Overpopulation and hunger in the developing world
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Overpopulation is a major global issue, with 6.9 billion people on Earth and 1/6th of the world's population malnourished daily. Potential solutions discussed include giving food aid, controlling population growth through policies like China's one-child policy, and increasing education to lower birth rates. However, each option faces challenges - food aid does not always reach those in need, population control policies raise ethical concerns, and increased education alone may not sufficiently reduce birth rates in developing nations. The document considers whether overpopulation could fix itself as countries develop.
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Overpopulation And Hunger In The Developing World
While rapid population growth is an issue in many developing countries, hunger is not directly caused by overpopulation alone. Hunger is more closely tied to lack of economic opportunity and security that deprive people, especially women, of basic needs. Countries with large populations can still ensure people are well-nourished if there is equitable distribution of resources like land, jobs, healthcare and education. To alleviate hunger in Africa, countries need family planning programs combined with policies that support education, rural development, and increasing agricultural productivity. Addressing overpopulation requires recognizing basic human rights as well as promoting greater social justice and fairness.
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The document discusses a population quiz from the Population Institute about population growth and its impacts on Earth. It notes that world population has grown from 3.7 billion in 1970 to 6.8 billion currently, and is projected to reach 9.2 billion by 2050 according to UN estimates. It also discusses increasing demands on food and natural resources due to population growth, with food production needing to increase 75% by 2050, and up to 50% of plant and animal species threatened with extinction by 2100.
1.1 Population Change
Population projection is a prediction of future population changes based on current trends of mortality, fertility and migration. It considers the present age-gender structure and applies current rates to predict future populations.
Population momentum refers to the continued growth of a population even after fertility rates fall to the replacement level. This is because there is still a large number of people in the reproductive age range who will have children, continuing population growth in the short term until these groups age.
Population growth
The population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population
Population Growth
There are opposing factors that influence population growth rates. Pronatalist pressures increase desire to have children while birth reduction pressures in developed countries, like higher education and women's freedom, result in fewer children. Most countries experience a demographic transition as development improves living conditions and death rates fall faster than birth rates. Some experts believe this transition will lead world population to stabilize in the 21st century, while others warn many poor countries may be trapped in high population growth due to resource shortages preventing development. Ensuring social justice, women's empowerment, child survival and access to family planning are key to successfully slowing growth rates.
Human Population Ecology
1. Demography is the study of population statistics like size, density, and age distribution. It uses metrics like birth and death rates to understand factors influencing population growth or decline.
2. Key factors that affect human population growth are birth rates, death rates, economic development, access to family planning and women's education. The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low rates as countries develop.
3. Population pyramids provide information on a population's age structure and future growth trends based on the proportion of people of reproductive age. Achieving population stabilization requires increasing access to healthcare, family planning and women's education.
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1. The human population has grown rapidly over the last century due to declining death rates from improvements in health, sanitation and medicine.
2. Population growth is increasing much faster in developing countries, projected to rise from 7.8-10.8 billion people by 2050 with 95% of growth occurring in developing nations.
3. Slowing population growth requires empowering women through education and jobs, expanding access to family planning, and reducing poverty through economic development.
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While rapid population growth is an issue in many developing countries, hunger is not directly caused by overpopulation alone. Hunger is more closely tied to lack of economic opportunity and security that deprive people, especially women, of basic needs. Countries with large populations can still ensure people are well-nourished if there is equitable distribution of resources like land, jobs, healthcare and education. To alleviate hunger in Africa, countries need family planning programs combined with policies that support education, rural development, and increasing agricultural productivity. Addressing overpopulation requires recognizing basic human rights as well as promoting greater social justice and fairness.
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The document discusses a population quiz from the Population Institute about population growth and its impacts on Earth. It notes that world population has grown from 3.7 billion in 1970 to 6.8 billion currently, and is projected to reach 9.2 billion by 2050 according to UN estimates. It also discusses increasing demands on food and natural resources due to population growth, with food production needing to increase 75% by 2050, and up to 50% of plant and animal species threatened with extinction by 2100.
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Population projection is a prediction of future population changes based on current trends of mortality, fertility and migration. It considers the present age-gender structure and applies current rates to predict future populations.
