even if she does not feel like it (Hollander 2005).
Fear of losing face and the traditional notion of keeping
things within the family have also made it difficult for the
Chinese families to break the silence regarding the violence in
their homes (Xu et al. 2001). As many as 70% of Chinese
women agreed that family problems should not be discussed
with outsiders (Hollander 2005). Chinese women should
never point out their husbands’ inadequacies or mistakes in
public, a likely cause of IPV victims’ hesitation to disclose
their family problems (Tai 1994). Women endure humiliation
and conceal their experience for fear of being reprimanded by
their husbands.
6. Need for better understanding of IPV
Recognising women who are vulnerable to victimization is
essential for health professionals. However, when health
professionals hold the cultural belief that family affairs are a
private matter, this may affect their approach towards
women who suffer from intimate partner violence. Even if
women seek health care, most people, including nurses, still
believe that IPV is a private family matter in which other
people should not intervene (Chung et al. 1996). A study
conducted among accident and emergency nurses in Hong
Kong revealed that although 57% of nurses agreed that they
had a duty to intervene, all of them also believed in the
Chinese saying that ‘even a good judge cannot adjudicate
family disputes’ (Chung et al. 1996). A study among emer-
gency room physicians also revealed that nearly half (48%)
agreed with this Chinese saying, with 24% being neutral
(Wong et al. 1997). As many as 61% of these nurses
indicated that they would not directly ask a woman who
7. was suffering from domestic injuries whether the injuries
were inflicted by the woman’s male intimate partner. While
these nurses can play a crucial role in screening and caring for
victims of IPV, their attitude may interfere with their
willingness to fulfil this responsibility.
While most studies have been conducted in Western
countries, there is a dearth of studies that explore the lived
experiences of women in intimate violent relationships in
Hong Kong. A list of 312 publications on intimate violence
from 1983–2005 was compiled by Coughlan (2006). The
articles focused on populations around the world, including
Cambodian, Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino, South African,
Hispanic, Arab, Jordanian and many more. Only 12 of the
studies were conducted among Chinese women, five of them
among Chinese immigrants in western countries. These
studies mainly identified the prevalence and risk factors of
IPV; only one was a qualitative study focused on the
experiences of victims.
8. A review of literature was also conducted on IPV in China
(Tang & Lai 2008). Based on the results, among the 19
studies published from 1987–2006, only six were conducted
among Hong Kong Chinese. All of the studies were quanti-
tative and adopted the Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus 1979,
Straus et al. 1996) and the Abuse Assessment Screen (McFar-
lane et al. 1992) to identify the demographics of the female
victims and their family relationship factors. Another study
examined the relationship between domestic violence and
postnatal depression among Chinese women in Hong Kong
(Leung et al. 2002).
As most of these studies focused on identifying the
demographic and family predictive factors of IPV, a quali-
tative study is needed to explore the lived experience of
female IPV victims. This understanding of IPV female
victims’ lived experience of domestic violence will fill the
health professionals’ knowledge gaps of these victims’ strug-
gle and needs. Sharing their experience with the health
9. professionals can eliminate the stigma attached. The recog-
nition of the lived experiences and help-seeking process of
IPV female victims can also provide healthcare providers with
information to improve their screening approach and services
and to develop effective strategies to meet the needs of IPV
victims.
Methods
Study design and aim
This is a descriptive qualitative study focusing on individual
interpretations of lived experiences, aiming to gain a better
understanding of the lived experiences of women suffering
from intimate partner violence. The objectives of this study
are to explore (1) women’s experience and feelings in violent
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Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2336–2346 2337
relationships, (2) their decision to disclose or stay in the
10. abusive relationship and (3) their help-seeking experience and
needs.
Purposive convenience sampling was used to recruit women
who were admitted in the Accident and Emergency Depart-
ment (AED) of a regional hospital in Hong Kong from August
2006 to January 2007, reporting physical assault by their
intimate partners. This setting was selected because it was the
intention of this study to recruit women who had not left the
situation. The inclusion criteria were as follows: Hong Kong
Chinese women over the age of 18 and living with the assailant
and who agreed to take part in this study. Those who
demonstrated signs of cognitive impairment or mental illness
and those who were in police custody were not recruited.
Data collection
After receiving treatment and before discharge from the AED,
eligible women were informed of the purpose of the study
and invited to take part. All were ensured of confidentiality
and that their participation in this study would not be
11. revealed to their partner. Interviews were conducted in a
private room with a comfortable atmosphere in the AED to
ensure privacy and provide a sense of security to enable them
to describe their experiences. The face-to-face interviews
lasted from 40–90 minutes and were recorded on an MP3
recorder.
Data were collected through semistructured interviews
with an interview guide developed for the purpose of this
study. A nurse specialist and a physician with over 10 years
of experience in caring for IPV victims in the AED were asked
to consider the relevancy of the interview questions. A pilot
interview was also conducted to test the interview guide for
clarity, coverage and representativeness. Probing questions
were used to encourage open communication.
All interviews were conducted in Cantonese (the dialect
commonly used in Hong Kong). Verbatim transcripts were
transcribed from audiotapes into written Chinese within two
weeks of the interviews.
12. Data analysis
Once the interviews had been transcribed verbatim, paper
copies were produced for analysis. The transcriptions of
interviews were analysed by the researcher and the nurse
educator independently, both of whom were fluent in both
Chinese and English languages.
The thematic approach to qualitative data analysis
described by Joffe and Yardley (2004) was used to derive
key themes from the data. Initially, line by line coding was
undertaken, as well as reading and rereading transcripts to
become familiar with the data. Coding at this stage was
linked to specific aspects of the women’s accounts and simply
reflected the specific emotion or issue described in that section
of the data. As this coding proceeded, notes were taken and
attempts were made to link them into larger and more
substantive codes or ‘subthemes’. During this process, the
data were explored for links, similarities and differences to
check the robustness of the emerging segments of data. The
13. two sets of analysed themes were compared and discussed
until a consensus was reached, and the themes were
combined, summarised and classified according to categories.
A final stage of analysis saw the larger codes amalgamated
into more encompassing and significant themes that provided
a picture of the key elements of the participants’ experiences.
These final themes represent the core elements of these
women’s experiences of IPV translated into English. The
statements given by women who shared the same sentiment
and meanings in the interviews were merged under the same
themes and presented in English.
Ethical considerations
Ethical considerations were a major concern because of the
complex and sensitive nature of IPV. Ethical approval was
obtained from the university and hospital ethical committees
prior to the commencement of the study. Interviews were
only commenced after each eligible woman had received a
clear explanation of the purposes of this study and consented
14. to the study. To protect their identity, the women were not
required to sign a consent form. Participants were informed
that they could withdraw from the study at any point during
the interview and assured that their identity would be
concealed. All the data collected were kept confidential.
A danger to women IPV victims exists when they either
return to their partners or attempt to escape from the abusive
relationship. After the interview, the researcher provided the
women with information on social workers’ availability, and
alternatives such as making arrangements to stay in a
nongovernment organization’s shelter for domestic violence
victims, if desired.
Results
Face-to-face semistructured interviews were conducted with
nine female victims. Six of the women were aged from 39 to
50 and three from 19 to 27; they were 1–14 years younger
than their husbands and had been married for 1–33 years.
Seven had secondary school education, one had primary
15. school, and another had completed university. Three of the
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women were housewives and six were employed, with an
average monthly income of HK$6700 (US$880). Two of the
husbands were unemployed and five had jobs with an average
monthly income of HK$12,700 (US$1,500), representing
families from the lower social class in Hong Kong.
The women reported that the violent incidents were
provoked by arguments regarding family finances or extra-
marital affairs. All interviewees reported different degrees of
physical abuse, including punching, slapping, shoving,
smothering and having objects thrown at them. Three women
reported psychological abuse, including hostility and intim-
idation, and one reported being sexually abused.
Identified themes of IPV women victims’ lived
experience
16. Four themes were derived from the thematic analysis process:
(A) feelings of shame, low self-esteem, depression and
suicidal ideas; (B) violent experiences leading to despair,
helplessness and insecurity; (C) ambivalence about staying in
an abusive relationship and enduring intimate partner
violence and (D) experiences of help-seeking and needs.
Feelings of shame, low self-esteem, depression and
suicidal ideas
The abused women were ashamed of the domestic violence.
The feeling of shame leads to low-self-esteem, depression and
suicide attempts. They considered family violence to be a
private matter and were ashamed to reveal their situation.
They were also ashamed to go out, for their partners’ violence
often resulted in bruises and swelling on their face and neck
that could readily be seen by others. They said:
I am ashamed to talk about the violence in my family; I don’t
want to
wash my ‘dirty linen’ in public or share it with others. (01, 02,
03, 06,
17. 07, 08, 09)
After my husband beats me, there are obvious bruises on my
face. So
I stay at home all the time to avoid having to explain the cause
of
these injuries to others. (07, 08)
Abused women have low self-esteem, feeling that they are not
worthy of respect and do not deserve love in the relationship.
The abused women kept thinking about their husband’s
insulting comments about their inadequacy as a wife. They
often blamed themselves and tried to change. They said:
After he reprimands me, I wonder if I am as useless as he said. I
often
blame myself, asking myself if I have not done enough as a
wife.
Perhaps I have done something wrong, and not paid enough
attention
to my husband? (01,03)
I must not be worth loving, the way he is treating me. He said
he
would make me happy when we got married. Now he makes me
feel
18. not worthy of being loved. (01, 02, 03, 04, 06, 09)
Most abused women reported symptoms of depression,
including insomnia, fluctuating emotions and loss of appetite,
and having lost satisfaction in life. These women expressed
that they could not see the beauty of living and that life had
no purpose and had suicidal thoughts because they found life
meaningless. They said:
I keep thinking about our relationship, so that I have to rely on
sleeping pills to sleep. I can also hardly eat. (01, 04,06)
When I am alone, I often think about our relationship and could
just
cry… (05)
Nothing really interests me in life. I don’t see anything good
about
life. I am like a walking corpse without a spirit. (01, 02)
I think I have lost the will to live. I have attempted suicide
many
times, but was saved. I saw how sad my children were, so I dare
not
attempt suicide again. (01, 04)
19. When a suicide attempt did not end her suffering, one woman
wanted to hurt her husband so that she could escape from the
situation by being in jail. She said:
I once attempted to leap from a building to end my life, but I
could
not. I then thought about hurting him and how being sent to jail
might be an escape. (06)
The above theme which emerged from the interviews revealed
that intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with
significant psychological distress in victims, causing shame,
low self-esteem, depression and suicidal ideas.
Violent experiences leading to despair, helplessness and
insecurity
The abused women were despairing, helpless and insecure
about living with a violent husband.
They were in despair because of their husbands’ lack of
remorse and the repeated violence against them. They felt
helpless because they were living with their husbands under
20. the same roof and nobody else could protect them. They
said:
Initially, he apologized for his act and promised not to hurt me
again.
But his violence has grown over the years and is repeated
without
regret. (03, 05)
I can’t figure out any solution. It is hard for anyone to
intervene. He
doesn’t think he is wrong, and can’t control himself when he
gets
mad. (04, 05, 07, 09)
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Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2336–2346 2339
I could not find anyone who could help. I told my relatives, but
they
can’t help as they don’t live with me. Even the police cannot
watch
him all the time. (03, 04, 07)
21. The women were afraid of arguing with their irritated
husbands, or they would end up being beaten. One woman
felt extremely unsafe and was kept awake by her fear. The
women remarked:
I am afraid all the time that I may irritate him. When he loses
his
temper, he beats me. I am frightened all the time and dare not
offend
him. (02, 04, 05, 09)
My husband pulls me out of bed when I am sleeping. I feel
unsafe and
am afraid that one day I will be murdered. I often wake up and
am
unable to fall back to sleep. (01)
Interviews also revealed that the experiences of intimate
partner violence (IPV) lead to despair helplessness, and
insecurity of these victims.
Ambivalence about staying in an abusive relationship and
enduring Intimate Partner Violence
Eight of the nine abused women interviewed had tried to
22. leave the abusive situation at some point. They were
ambivalent about staying in the abusive relationship. How-
ever, many of the abused women would do anything to keep
the family together. They believed a divorced woman and
children from a broken family would be socially stigmatised.
They also had conflicting feelings about the effects of
domestic violence and parental separation on children. They
said:
I want my children to live happily in a family, so I can’t divorce
my
husband. Both I and my children from a broken family would be
‘looked down on’ by others. (01, 03, 04, 07)
I don’t want my children to witness all this. I am afraid that he
will
hurt the children. But divorce is detrimental to children, they
are
innocent. (01, 02, 03, 05, 09)
The women tried to endure the pain or to withdraw from
arguments to prevent attacks. Financial insecurity was the
crucial reason why these IPV victims stayed in their abusive
23. relationships. They did not see any way out because of
financial self-insufficiency. They said:
If he beats me or throws things at me, I let him. I clean up the
mess
afterwards. I only try to stop him if it is serious or if I can
barely
endure the pain. (01, 02, 04, 08)
I am ambivalent. If I stay with him, the violence will continue.
If I
leave, I’ll confront financial and housing problems. I am
trapped in
this abusive relationship and can’t leave as I don’t know which
situation is worse. (09)
Women tend to withdraw or keep silent while enduring
IPV. Violence was seen by the abused women as an
aberrant event beyond the control of their husbands. The
women reported being beaten on a situational basis; they
believed that when the stressor was removed, their
husbands would stop. They described this in the following
statement:
24. I sometimes leave for a few hours after he beats me. Then I
pretend
that nothing has happened and go back home. (01, 05, 08, 09)
He’s fine if he doesn’t lose his temper, but he just turns into
another
person once he gets mad or drunk. He is out of control and goes
crazy, and he will beat me. (05, 07, 08)
Three women said their husbands had taken good care of the
family and the children, apart from the violent incidents.
They said:
I can’t leave my husband because he has provided for the family
and
deserves the family and our kids, even though he beats me
sometimes.
(03, 06, 08)
The above theme and quotes revealed that although these
victims were psychologically distressed by the intimate
violence, they had ambivalent and conflicting feelings about
staying in an abusive relationship. These women choose to
stay with the family for the sake of family completeness
25. and for the children, allowing themselves to remain
trapped in abusive relationships enduring intimate partner
violence.
Experiences of seeking help and needs
The women were more likely to keep their silence and endure
the pain of violence when the violence was less severe to
avoid confrontation. They knew they will require a shelter
and financial support to meet immediate needs but were
reluctant to seek help because they did not know what
services were available in the community for them. They also
expressed their fear that seeking help would make the violent
incidents even worse and felt that they will be in danger if
they returned home after seeking help.
Now that other people know about this, I’m afraid it will affect
our
relationship. Since I reported him to the police, I cannot face
him. I
am now in trouble. (03, 04, 05)
If I run away from home or get a divorce, I don’t know how I
26. will
cope with living. I do not know if there are any organizations
that can
help, and I need information. (06, 09)
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I want to find a place to live. I cannot even afford to rent a
small
room. If I had a place to live, many of the problems I am facing
could
be solved. (01, 06)
I just need money to maintain my children and myself. (02, 04,
05)
The women would only break the silence when they were
escalating in violence and perceived increased threat or threat
of death.
In the past, he hit me with his fists so I tolerated it. But this
time he
used a hard object. I realized that the children and I were in
27. danger,
so I called the police. (01, 04)
However, the abused women reported mostly their negative
help-seeking experiences. These women complained that
their friends or relatives were not able to be empathetic to
their situation and suffering and complained that most people
could only offer unrealistic solutions and not practical help.
They said:
I told my family that my husband had beaten me, but they
blamed
and scolded me for having a conflict/arguing with him face-to-
face.
(02)
Some people advise me not to argue with my husband. But I
don’t
know how to avoid irritating him; I don’t even know what I do
sometimes that irritates him. (07)
I told one of my relatives about my circumstances, and she just
keeps
giving me advice without being truly concerned about my
feelings.
28. She just told me to move out. (01,05,09)
Three abused women also reported that they had negative
experiences when seeking help from police and doctors. Two
complained that the police belittled their feelings and
recommended that they compromise and reconcile with their
partners. The abused women said that doctors merely provide
treatment for injuries and are not concerned about their
feelings; after all, they cannot help solve their domestic
problems.
I called the police for help, but they only told us to stop
quarreling. I
begged them to help, but all they said was, ‘Just forgive him, all
men
are like him; being a woman, you should know’. The police
were,
like, forming an alliance with him. (01,07)
When the policeman came, he just told us that money is not a
problem, and that we could apply for social assistance. Since
then, he is no longer afraid of the police.
29. I don’t think physicians can help me; they only give me pain-
killers
and a physical check-up. They never ask me about the incidents
or
show caring. (05, 07, 08)
While there were abused woman who complained that social
workers did not offer realistic solutions or help, another had
a different experience and was appreciative of the support
from a social worker. This is what she said:
The social workers just told me to escape from violent scenes.
This is
impossible, for he can grab me. Another told me to get a
divorce. This
means they can’t help. (02)
I told a social worker that I have suicidal ideation. She
understood
that my emotion state was not stable, so she phoned me many
times,
enlightened me and taught me what to do. (07)
For some women, this interview provided an opportunity to
ventilate, and they appreciated the concern shown by the
30. interview nurse in the emergency department.
I would be suffering if I continued to hide this from others.
Now I feel
some relief. Of course, it is not appropriate to share my feelings
with
everyone. I really appreciate those who know how to comfort
me,
analyze my situation, and give me some advice. (03, 05, 08, 09)
The above suggests that victims do not receive the necessary
services until they are in danger. However, they had used the
interview as an opportunity to ask for help and information
and indicated their needs to the interviewer. They hoped that
nurses at the emergency department would provide them
with relevant information and expressed their appreciation to
those who listened and provided practical suggestions.
Discussion
This study aimed to explore the lived experience of women
who reported physical assault by their intimate partners at
the Accident and Emergency Department (AED) of a
regional hospital. Though the women in this study were
31. recruited in the AED, it is important to emphasise that
intimate partner violence is widespread in patient popula-
tions across different medical specialties. A study that
compared intimate partner violence among women in
hospital waiting rooms across medical specialties showed
that women in addiction recovery programmes reported the
highest rates of IPV, followed by those in emergency
departments and in obstetrics and gynaecology departments
(McCloskey et al. 2005). A large number of studies have
focused on the relationship between intimate partner abuse
and adverse pregnancy outcomes (Janssen et al. 2003) and
postnatal depression (Leung et al. 2002). Women who suffer
from intimate partner violence can present themselves in
different medical settings, including during pregnancy, thus
these women are not to be neglected.
Patient perspectives Chinese women victims of intimate partner
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Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2336–2346 2341
32. Psychological distress and decision to stay
The results of this study unveiled the feelings and lived
experiences of women suffering from IPV. The abused
women’s feelings of despair and helplessness were gradually
reinforced by the repeated violence of their husbands, their
self-insufficiency and their experiences of disclosure. They felt
helpless because they had no control over the violence
committed towards them. This feeling of helpless leads to low
self-esteem, depression and suicide attempts.
A previous study in the West suggested that the IPV cyclic
pattern usually went from tension rising to an abusive
episode, and then to a honeymoon period (Walker 1979,
Domesticviolence.org 2009). This honeymoon period
explained why victims repeatedly forgave their husbands, in
that the abusers usually apologised profusely, promising
never to do it again, professing love, crying and bringing the
victims flowers. However, this was not the case of women in
33. this study. This may be due to the cultural belief that Chinese
men do not necessarily view marital violence as a violation of
women’s rights, seldom apologise and do not show remorse.
Victimised wives with damaged self-esteem may not neces-
sarily feel that they have a right to complain (Yick &
Agbayani-Siewert 1997).
Chinese women choose to stay with the family for the
sake of their children and therefore allow themselves to
remain trapped in abusive relationships. The victims of IPV
in this study had endured the violence for years and
struggled to remain in their relationships. They had con-
flicting feelings and worried about the effect on children of
either parental separation or witnessing violence. They chose
to stay in the relationship to provide their children with ‘a
family’. It was the Chinese women’s belief that they should
obey and be good wives to their husbands and good mothers
to their children. A study among Mexican women also
found that women chose to stay in abusive families because
34. they worried about the psychological effects on their
children or chose to leave only when they thought the
abuser might become violent towards the children (Acevedo
2000).
Whether women can successfully leave their abusive
relationships depends on their ability to support themselves
financially after leaving (Lutenbacher et al. 2003). Even those
who had paid jobs were worried about their financial
situation and chose to stay. The reasons were that women
lived in the context of shared lives and the associated
resources. Leaving meant changing what they were used to
and could be perceived as threatening. It is a limitation of this
study that most women were from the lower social classes,
making it difficult for them to leave their homes.
Help-seeking behaviours and attitudes from professionals
Although women in this study expressed shame at disclosing
their experience, nearly all of them had told someone (family
members, policemen or social workers) before. They were
35. embarrassed to start the conversation about their violent
experiences because many were being ridiculed or prejudiced.
They were also disappointed that others were reluctant to
help, creating barriers to their help-seeking.
Women in this study reported that they would not have
sought help if they had not perceived a threat to their safety.
This is consistent with reports that most women tend to put
up with IPV until they perceive danger (Ellsberg et al. 2001).
When the abuse is less severe, women are more likely to
endure the pain of violence, withdrawing from the argument
or scene. When the violence became severe, involving the use
of deadly objects, the women would call for help. This
suggests that victims do not receive the necessary services
until they are in danger.
The women in this study were ridiculed when they told
others of their IPV experience, which was consistent with the
findings of other studies (Flinck et al. 2005). These women
complained that their friends or relatives were not able to
36. offer practical help. They were also disappointed with the
police officers and social workers, who were prejudiced and
underrated their experience. As a result, these women were
reluctant to seek help, believing that the ‘helping’ profes-
sionals could not offer help. Intimate partner violence is a
taboo subject in the mainstream Chinese culture of Hong
Kong. Health professionals, including doctors and nurses,
who hold the cultural belief that a ‘family affair is a private
matter and that other people should not intervene’ may
affect their compassion, empathy and their approach to IPV
victims and become reluctant providers (Inoue & Armitage
2006).
Although women expressed that they hoped that health
professionals would be able to help, none of them mentioned
their experience in approaching nurses for help related to
their IPV experience. However, the women who took part in
this study considered the interviews as a way to call for help.
This incident, which had resulted in their needing emergency
37. care, had opened up an opportunity for them to share their
experience with the interviewer, a nurse working on the
accident and emergency department.
Literature on the help-seeking of abused women from
formal support groups often refers to policemen, social
workers, medical personnel, crisis hotline workers, mental
health professionals, clergymen, women’s group advocates
and staff at women’s shelters (Goodman et al. 2003, Liang
et al. 2005). It is unfortunate that the nursing profession, the
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2342 Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2336–2346
largest group of health professionals and comprised of mostly
women, is not included in the list of formal support for
abused women, even though in most circumstances nurses are
the first healthcare professionals to come into contact with
these women.
38. It has been reported that IPV victims are ashamed at
disclosing their situation but are willing to discuss their
problems if professionals approach them directly with respect
and a guarantee of privacy (Fraser et al. 2002). They also
value direct questions with nonjudgmental understanding
and support (Rodriguez et al. 1996). The acceptance and
appropriate response of nurses can encourage women to seek
help according to their needs.
The insensitivity of others and their reluctance to help
also hindered the abused women’s efforts to make the
decision to leave and seek help from others or to reshape
their lives. It is of concern that the perception of the general
public and the associated social stigma attached to IPV have
contributed to these women’s feelings of helplessness,
influencing their decision to stay in the abusive relationship
and compromising their help-seeking experience. A study
conducted in Thailand also shared this concern (Saito et al.
2009).
39. Assisting battered women to identify their health needs
The results of this study suggest that abusive relationships
had negative psychological effects on battered women.
However, these women mainly expressed their needs relating
to financial assistance and shelter arrangements to reshape
their lives. This is consistent with other studies (e.g. Shim &
Haight 2006). Women were concerned about the danger
lurking when they returned home. Others were not aware of
the resources available to help them.
These were women who had been injured acutely and
severely enough to seek medical treatment. The degree of
stress and disorientation experienced by these victims under
these circumstances also made it difficult for the interviewed
women to clearly articulate their needs and utilise their
problem-solving skills. Studies have found that IPV decreases
victims’ decision-making and problem-solving skills and
lowers their perceptions of self-efficacy and self-esteem
(Gianakos 1999, Yick et al. 2003).
40. Professionals should be astute in detecting, assessing and
identifying these women’s needs and should respect their
privacy and provide protective measures. Healthcare profes-
sionals, nurses working across medical specialties and the
police should be aware of the needs of these women and have
understanding of IPV and the importance of helping these
victims.
Conclusion
The findings from this study contribute to a better awareness
and understanding of IPV victims and their needs. Help-
seeking behaviours are usually triggered or hindered by
feelings of insecurity, an increase in the severity of IPV and
previous help-seeking experiences. IPV has severe impacts on
the physical and psychological health of victims that warrant
special attention from health professionals. The position
statements of the American Nurses Association (ANA 2008)
and the Emergency Nurses Association (ENA 2006) clearly
declare the prevention, assessment and research on violence
41. against women as healthcare priorities.
Health professionals may find themselves incapable of
handling these women, who usually present with multiple
social problems (Hamberger et al. 1998). It is not uncommon
for physicians to treat only the physical injuries, belittling the
abusive act, blaming the victim, finding excuses for the
abusive man and failing to make referrals to social workers or
follow-up appointments. Health professionals, particularly
nurses working in accident and emergency departments, who
are often the first to come into close contact with these
women in need of help should learn to overcome this obstacle
and approach suspected victims with assured respect and
sincerity.
Relevance to clinical practice
Early and effective interventions can reduce the negative
consequences of IPV and the likelihood of women tolerating
potentially fatal violence. The results of this study highlight
the deficiency of the healthcare sector in dealing with IPV
42. victims, and the influence of a cultural perception of IPV.
Helping professionals should play an important role in the
identification and management of victims of IPV. The
emergency department is the healthcare facility most likely
to be the first point of contact for women in abusive
relationships, for treatment of injuries or manifestations of
stress inflicted by IPV (Jackson et al. 2001, ENA 2006).
Alertness to presentations of possible IPV cases and under-
standing of women’s abusive experiences are paramount.
Screening for suspected IPV cases is essential for the early
identification of IPV victims. Asking questions directly about
IPV as a routine part of a patient’s history will help providers
become more familiar and comfortable with these difficult
questions (Lutenbacher et al. 2003).
A screening protocol for identifying and caring for IPV
victims is needed for effective and efficient service in the
protection of these victims. Health professionals should also
assess the physical and psychological health ramifications of
43. Patient perspectives Chinese women victims of intimate partner
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Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2336–2346 2343
these victims (Xu et al. 2001). There is a lack of culturally
appropriate instruments for assessing IPV against Chinese
women (Xu et al. 2001), and instruments from western
countries are therefore adopted, such as the most commonly
used tools for assessing IPV, the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS)
and the Abuse Assessment Screen (ASS). Screening tools
adopted from other countries are often inadequate, as
translated phrases may not have the same meaning across
different cultures (Lopez 2001). It is important to incorporate
cultural values to reflect the realities of these women’s
experience and to adapt and develop an appropriate and
culturally sensitive screening tool for the assessment of IPV
(Kasturirangan et al. 2004, Xu et al. 2001).
The traditional Chinese cultural attitude of nurses and
44. other health care professionals regarding privacy and family
affairs has hampered their ability to recognise the need to
provide services to these IPV victims. Nurses and health
professionals should be empathetic towards these victims and
provide them with the needed respect and care. Educators
should take into consideration these cultural beliefs in their
curriculum to prepare health professionals who are capable
of managing these patients who are victims of intimate
partner violence (Chung et al. 1996).
Many battered women are revictimised when they return
home after seeking professional help. There is a need for
collaboration and communication between health profes-
sionals from the AED, social workers, the police and battered
women’s advocates for continual care. A cohesive community
response to IPV will tackle some of the barriers that women
encounter when seeking help. Interventions for these women
should include essential services such as assessment of home
safety before discharge, follow-up visits, counselling, infor-
45. mation about community resources and family-oriented
services to prevent revictimization.
Implications
Most nurses have no formal training in working with
domestic violence. An educational programme on IPV is
needed to promote acceptance and appropriate screening for
victims through an understanding of their feelings, appropri-
ate communication skills and effective interventions to
protect these victims.
Future studies should include women from different
settings, identification of high-risk groups, the association
between spouses’ personalities and violence, and male
perceptions of their violent behaviours. Particularly impor-
tant in further study is to explore the attitudes and percep-
tions of healthcare professionals towards intimate partner
violence.
Contributions
Study design: AYL, MLEW; data collection and analysis:
46. MLEW, AYL, MH and manuscript preparation: MLEW,
AYL, MH.
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