OZONE LAYER.pptx
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The document discusses the ozone layer. It notes that ozone is composed of three oxygen atoms and absorbs UVB radiation. The ozone layer forms when UV light hits the stratosphere, causing oxygen molecules to dissociate into atomic oxygen which then combines to form ozone molecules. However, CFCs released into the stratosphere are broken down by UV light, releasing chlorine atoms that start a cycle reacting with and destroying ozone molecules. A single chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules.
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Ozone is a bluish gas composed of three oxygen atoms that occurs naturally in small amounts in the stratosphere, where it absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone in the stratosphere is formed through a reaction involving oxygen molecules and sunlight. The emission and subsequent breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons released by certain industrial chemicals into the stratosphere leads to ozone depletion by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules, threatening human health through increased UV exposure and harming agriculture and plant growth.
The factors affecting the o3 layer
There are two major factors that negatively impact the ozone layer: (1) CFCs and (2) NOx. (1) CFCs released into the atmosphere are destroyed by ultraviolet rays, releasing chlorine which destroys ozone. (2) NOx both provides a catalytic mechanism for ozone destruction and inhibits cycles that destroy ozone, with the net effect depending on altitude. The ozone layer forms as oxygen molecules in the stratosphere are broken down by solar radiation, producing reactive oxygen atoms that combine with oxygen to form ozone molecules.
Ozone Depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes. It defines ozone and the ozone layer, explaining that most ozone is found in the stratosphere where it protects the Earth from UV rays. It then outlines several causes of ozone depletion, both natural (such as volcanic eruptions) and man-made (including CFCs and other ozone depleting substances). The effects of ozone depletion are increased skin cancer and eye disease in humans, as well as impacts on agriculture and the environment. Prevention efforts include the Montreal Protocol and reducing the use of ozone depleting substances.
The thinning of the ozone layer
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, including:
- The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere that absorbs UV radiation and protects the Earth. It contains high concentrations of ozone relative to other atmospheric gases.
- Ozone is created through interactions between oxygen molecules and UV light in the stratosphere. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released chemicals like chlorine that deplete the ozone layer by catalyzing the breakdown of ozone molecules.
- Significant ozone depletion occurs seasonally over Antarctica, forming an "ozone hole." The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985 prompted international agreements to phase out ozone-depleting substances like
Ozone layer
The document discusses the ozone layer, how it forms, and its importance in protecting the Earth. It notes that the ozone layer is a concentration of ozone gas in the upper atmosphere between 20-50km high. Ultraviolet rays from the sun split oxygen molecules, which then combine with other oxygen to form ozone. Certain gases from refrigerants and aerosols can rise and deplete the ozone layer, forming holes that allow more UV rays to reach the surface. Without the ozone layer, there would be increased skin cancer, climate change, damage to food chains and crops from UV rays.
Thinnig of ozone layer
This document discusses the ozone layer and its thinning due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It begins with an introduction to the ozone layer, noting that it is a region in the stratosphere that contains high concentrations of ozone molecules that absorb ultraviolet radiation. It then explains that the thinning of the ozone layer is mainly due to CFCs, which are broken down by ultraviolet rays to produce chlorine radicals that break down ozone molecules. As a result, thinning of the ozone layer leads to excessive ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface, increasing risks like skin cancer and damage to crops and nutrients.
Ozone
The document discusses ozone, including its types, properties, sources, effects, and threats like depletion of the ozone layer. It describes how stratospheric ozone protects life by absorbing UV radiation, while tropospheric ozone is a pollutant. The document also explains that chlorofluorocarbons deplete stratospheric ozone, causing seasonal ozone holes over Antarctica, and outlines the health and environmental impacts of ozone layer depletion and how to protect the ozone layer and ourselves from UV radiation.
Chem
The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful UV rays, but it has been depleted due to man-made chemicals like CFCs. CFCs remain stable in the atmosphere until reaching the stratosphere, where high-energy photons break them down and release chlorine radicals. These radicals catalytically destroy ozone through reactions that convert it into oxygen. One chlorine radical can destroy thousands of ozone molecules through this cyclic process. The natural Chapman cycle continually creates and destroys ozone, but human activities have increased ozone depletion beyond natural levels.
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Ozone is a bluish gas composed of three oxygen atoms that occurs naturally in small amounts in the stratosphere, where it absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Ozone in the stratosphere is formed through a reaction involving oxygen molecules and sunlight. The emission and subsequent breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons released by certain industrial chemicals into the stratosphere leads to ozone depletion by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules, threatening human health through increased UV exposure and harming agriculture and plant growth.
The factors affecting the o3 layer
There are two major factors that negatively impact the ozone layer: (1) CFCs and (2) NOx. (1) CFCs released into the atmosphere are destroyed by ultraviolet rays, releasing chlorine which destroys ozone. (2) NOx both provides a catalytic mechanism for ozone destruction and inhibits cycles that destroy ozone, with the net effect depending on altitude. The ozone layer forms as oxygen molecules in the stratosphere are broken down by solar radiation, producing reactive oxygen atoms that combine with oxygen to form ozone molecules.
Ozone Depletion
The document discusses ozone depletion and its causes. It defines ozone and the ozone layer, explaining that most ozone is found in the stratosphere where it protects the Earth from UV rays. It then outlines several causes of ozone depletion, both natural (such as volcanic eruptions) and man-made (including CFCs and other ozone depleting substances). The effects of ozone depletion are increased skin cancer and eye disease in humans, as well as impacts on agriculture and the environment. Prevention efforts include the Montreal Protocol and reducing the use of ozone depleting substances.
The thinning of the ozone layer
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, including:
- The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere that absorbs UV radiation and protects the Earth. It contains high concentrations of ozone relative to other atmospheric gases.
- Ozone is created through interactions between oxygen molecules and UV light in the stratosphere. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released chemicals like chlorine that deplete the ozone layer by catalyzing the breakdown of ozone molecules.
- Significant ozone depletion occurs seasonally over Antarctica, forming an "ozone hole." The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in 1985 prompted international agreements to phase out ozone-depleting substances like
Ozone layer
The document discusses the ozone layer, how it forms, and its importance in protecting the Earth. It notes that the ozone layer is a concentration of ozone gas in the upper atmosphere between 20-50km high. Ultraviolet rays from the sun split oxygen molecules, which then combine with other oxygen to form ozone. Certain gases from refrigerants and aerosols can rise and deplete the ozone layer, forming holes that allow more UV rays to reach the surface. Without the ozone layer, there would be increased skin cancer, climate change, damage to food chains and crops from UV rays.
Thinnig of ozone layer
This document discusses the ozone layer and its thinning due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). It begins with an introduction to the ozone layer, noting that it is a region in the stratosphere that contains high concentrations of ozone molecules that absorb ultraviolet radiation. It then explains that the thinning of the ozone layer is mainly due to CFCs, which are broken down by ultraviolet rays to produce chlorine radicals that break down ozone molecules. As a result, thinning of the ozone layer leads to excessive ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface, increasing risks like skin cancer and damage to crops and nutrients.
Ozone
The document discusses ozone, including its types, properties, sources, effects, and threats like depletion of the ozone layer. It describes how stratospheric ozone protects life by absorbing UV radiation, while tropospheric ozone is a pollutant. The document also explains that chlorofluorocarbons deplete stratospheric ozone, causing seasonal ozone holes over Antarctica, and outlines the health and environmental impacts of ozone layer depletion and how to protect the ozone layer and ourselves from UV radiation.
Chem
The ozone layer protects the Earth from harmful UV rays, but it has been depleted due to man-made chemicals like CFCs. CFCs remain stable in the atmosphere until reaching the stratosphere, where high-energy photons break them down and release chlorine radicals. These radicals catalytically destroy ozone through reactions that convert it into oxygen. One chlorine radical can destroy thousands of ozone molecules through this cyclic process. The natural Chapman cycle continually creates and destroys ozone, but human activities have increased ozone depletion beyond natural levels.
Ozone day
The document discusses the ozone layer, its depletion, and solutions. The ozone layer is a region of the stratosphere that absorbs UV radiation. Its depletion is caused by chlorine and bromine atoms from substances like chlorofluorocarbons releasing these atoms which can destroy many ozone molecules. Depletion effects human health, animals, the environment and marine life by increased UV exposure. Solutions include avoiding pesticides, minimizing vehicles, using eco-friendly products, and prohibiting nitrous oxide.
Design of Air conditioning System
The document discusses ozone science, including what ozone is, how it is created and destroyed, the ozone layer, the ozone hole, effects of ozone depletion, causes of depletion, and ways to save the ozone layer. Specifically, it explains that ozone is a gas that protects Earth from UV rays, the ozone layer blocks most UV-B and all UV-C radiation. The largest ozone hole is found over Antarctica due to cold temperatures and chemicals like CFCs from spray cans and refrigerants. Depletion allows more UV rays to reach the surface and harm life. The document recommends consumers support alternatives to ozone depleting substances to help preserve the protective ozone layer.
Ozone.pptx psg
Ozone is a naturally occurring gas composed of three oxygen atoms that exists in two forms: good ozone in the stratosphere protects life from UV rays, while bad ground-level ozone is a air pollutant. The ozone layer is being depleted by CFCs from industry which release chlorine that destroys ozone. This increases harmful UV rays and affects ecosystems, climate, and humans through higher skin cancer risk. Large seasonal ozone depletions over the poles are called ozone holes. The only solution is to eliminate CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals by following the Montreal Protocol.
Ozone Depletion & The Ozone Hole
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone hole. It explains that ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV rays, but chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from products like aerosol cans deplete the ozone layer. CFCs allow more UV rays to reach the Earth's surface. The document also describes the formation of the ozone hole over Antarctica, the steps of ozone depletion by CFCs, effects of increased UV exposure on humans and other organisms, and efforts to regulate CFCs to stop ozone depletion.
Stratosphere
The document summarizes the key layers and characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It focuses on the stratosphere, describing it as the layer between 10-50km above Earth where temperatures rise with altitude due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The stratosphere contains ozone, nitrogen oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons which can deplete the protective ozone layer, known as the ozone hole, and increase surface UV levels.
Oxygen and ozone chemistry.pdf
Oxygen and ozone chemistry is discussed. Oxygen makes up 46% of the Earth's crust and 21% of the atmosphere. It exists as O2 and as the allotrope ozone, O3. Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV radiation through the ozone-oxygen cycle, where UV light splits O2 into oxygen atoms that bond to form O3, and O3 absorbs UV to split back into O2. Ozone at the surface is a pollutant and forms from NOx and VOCs reacting in sunlight. The stratospheric ozone layer is regulated by a balance between O3 production from UV and removal by reaction with O atoms.
The factors affecting the o3 layer
The two main factors negatively affecting the ozone layer are CFCs and NOx. CFCs released from refrigerants and air conditioners are destroyed by UV rays, releasing chlorine which then destroys ozone molecules. NOx both protects and destroys ozone depending on altitude - above 25km it destroys ozone, accounting for over 50% of total destruction, while below it protects ozone from being destroyed. The document also explains how ozone forms in the stratosphere through the combination of oxygen molecules and atoms produced by solar radiation breaking down oxygen.
oxygen and ozone chemistry 222.pdf
The document discusses oxygen and ozone chemistry. It describes oxygen as a colorless, odorless gas essential for living organisms. It then discusses ozone, noting that it is an allotrope of oxygen with three atoms in each molecule. Ozone is a pale blue gas that is highly reactive and acts as a stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. The document outlines the ozone-oxygen cycle, in which ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation, breaking down into oxygen molecules and releasing heat, while also being regenerated from oxygen to help shield the Earth's surface.
Ozone layer and its depletion
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, its formation and function, how it protects the Earth from UV radiation, and issues with its depletion. It discusses that the ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful UV rays. It forms through interactions between oxygen and radiation, and maintains a balance through continuous breaking down and reforming. However, CFCs released into the atmosphere can destroy ozone molecules and cause depletion. This puts life on Earth at risk by increasing UV exposure.
ozone depletion
Ozone layer depletion is one of the major environmental issues which is getting thinner day by day as a result of increasing pollution.
Ozonedepletion 1
The document discusses the ozone layer, how it protects the Earth from UV radiation, and the process of ozone depletion. The ozone layer is a layer in the stratosphere that contains 90% of the atmosphere's ozone. It forms through a process called the Chapman cycle, which converts oxygen into ozone using UV radiation. Ozone depletion occurs when gases like CFCs released into the air break down and allow chlorine atoms to destroy ozone molecules. This thinning of the ozone layer leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface and negative environmental and health impacts.
OZONE LAYER
This document discusses the ozone layer and ozone layer depletion. It begins by explaining that the ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere that absorbs UV radiation from the sun. It was discovered in 1913 by French physicists. The ozone layer is composed of 3 oxygen atoms and absorbs 97-99% of medium-frequency UV light. It is located 15-35 km above the Earth. The document then discusses what causes ozone layer depletion, noting that CFCs released chemicals that react with ozone and break it down. Finally, it outlines the human health and environmental effects of ozone layer depletion, such as increased skin cancer and effects on plant growth.
Option 1 b.5
1) Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation but was being depleted by CFCs.
2) CFCs were stable in the lower atmosphere but broken down by UV radiation in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms that destroy ozone molecules and cause chain reactions.
3) The discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1984 showed the damage caused by CFCs to the ozone layer.
Ozone Depletion.pptx
Ozone layer depletion occurs when chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere. The ozone layer normally protects life on Earth by absorbing 97-99% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Common ozone-depleting substances include chlorofluorocarbons found in refrigerators and air conditioners as well as halons from fire extinguishers. If the ozone layer was destroyed, millions of people could develop skin cancer and other diseases from increased UV exposure. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have sought to phase out ozone-depleting substances to allow the ozone layer to recover.
Ozone Layer.pptx
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and very reactive gas.
Bluish gas that harmful to breathe.
Is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is essential for life on Earth.
Ozone in the stratosphere— a layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers (10 and 31 miles) above us—acts as a shield to protect Earth’s surface from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Breaking down of ozone layer in stratosphere layer
The document discusses the breakdown of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. It begins by providing background on the stratosphere and ozone layer. It then explains that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released the chlorine that catalytically destroys ozone once they drift into the stratosphere. The cycle of how a chlorine atom breaks down ozone is depicted. It further notes that polar stratospheric clouds play a role by supporting chemical reactions that produce active chlorine to catalyze ozone destruction.
bio ozone
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer. It discusses that the ozone layer is located in the lower stratosphere and absorbs 97-99% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. It also describes how ozone is created and maintained through an oxygen cycle but can be depleted by chlorine and bromine compounds from CFCs. The depletion of ozone has consequences like increased skin cancer risk for humans and impacts on agriculture and plankton.
information for world ozone day with importance
The document discusses the ozone layer, which protects life on Earth from UV radiation. It is located in the stratosphere and is being depleted by chemicals like CFCs from spray products and refrigerants. On September 16th, which is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, events are held worldwide to raise awareness about ozone layer depletion and solutions to preserve it.
Destruction Of The Ozone Layer
The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. However, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerants, aerosols, and other products are destroying the ozone layer by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules. This depletion causes increased skin cancer, cataracts, damage to crops and plankton, and impacts the Earth's climate. While reducing CFC use helps, fully phasing out these chemicals is needed to allow the ozone layer to recover over time.
Ozone Depletion
The document discusses the importance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth from harmful UV rays. It explains that while the ozone layer formed naturally, human activities involving chemicals like CFCs are depleting it. The effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation at the surface. International agreements have sought to regulate emissions and find alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. The document also discusses the formation of ozone holes over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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The document discusses ozone science, including what ozone is, how it is created and destroyed, the ozone layer, the ozone hole, effects of ozone depletion, causes of depletion, and ways to save the ozone layer. Specifically, it explains that ozone is a gas that protects Earth from UV rays, the ozone layer blocks most UV-B and all UV-C radiation. The largest ozone hole is found over Antarctica due to cold temperatures and chemicals like CFCs from spray cans and refrigerants. Depletion allows more UV rays to reach the surface and harm life. The document recommends consumers support alternatives to ozone depleting substances to help preserve the protective ozone layer.
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Ozone is a naturally occurring gas composed of three oxygen atoms that exists in two forms: good ozone in the stratosphere protects life from UV rays, while bad ground-level ozone is a air pollutant. The ozone layer is being depleted by CFCs from industry which release chlorine that destroys ozone. This increases harmful UV rays and affects ecosystems, climate, and humans through higher skin cancer risk. Large seasonal ozone depletions over the poles are called ozone holes. The only solution is to eliminate CFCs and other ozone-depleting chemicals by following the Montreal Protocol.
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The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone hole. It explains that ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV rays, but chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from products like aerosol cans deplete the ozone layer. CFCs allow more UV rays to reach the Earth's surface. The document also describes the formation of the ozone hole over Antarctica, the steps of ozone depletion by CFCs, effects of increased UV exposure on humans and other organisms, and efforts to regulate CFCs to stop ozone depletion.
Stratosphere
The document summarizes the key layers and characteristics of Earth's atmosphere. It focuses on the stratosphere, describing it as the layer between 10-50km above Earth where temperatures rise with altitude due to ozone absorbing UV radiation. The stratosphere contains ozone, nitrogen oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons which can deplete the protective ozone layer, known as the ozone hole, and increase surface UV levels.
Oxygen and ozone chemistry.pdf
Oxygen and ozone chemistry is discussed. Oxygen makes up 46% of the Earth's crust and 21% of the atmosphere. It exists as O2 and as the allotrope ozone, O3. Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from UV radiation through the ozone-oxygen cycle, where UV light splits O2 into oxygen atoms that bond to form O3, and O3 absorbs UV to split back into O2. Ozone at the surface is a pollutant and forms from NOx and VOCs reacting in sunlight. The stratospheric ozone layer is regulated by a balance between O3 production from UV and removal by reaction with O atoms.
The factors affecting the o3 layer
The two main factors negatively affecting the ozone layer are CFCs and NOx. CFCs released from refrigerants and air conditioners are destroyed by UV rays, releasing chlorine which then destroys ozone molecules. NOx both protects and destroys ozone depending on altitude - above 25km it destroys ozone, accounting for over 50% of total destruction, while below it protects ozone from being destroyed. The document also explains how ozone forms in the stratosphere through the combination of oxygen molecules and atoms produced by solar radiation breaking down oxygen.
oxygen and ozone chemistry 222.pdf
The document discusses oxygen and ozone chemistry. It describes oxygen as a colorless, odorless gas essential for living organisms. It then discusses ozone, noting that it is an allotrope of oxygen with three atoms in each molecule. Ozone is a pale blue gas that is highly reactive and acts as a stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen. The document outlines the ozone-oxygen cycle, in which ozone in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation, breaking down into oxygen molecules and releasing heat, while also being regenerated from oxygen to help shield the Earth's surface.
Ozone layer and its depletion
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, its formation and function, how it protects the Earth from UV radiation, and issues with its depletion. It discusses that the ozone layer is a concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere that absorbs harmful UV rays. It forms through interactions between oxygen and radiation, and maintains a balance through continuous breaking down and reforming. However, CFCs released into the atmosphere can destroy ozone molecules and cause depletion. This puts life on Earth at risk by increasing UV exposure.
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Ozone layer depletion is one of the major environmental issues which is getting thinner day by day as a result of increasing pollution.
Ozonedepletion 1
The document discusses the ozone layer, how it protects the Earth from UV radiation, and the process of ozone depletion. The ozone layer is a layer in the stratosphere that contains 90% of the atmosphere's ozone. It forms through a process called the Chapman cycle, which converts oxygen into ozone using UV radiation. Ozone depletion occurs when gases like CFCs released into the air break down and allow chlorine atoms to destroy ozone molecules. This thinning of the ozone layer leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface and negative environmental and health impacts.
OZONE LAYER
This document discusses the ozone layer and ozone layer depletion. It begins by explaining that the ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere that absorbs UV radiation from the sun. It was discovered in 1913 by French physicists. The ozone layer is composed of 3 oxygen atoms and absorbs 97-99% of medium-frequency UV light. It is located 15-35 km above the Earth. The document then discusses what causes ozone layer depletion, noting that CFCs released chemicals that react with ozone and break it down. Finally, it outlines the human health and environmental effects of ozone layer depletion, such as increased skin cancer and effects on plant growth.
Option 1 b.5
1) Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV radiation but was being depleted by CFCs.
2) CFCs were stable in the lower atmosphere but broken down by UV radiation in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine atoms that destroy ozone molecules and cause chain reactions.
3) The discovery of the ozone hole over Antarctica in 1984 showed the damage caused by CFCs to the ozone layer.
Ozone Depletion.pptx
Ozone layer depletion occurs when chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere destroy ozone molecules in the stratosphere. The ozone layer normally protects life on Earth by absorbing 97-99% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Common ozone-depleting substances include chlorofluorocarbons found in refrigerators and air conditioners as well as halons from fire extinguishers. If the ozone layer was destroyed, millions of people could develop skin cancer and other diseases from increased UV exposure. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have sought to phase out ozone-depleting substances to allow the ozone layer to recover.
Ozone Layer.pptx
Ozone (O3) is a molecule made up of three atoms of oxygen (O), and very reactive gas.
Bluish gas that harmful to breathe.
Is mostly found in the stratosphere, where it protects us from the Sun’s harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Although it represents only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere, ozone is essential for life on Earth.
Ozone in the stratosphere— a layer of the atmosphere between 15 and 50 kilometers (10 and 31 miles) above us—acts as a shield to protect Earth’s surface from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.
Breaking down of ozone layer in stratosphere layer
The document discusses the breakdown of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. It begins by providing background on the stratosphere and ozone layer. It then explains that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released the chlorine that catalytically destroys ozone once they drift into the stratosphere. The cycle of how a chlorine atom breaks down ozone is depicted. It further notes that polar stratospheric clouds play a role by supporting chemical reactions that produce active chlorine to catalyze ozone destruction.
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The document summarizes information about the ozone layer. It discusses that the ozone layer is located in the lower stratosphere and absorbs 97-99% of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. It also describes how ozone is created and maintained through an oxygen cycle but can be depleted by chlorine and bromine compounds from CFCs. The depletion of ozone has consequences like increased skin cancer risk for humans and impacts on agriculture and plankton.
information for world ozone day with importance
The document discusses the ozone layer, which protects life on Earth from UV radiation. It is located in the stratosphere and is being depleted by chemicals like CFCs from spray products and refrigerants. On September 16th, which is International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, events are held worldwide to raise awareness about ozone layer depletion and solutions to preserve it.
Destruction Of The Ozone Layer
The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. However, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerants, aerosols, and other products are destroying the ozone layer by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules. This depletion causes increased skin cancer, cataracts, damage to crops and plankton, and impacts the Earth's climate. While reducing CFC use helps, fully phasing out these chemicals is needed to allow the ozone layer to recover over time.
Ozone Depletion
The document discusses the importance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth from harmful UV rays. It explains that while the ozone layer formed naturally, human activities involving chemicals like CFCs are depleting it. The effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation at the surface. International agreements have sought to regulate emissions and find alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. The document also discusses the formation of ozone holes over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
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Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Peatlands of Latin America and the Caribbean
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Promoting Multilateral Cooperation for Sustainable Peatland management
Presented by Agus Julianto on GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Sonya Dewi at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland Sustainably原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Global Peatlands Map and Hotspot Explanation Atlas
Presented by Alexandra Barthelmes at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Wildlife-AnIntroduction.pdf so that you know more about our environment
All about wildlife, if you are fond of animals and wildlife then do follow us for more content like this
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education
Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge EducationGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Feri Johana at GLF Peatlands 2024 - 360 Degree Approach to Improving Capacity of Multiple Stakeholders to Manage Peatland SustainablyOptimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland managementGlobal Landscapes Forum (GLF)
Presented by Jan Peters at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and ActionOverview of the Global Peatlands Assessment
Presented by Patrick Scheel at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Climate Change All over the World .pptx
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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OZONE LAYER.pptx
- 1. OZONE LAYER PRRESENTATION BY – JAGDISH HARWANI
- 2. WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT OZONE?? • IT’S MOLECULAR FORMULA IS O3 . • A GAS COMPOSED OF THREE ATOM OF OXYGEN • BLUSH GAS THAT IS HARMFUL TO BREATHE • NEARLY 90% OF EARTH’S OZONE IS IN THE STRATOSPHERE AND REFERRED TO AS THE OZONE LAYER. • OZONE ABSORBS A BAND OF UV RADIATION CALLED UVB
- 3. OZONE LAYER
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- 6. The breaking up the action release chlorine atoms. Chlorine atom react with ozone, starting a chemical cycle that destroy that good ozone in that area. One chlorine atom can break apart than 100,000 ozone molecule