Population momentum refers to the continued growth of a population even after fertility rates fall to the replacement level. This is because there is still a large number of people in the reproductive age range who will have children, continuing population growth in the short term until these groups age.
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The population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population
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There are opposing factors that influence population growth rates. Pronatalist pressures increase desire to have children while birth reduction pressures in developed countries, like higher education and women's freedom, result in fewer children. Most countries experience a demographic transition as development improves living conditions and death rates fall faster than birth rates. Some experts believe this transition will lead world population to stabilize in the 21st century, while others warn many poor countries may be trapped in high population growth due to resource shortages preventing development. Ensuring social justice, women's empowerment, child survival and access to family planning are key to successfully slowing growth rates.
Human Population Ecology
1. Demography is the study of population statistics like size, density, and age distribution. It uses metrics like birth and death rates to understand factors influencing population growth or decline.
2. Key factors that affect human population growth are birth rates, death rates, economic development, access to family planning and women's education. The demographic transition model describes the shift from high birth/death rates to low rates as countries develop.
3. Population pyramids provide information on a population's age structure and future growth trends based on the proportion of people of reproductive age. Achieving population stabilization requires increasing access to healthcare, family planning and women's education.
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1. The human population has grown rapidly over the last century due to declining death rates from improvements in health, sanitation and medicine.
2. Population growth is increasing much faster in developing countries, projected to rise from 7.8-10.8 billion people by 2050 with 95% of growth occurring in developing nations.
3. Slowing population growth requires empowering women through education and jobs, expanding access to family planning, and reducing poverty through economic development.
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1 Population growth , variation among nations
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The document discusses birth rates, death rates, and how they impact population growth. It states that birth rates and death rates affect population, with higher birth rates than death rates leading to population increase, and lower birth rates to population decrease. It also mentions that public health measures have decreased death rates and increased populations. Underdeveloped countries tend to have high birth rates due to lack of resources, while more advanced countries control birth rates to maintain higher standards of living. The document closes by describing poor economic conditions in underdeveloped countries like high poverty rates and insufficient infrastructure, hospitals, and schools.
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1) The human population has grown rapidly from 1 billion people in the early 19th century to over 7 billion today due to declining death rates and continued high birth rates.
2) Population growth rates vary globally, with developing nations experiencing higher growth rates than developed nations. Some experts project that at current growth rates, the global population will double within 58 years.
3) Unchecked population growth puts pressure on the environment and risks depleting resources, as human activity already uses up to 1/3 of the planet's net primary production. Empowering women through education and access to family planning has been shown to reduce population growth rates.
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Overpopulation is caused by 250,000 babies being born daily, straining resources and affecting land, people, and animals. Some solutions include China limiting women to one child through permission and Taiwan and South Korea educating people to slow population growth.
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This document discusses human population growth trends over time. It notes that the global human population reached 1 billion in 1830, 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, 5 billion in 1987, 6 billion in 1999, and 7 billion in 2011. It also provides estimates of current birth and death rates worldwide. The document then discusses factors that have allowed unprecedented human population growth, such as advances in agriculture, medicine, and public health. It examines some potential problems associated with high population growth, especially in developing countries, including environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Finally, it outlines the demographic transition process and considers predictions for future global population size and stability.
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The document discusses global population trends, distribution, and factors that influence population changes. It provides details on population growth rates slowing globally but total numbers still increasing. Countries with highest densities are China and India while sparsely populated areas include parts of Canada, Russia, and Australia. The demographic transition model outlines 5 stages of population changes as countries develop from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates. Factors like environment, resources, and development influence population distributions. China's one-child policy aimed to reduce rapid growth while Singapore later encouraged families to have more children for economic reasons.
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This document provides information about human population dynamics from the IB syllabus topics 3.1.1 through 3.1.4. It includes definitions of terms like crude birth rate, death rate, doubling time, and total fertility rate. It also discusses factors that affect population growth, such as development level and mortality rates. Graphs and charts show population growth trends in developed and developing countries over time. The document compares population structures and growth potentials of countries using age-sex pyramids.
Overpopulation
Overpopulation occurs when the population of organisms exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat. The world population density is currently 117.2 people per square mile. With overpopulation, resources like fresh water supplies and food sources are running low, which could lead to problems like increased inbreeding, extinction due to lack of resources, and issues locating mates. Some countries have implemented policies like birth control, family planning education, and increasing opportunities for women in the workforce to help address the problems caused by overpopulation.
Human Population
The document discusses human population dynamics and provides the following key points:
- The current global population is approximately 6.6 billion and is projected to grow to 9.2 billion by 2050, with much of this growth occurring in India and China.
- There are differing positions on population issues, ranging from concerns about overpopulation and environmental degradation to beliefs that human ingenuity can overcome resource constraints.
- Factors influencing population growth include birth rates, death rates, resource availability, economic conditions, women's education and employment, and government policies. Countries like India and China face unique challenges in managing their large populations.
Human population
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
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The document provides information on reasons for continued high population growth and its impacts. It discusses three main reasons for ongoing growth: improved living conditions in more places, more efficient agriculture, and better health services. As a result, death rates have dropped significantly while birth rates have only slowed somewhat, leading to continued net population increase. This adds over 200,000 people to the global population per day. Nearly all future growth is projected to occur in developing countries, where poverty contributes to environmental degradation as people struggle to meet basic needs.
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Population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area. Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Some key causes of rapid population growth are decreases in death rates due to factors like antibiotics and immunization, as well as increases in birth rates. Population growth is characterized by exponential growth over time, varying doubling times depending on growth rates, differences in infant mortality rates between developing and developed countries, and total fertility rates that are higher in developing countries. Problems caused by rapid population growth include increased demands on resources, inadequate services, environmental pollution, and unemployment.
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This document discusses human population growth and its impacts on the environment. It defines key population terms like population density and describes causes of rapid population growth like decreased death rates and increased birth rates. The document outlines population growth patterns like exponential growth and doubling time. It describes population pyramids and how the age structure of populations can vary between developing and developed nations. The document lists environmental and social impacts of overpopulation like threats to forests and grasslands, increased disease, overcrowding, and unemployment. It concludes by outlining objectives of family planning programs to control population growth.
Human Population Dynamics
The document discusses human population dynamics and provides the following key points:
- The current global population is approximately 6.6 billion and is projected to grow to 9.2 billion by 2050, with much of this growth occurring in India and China.
- There are differing positions on population issues, ranging from concerns about overpopulation and environmental degradation to beliefs that human ingenuity can overcome resource constraints.
- Factors influencing population growth include birth rates, death rates, resource availability, education, urbanization, and government policies. Many countries are now experiencing aging populations with low birth rates.
Population Change
The document discusses population change and its causes. Population change results from natural changes like births and deaths, as well as migration. The demographic transition model describes the typical pattern of population change that occurs as countries industrialize - death rates initially fall as living conditions improve, followed later by falling birth rates. However, the model has weaknesses in overgeneralizing and not accounting for non-industrializing countries or factors like government policy and cultural attitudes. Migration can also significantly impact population change on both short and long time scales.
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China faces a serious problem with overpopulation as its population grows by 8-10 million people per year and is currently over 1.3 billion people. While the one-child policy has slowed growth, China is only able to produce enough food for about half its population. However, officials believe China's population will soon peak below 1.37 billion by 2010, some 400 million less than it would be without the one-child policy. With its large population and limited land area, overpopulation remains a major challenge for China.
Population Key Words
The document discusses several key population terms:
- Population density is the number of people per square kilometer in a given area. Densely populated areas have many people while sparsely populated areas have few.
- The Demographic Transition Model describes how birth and death rates change as countries develop, dividing population growth into four stages.
- Population pyramids show the distribution of males and females across different age groups.
- Population distribution is uneven worldwide, with some areas like Western Europe densely populated and others like the Amazon sparsely populated.
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The document discusses overpopulation as a major problem facing the world. It notes that the world population has doubled in just 33 years to over 6 billion people in 1993. Left unchecked, the population is projected to overwhelm the Earth's finite resources. The document advocates for population education programs to promote rational and responsible attitudes towards family planning. It outlines several natural and artificial family planning methods that can help control population growth rates.
Political demographics
1) The document discusses political demographics and overpopulation, noting that population growth presents challenges for politics, natural resources, and economy.
2) Overpopulation strains scarce natural resources as more land, water, and forests are needed to support larger populations, contributing to pollution and habitat destruction.
3) Rapid population growth also impacts economies, as overpopulated countries struggle to produce enough food and jobs, potentially leading to higher rates of poverty, crime, and reliance on foreign debt.
4) The document suggests lowering birth rates through measures like population education, family planning, and sex education to help address issues of overpopulation.
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Overpopulation
Overpopulation is defined as the condition where the human population exceeds the Earth's carrying capacity. It is a leading driver of global issues like hunger, desertification, and species depletion. Some of the key causes of overpopulation include poverty, lack of education, declining death rates and increasing birth rates, lack of family planning, and lack of access to contraceptives. The effects of overpopulation include increased environmental pollution, depletion of natural resources, and shortage of food and water to sustain the growing population. Proposed solutions to overpopulation are improved access to education, family planning services, and contraceptives to allow individuals to make informed choices about family size.
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1) The human population has grown rapidly from 1 billion people in the early 19th century to over 7 billion today due to declining death rates and continued high birth rates.
2) Population growth rates vary globally, with developing nations experiencing higher growth rates than developed nations. Some experts project that at current growth rates, the global population will double within 58 years.
3) Unchecked population growth puts pressure on the environment and risks depleting resources, as human activity already uses up to 1/3 of the planet's net primary production. Empowering women through education and access to family planning has been shown to reduce population growth rates.
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Overpopulation is caused by 250,000 babies being born daily, straining resources and affecting land, people, and animals. Some solutions include China limiting women to one child through permission and Taiwan and South Korea educating people to slow population growth.
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This document discusses human population growth trends over time. It notes that the global human population reached 1 billion in 1830, 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, 5 billion in 1987, 6 billion in 1999, and 7 billion in 2011. It also provides estimates of current birth and death rates worldwide. The document then discusses factors that have allowed unprecedented human population growth, such as advances in agriculture, medicine, and public health. It examines some potential problems associated with high population growth, especially in developing countries, including environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Finally, it outlines the demographic transition process and considers predictions for future global population size and stability.
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The document discusses global population trends, distribution, and factors that influence population changes. It provides details on population growth rates slowing globally but total numbers still increasing. Countries with highest densities are China and India while sparsely populated areas include parts of Canada, Russia, and Australia. The demographic transition model outlines 5 stages of population changes as countries develop from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates. Factors like environment, resources, and development influence population distributions. China's one-child policy aimed to reduce rapid growth while Singapore later encouraged families to have more children for economic reasons.
3.1 human population dynamics notes
This document provides information about human population dynamics from the IB syllabus topics 3.1.1 through 3.1.4. It includes definitions of terms like crude birth rate, death rate, doubling time, and total fertility rate. It also discusses factors that affect population growth, such as development level and mortality rates. Graphs and charts show population growth trends in developed and developing countries over time. The document compares population structures and growth potentials of countries using age-sex pyramids.
Overpopulation
Overpopulation occurs when the population of organisms exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat. The world population density is currently 117.2 people per square mile. With overpopulation, resources like fresh water supplies and food sources are running low, which could lead to problems like increased inbreeding, extinction due to lack of resources, and issues locating mates. Some countries have implemented policies like birth control, family planning education, and increasing opportunities for women in the workforce to help address the problems caused by overpopulation.
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The document discusses human population dynamics and provides the following key points:
- The current global population is approximately 6.6 billion and is projected to grow to 9.2 billion by 2050, with much of this growth occurring in India and China.
- There are differing positions on population issues, ranging from concerns about overpopulation and environmental degradation to beliefs that human ingenuity can overcome resource constraints.
- Factors influencing population growth include birth rates, death rates, resource availability, economic conditions, women's education and employment, and government policies. Countries like India and China face unique challenges in managing their large populations.
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The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
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The document provides information on reasons for continued high population growth and its impacts. It discusses three main reasons for ongoing growth: improved living conditions in more places, more efficient agriculture, and better health services. As a result, death rates have dropped significantly while birth rates have only slowed somewhat, leading to continued net population increase. This adds over 200,000 people to the global population per day. