This document provides an overview of artificial intelligence and multimedia in computer games. It discusses the history and definitions of AI, how hardware developments have enabled greater AI capabilities in games, and techniques like rule-based systems and learning. It also covers the usage of AI in games for techniques like finite state machines and genetic algorithms. The document then discusses the role of multimedia elements like sound effects. It concludes by predicting future advances will focus on more realistic AI behaviors and more sophisticated graphics processors.
A minor project proposal on
A Real-time Classic Chess Game
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Software Engineering
under Pokhara University.
Submitted by:
Ashish Tiwari(https://aashishtiwari.com.np), 161709
Nischal Lal Shrestha(https://nischal.info.np), 161722
Poshan Pandey, 161724
Date:
August 06, 2018
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Biological organism simulation using procedural growth "Organimo 1.0"Devyani Singh
Designing a real-time system for growing plant organisms in Unity 3D game engine. The whole life cycle of the plant from the seed level to full growth level shall be shown. Moreover, the growth shown will be in sync with the day and night cycle. Different Plant types covered are basic tree, creeper plants, vines, under water plants, etc. Moreover study on simple Radiosity algorithm is also made. Small game or scenes in Unity3D are used to demonstrate the growth of such organisms.
A minor project proposal on
A Real-time Classic Chess Game
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Software Engineering
under Pokhara University.
Submitted by:
Ashish Tiwari(https://aashishtiwari.com.np), 161709
Nischal Lal Shrestha(https://nischal.info.np), 161722
Poshan Pandey, 161724
Date:
August 06, 2018
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Biological organism simulation using procedural growth "Organimo 1.0"Devyani Singh
Designing a real-time system for growing plant organisms in Unity 3D game engine. The whole life cycle of the plant from the seed level to full growth level shall be shown. Moreover, the growth shown will be in sync with the day and night cycle. Different Plant types covered are basic tree, creeper plants, vines, under water plants, etc. Moreover study on simple Radiosity algorithm is also made. Small game or scenes in Unity3D are used to demonstrate the growth of such organisms.
ICT in the Republic of Yemen still on its first steps and needs a lot to be done, this article talks about the history of the formation of ICT policy and what are the obstacles surrounded the development of ICT in Yemen.
ICT in the Republic of Yemen still on its first steps and needs a lot to be done, this article talks about the history of the formation of ICT policy and what are the obstacles surrounded the development of ICT in Yemen.
The world economy has evolved in the past two decades. New business drivers has come into existence and brought new factors to business development. The business can be divided into three categories; the traditional business, the partial e-business, and the full e-business. The rapid development in information technology and communication has made a direct influence on business nature. Some companies have shifted towards the e-commerce strongly, and some preferred to have the “click and mortar” form of companies which are now taking the popularity and biggest share of the market. Performance gain importance as business evolves and has become the tool to measure success or failure of business. In the following lines we discuss the different definitions of performance measurement, performance management methodology, and performance management guideline approach.
E-waste is becoming a crucial issue that so many are unaware of it. The issue is discussed and some issue surrounding it is discussed in Asian countries and some solution are provided.
Artificial Intelligence_ How is it significant to the gaming industry_.pdfAnil
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become increasingly significant in the gaming industry, revolutionizing various aspects of game development, gameplay, and user experience. Here are several ways in which AI has made a substantial impact on the gaming industry
Artificial intelligence AI is the intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity, generally assumed to be a computer. It has been involved with gaming since day one. It is progressively being widely used in the gaming industry. AI in games is commonly used for creating players opponents. It is the foundation of all video games. Games like Nim, checkers, or chess took advantage of smart algorithms to beat human players. AI based games are based on a finite set of actions or reactions whose sequence can be easily predicted by expert players. This paper provides an introduction on the applications of AI in different games. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi "Artificial Intelligence in Gaming" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38516.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38516/artificial-intelligence-in-gaming/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Overview of Computer Games
Personal computer games (PC games) are the games played on a personal computer using interface devices such as keyboard and mouse, a joystick or gamepad. Additionally sound may be provided through speakers or headphones.
The term computer game should not be messed with video games, console games, and arcade games. Video games and console games are usually connected to a TV, while arcade games are available in public spaces. At the outset, games were played at an arcade have evolved to be PC games played at home. This has made it possible to develop games of longer duration, and has done away with the requirement of inserting coins.
As IT industry flourish and computer graphics race started hereby AI serve a step forward to this.The next industry will be with characters that behave realistically and that can learn and adapt.This paper explores the various artificial intelligence techniques that are currently being used by game developers, as well as techniques that are new to the industry. The techniques covered in this paper are finite state machines, scripting, agents, flocking, genetic algorithms. This paper introduces each of these technique, explains how they can be applied to games and how commercial games are currently making use of them. Finally, the effectiveness of these techniques and their future role in the industry are evaluated.
ICT in the Republic of Yemen still on its first steps and needs a lot to be done, this article talks about the history of the formation of ICT policy and what are the obstacles surrounded the development of ICT in Yemen.
ICT in the Republic of Yemen still on its first steps and needs a lot to be done, this article talks about the history of the formation of ICT policy and what are the obstacles surrounded the development of ICT in Yemen.
The world economy has evolved in the past two decades. New business drivers has come into existence and brought new factors to business development. The business can be divided into three categories; the traditional business, the partial e-business, and the full e-business. The rapid development in information technology and communication has made a direct influence on business nature. Some companies have shifted towards the e-commerce strongly, and some preferred to have the “click and mortar” form of companies which are now taking the popularity and biggest share of the market. Performance gain importance as business evolves and has become the tool to measure success or failure of business. In the following lines we discuss the different definitions of performance measurement, performance management methodology, and performance management guideline approach.
E-waste is becoming a crucial issue that so many are unaware of it. The issue is discussed and some issue surrounding it is discussed in Asian countries and some solution are provided.
Artificial Intelligence_ How is it significant to the gaming industry_.pdfAnil
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become increasingly significant in the gaming industry, revolutionizing various aspects of game development, gameplay, and user experience. Here are several ways in which AI has made a substantial impact on the gaming industry
Artificial intelligence AI is the intelligence exhibited by an artificial entity, generally assumed to be a computer. It has been involved with gaming since day one. It is progressively being widely used in the gaming industry. AI in games is commonly used for creating players opponents. It is the foundation of all video games. Games like Nim, checkers, or chess took advantage of smart algorithms to beat human players. AI based games are based on a finite set of actions or reactions whose sequence can be easily predicted by expert players. This paper provides an introduction on the applications of AI in different games. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Sarhan M. Musa | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi "Artificial Intelligence in Gaming" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38516.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38516/artificial-intelligence-in-gaming/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Overview of Computer Games
Personal computer games (PC games) are the games played on a personal computer using interface devices such as keyboard and mouse, a joystick or gamepad. Additionally sound may be provided through speakers or headphones.
The term computer game should not be messed with video games, console games, and arcade games. Video games and console games are usually connected to a TV, while arcade games are available in public spaces. At the outset, games were played at an arcade have evolved to be PC games played at home. This has made it possible to develop games of longer duration, and has done away with the requirement of inserting coins.
As IT industry flourish and computer graphics race started hereby AI serve a step forward to this.The next industry will be with characters that behave realistically and that can learn and adapt.This paper explores the various artificial intelligence techniques that are currently being used by game developers, as well as techniques that are new to the industry. The techniques covered in this paper are finite state machines, scripting, agents, flocking, genetic algorithms. This paper introduces each of these technique, explains how they can be applied to games and how commercial games are currently making use of them. Finally, the effectiveness of these techniques and their future role in the industry are evaluated.
To bring out such extraordinary business entities making massive changes in the peoples’ lives, we have come up with this interesting issue titled, “10 Leading Gaming Solution Provider Companies in 2018”.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024
Overview on computer games
1. Overview on Computer-Games ........................................................................................................ 2
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. Artificial Intelligence in Computer-Games ........................................................................................... 2
History of Artificial Intelligence ............................................................................................................... 2
Background and AI Definition.................................................................................................................. 3
Hardware development effects on AI ....................................................................................................... 3
Market trend for Computer Games ........................................................................................................... 4
Usage of AI in Computer Games .............................................................................................................. 4
1. Rule-Based Techniques................................................................................................................. 4
2. Learning Techniques in AI ........................................................................................................... 5
2. Multimedia in Computer Games ........................................................................................................... 5
Sound effects............................................................................................................................................. 6
3. Future Development in Game industry ................................................................................................. 6
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................... 7
1
2. Overview on Computer-Games
Introduction
Humans are apt to have enjoyment and entertainment from time to time. Over time, they have
developed endless methods to have change in their routine life, and break the silence of boring
times. Computer-games are one of these methods that have been developing over time. Many
years of research and devoted times and methods were invented and one of these methods are the
artificial intelligence that helped a lot to have realistic adventure in computer games. In the
following sections of this document an overview of games, their techniques used in AI, the
multimedia background, its development and usage in computer-games, and the expected
development of computer-games in the future.
1. Artificial Intelligence in Computer-Games
Artificial Intelligence is key factor nowadays in the success or failure of any computer games.
AI becomes an essential component in programming computer games and the techniques used by
game developers are proven to be useful.
The hardware development with more raw-processing power helped a lot in the usage of AI in
computer games. It is now a key factor to declare the success or failure of computer games, [1]
and [2] .What is the collaboration between AI and game developers and what difficulties faced
using AI in computer games?
History of Artificial Intelligence
The beginning of the artificial intelligence in computer games started in 1950 by Claude
Shannon who published paper on computer chess [11]. The chess game was the first application
that used the AI and brings an area of research to AI. The research based on chess computer
games the brute-force approach in the seventies and eighties of the past century. The research
showed that there is a strong relation between the search speed and the performance of the chess
program [12]. Thus the research focused on building faster search engines instead of mainstream
research.
Since late 1980s till today, there was a significant development in the search algorithm.
Computer chess games has developed and in the early nineties the computer chess has defeated
the human world Chess Champions Garry Kasparov and Takeshi Murakami and that was a
milestone in AI development in the 1997 [12].Using the AI in the computer games has been a
key factor to the success of these games with high performance programs.
Series of developments has been made for decades to improve the chess games using the AI,
and the researches continued to reach better machine games that could defeat the human
capabilities.
Building the computer chess games was relatively easy as the program has full access to the
entire system. On the other hand, where the information is hidden, the program has to look for all
2
3. probabilities which one only is correct. So the new computer games depended on new elements
such as the probabilities and that changed the search space [12].
Some programs that are built on the AI changed the way of the programs course in playing the
game. The game itself should have learning capabilities especially if there are many different
players, i.e. poker game, where the information is hidden, there is a risk management, deception,
exploit the sub-optimal opponent play, competing agents as more players are in place, and so on
[12].
Background and AI Definition
There are different views in defining the AI since they come into exist. Some define it as the
techniques that reflect human cognitive process. Others define it as it is the solving tool that
require intelligence if solved by humans irrespective of whether the technique reflect human
cognition,[3] and [4]. It is also suggested that the system should adapt to or learn from its
environment in order that the AI becomes applicable,[4].
AI has developed to a degree that is considered to be a full adaptive system that can solve
highly complex problems using techniques that reflect the nature of human intelligence, [1].
It is worth mentioning that artificial neural network controllers are used in computer games to
control the characters of the game. For example, if there are two teams playing against each
other. Evaluation is used on the two teams and the result is used to help adjusting the characters
to achieve team balance [14].
There are also in some computer-games the computational intelligence techniques to provide a
human-like capabilities and improving reality of the game design. It is based on Fuzzy
controllers and is hybridized with emotional representation methodologies that enable the
competitors of the game to use the emotional engine [14].
The main criterion in AI is that the entities that are not controlled by the user display life-like
attributes and presents reality in the game, [5]. AI used to include all techniques that make the
games appear more intelligent, more reality appearance, and more aware.
The great advancement in technology has made many improvements in sound and graphics
that seem to be almost real, thus there should be an appropriate intelligence for the characters
controlled by the user.
Hardware development effects on AI
The fast and rapid advancement in processor technology led to fair use of that processing
power devoted for AI unlike the resources reserved for it in the past which was insufficient [6,7]
. More advanced techniques of the AI are now possible in the shadow of high processor speeds in
home computers. We have to take into account that in the past the processor has to take care of
the instructions and the graphics as well. Now with the introduction of the graphics controllers in
the home PC, the burden on processor for the work associated with the graphics became none.
Therefore, this allowed for reserving more power for the implementation of AI techniques [7]. In
my opinion, there are more techniques that the future will bring for the computer-game. The
advent of new computer cards, with their own processors on board, to deliver the high
3
4. performance of the logic of the game leaving the processor cycles free from this burden and
makes the game faster and more intelligent.
Market trend for Computer Games
By the existence of home computers, the games has gained popularity and numerous products
of action, adventure games, strategy games, and sports games have overwhelmed the industry.
These interactive games need computer character to react with the user in real fashion. So
these games are the best platform for using the AI to simulate the human-level of intelligence.
Players are fed up with the low level of profession compared with the human intelligence.
So many online games now are based on humans playing with each other over the web and
made these games successful. On these websites, the human actions and different responses are
studied carefully from different entities to better develop the techniques that the computers adopt
in the new generation of computer games.
In the present, the high quality of graphics is expected. On the contrary, in the past the games
gain success if they have excellent graphics that reflect the reality. The games will be receive
well if they use effective techniques of AI that meets the players desire, if not they would fail in
the market and will not gain the popularity [6]. The young generations who have professional
skills nowadays can easily defeat most difficult games and can reach the end of the games. At the
beginning they may be slow in controlling the game, but once they figure out the logic of the
game, they become more intelligent of the games themselves. It is quite clear that the human
intelligence is still more advanced than any computer games, though the human-like intelligence
is used by humans themselves.
Usage of AI in Computer Games
There are two techniques [1], namely those which are rule based, and the techniques that adopt
or learn from the behavior of the players. In the following section there is a brief description of
the two techniques and its usage in AI gaming programming.
1. Rule-Based Techniques
Checking the environment is one of the tasks of the Finite State Machine (FSM) that takes the
decision to attack the player if he is in a room and did not use and fire shooting. Also in the FSM
the current state is changed due to a specific event or condition. For example, the character of a
game runs away if it gets injured [15]. FSM is a simple and powerful tool that does not have a
specific interpreter, but only realized by scripts and simple if-then statements [15].
Another algorithm that is used in computer games is the A* which is basically based on
Dijkstra's shortest-path algorithm. It starts from the starting node to build a map to the
destination by calculating the shortest path from the starting node to the destination. It contains
two lists. The first one is the open list which contains the paths that could be discovered. The
second is the closed list which contains all the nodes discovered so far. This technique is used
specially in a game that has a difficult terrain so the character wants to calculate the shortest path
to the player character [15].
4
5. The Fuzzy logic is also used in programming computer-based games. It is worth mentioning
the definition of “Fuzzy Logic: which is a mathematical tool dealing with the concept of partial
truth and beyond the true or false notation. It is a system that is able to deal with vague concepts
such as almost or fairly [1].
Fuzzy Logic is used to recognize non-binary conditions in computer games. For example,
making enemies appear intelligent like hiding when getting injured, lead player into ambushes,
and run away when defeated. Fuzzy logic widely used in action games to determine tactical
responses of enemies based not only on the situation but also on the personality of the enemy [1].
AI selects the best appropriate action depending on the character's pre-determined traits, e.g.
aggression, intelligence, courage, and cooperation [8]. In real time strategy games the player
faces different cultural groups, so the developers made a cascading fuzzy logic built on core AI
engine an changed the decision threshold depending on the personality trait of the faced group
[6]. This reduces the code used instead of lengthy one for different group.
Some researches divide the computer-games into two types, one is the single player and the
other is the multi-player computer games. Here there are two randomization techniques used in
MCTS, Monte Carlo Tree Search, which is an algorithm used in game production. One is in-tree
phase of simulation, the second is during the play-out phase and both increase diversity while
keeping the sanity of the simulation games [14].
2. Learning Techniques in AI
Let us give a definition of the learning in AI. Systems are considered to be intelligent if they
are able to learn and change according to the interaction between the system and the outside
world [10].
Players have in general the option to have up to 6 buttons or a combination of them in fighting
games. It is also possible to have a database of these combinations and all possible responses to
these combinations. AI is using this database to take the appropriate responses to such button
combinations. In that way, the character in the game is responsible to adapt to the player.
In other strategic real time games, the raw input commands gives little information about the
behavior of the player and the strategies is using. It also uses a database which lists all possible
raw input commands to take the appropriate response. In these strategy games, the AI should
learn the preferred way of attack or the behavior of the player and this can only be learned by an
effective AI that uses a store of these behaviors to take the best way of response [9].
Moreover, the genetic FML, Fuzzy Markup Language, is used to analyze current situation of a
game and take the next more to an inferred good-move position. Also this learning way evolves
the adoption of GFML, Genetic FML, to enable the increase of winning rate of the game [14].
There is also the user verification approach which consists of a sequence of coordinated inputs.
The user of verifications aims to separate the original account owner from intruders.
2. Multimedia in Computer Games
Multimedia has an essential influence on the computer-games. They bring reality to them and makes the
player live with the natural effects that surround it. The multimedia includes many elements, e.g. the
graphics, the sound effects, and the different coloring schemes used. On our overview on games we
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6. focused on the sound effects and the brief history of the development of sound effects that helped the
evolvement of computer-games and added reality to the games.
Sound effects
It is of great importance when designing sound-based interactive media to pay attention on
where and when these sounds will be played. There are static and dynamic events that will cause
the generation of sound. It is easier to visualize the dynamic with sound than in static overviews.
In other environments, there is an ambient sound that associates all the objects as the different
sounds effects in a jungle [17].
In the early days of computer-games, a chip that produces noise bursts or waveforms were
used to generate sound effects for the games. At that time sound cards were not yet available and
the output was through the computer loudspeakers onboard or encoded into video signal to be
used with TV [18].
The development of the computer made the sound chips to be replaced by the digital audio
handled by the central processor. The technology evolved and the new era of digital sound
technology emerged, starting with single poor channel of sound then developed to have up to 32
channels of sound. The burden upon the CPU created difficulties. In the early 1980s and
beginning of 1990s, the processor has to handle sound and graphics at the same time. Then the
music of computer games became as a file contains sample data and sequencing information and
controlled by the game logic [18].
In the late 1990s the audio engines started to appear, that is having the CD-Rom driver
connected directly to the sound cards and music is played from the CD. This technology based
on buffering and memory management systems.
Now the computers are able to load several minutes of music using the Direct Memory
Access, DMA, and can play hundreds of channels simultaneously due to the new format of audio
like FLACK, MP3 and many others using hardware compression. Although having these
advancement, the game sound system still behind the state of the art in DSP for years [18].
3. Future Development in Game industry
Some of the ideas say that the characters of the game have a finite number of goals and can
construct goals themselves. The attitude is to develop games that are not only proactive,
reactive, but also to create the ability to anticipate the reactions of the players themselves. Plan
ahead, and consider the consequences of the others' actions are also anticipated in future
computer-games. If this happens, the character in games would be more intelligent and brings
more reality for the game itself [1]. In other words, it will bring more entertainment and
challenges to the game that players love to have.
Alexander [15] believes that the future for games will be focused on the player’s fun and
experience rather than the behavior of the game built-in characters. Also, the advancement in the
CPU and its high performance and capabilities will enable the characters to be more
sophisticated. It was believed that the artificial intelligence has log algorithms that need powerful
processors to compile the instructions, so the rapid advancement in processors will contribute to
adopt more complicated and faster algorithms that will bring more reality to games.
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7. Using the AI is the critical part in developing new games and AI will be a key role for any
design of computer game [12].The advancement of computer games has given good effect on the
technology of programming. Many of the ideas have been adapted from game-tree search to
other applications that used these algorithms. Games have been used as a test bed for AI that
made to build high-performing computer systems [1].
In today's development, there are many techniques and methods used in sound processing. We
mention here some of them, i.e. sequence and randomization, blending, Grouping and buses,
attenuation and damping, ambience, Real-time controllers, localization and so many others.
The graphics controllers are an added value to games. Now the graphics’ processors are more
capable of handling complicated instructions of the graphics and the future will bring more
advanced processors that include more processing capabilities and more memory on these cards.
Thus the 3D computer-games world will be more attractive and arresting the minds of the
players. Famous companies like ATI and Nvidia are working hard on the graphics cards and they
have developed cards that range from bunch of dollars to thousands of dollars. These cards are
adopted in Supercomputers for weather modeling, medical imaging, and drug discovery as it is
mentioned in Nvidia website [19]. The ongoing research will evolve the industry of new
generations of computer-games that will thrill the minds and feelings.
The future will bring new ideas and new horizons for the computer-games which are a real test
bed for the multimedia and Artificial Intelligence. The wheels of technology never stop, and
many improvements are made for the existing technologies and emerging once are developing to
give us more feelings and effects of the games we play. All the senses will be occupied by the
high resolutions of graphics cards, the sound effects that make reality surroundings for us, and
the faster response of the games for any actions happens by the players.
Conclusion
A lot of academic research has been done on AI that lead to success and great improvements in
Game’s logic in the recent years, but there are still a lot to be done. Computer games are best
described to be a test bed for the academic research of AI, they are easy to simulate, realistic,
readymade environments, and powerful to be adopted by researchers to satisfy their needs. The
users of Computer games are looking for smarter, more intelligent games and better AI used.
This is a time consuming task for the developers to spend more time to develop more complex
and risky methods of AI. Many improvements in hardware such as the graphics cards, sound
techniques in addition to the new techniques that has been done to improve AI used in computer
games. The development and the continuous research will evolve and there maybe surprises arise
with new methods and new techniques.
To conclude this overview of computer-games I will use the words of Arthur Samuel’s (1960)
in his paper in which he predicted the following [13]:
“Programming computers to play games is but one stage in the development of an
understanding of the methods which must be employed for the machine simulation of intellectual
behavior. As we progress in this understanding it seems reasonable to assume that these newer
techniques will be applied to real-life situations with increasing frequency, and the effort devoted
to games ...will decrease. Perhaps we have not yet reached this turning point, and we may still
have much to learn from the study of games.”
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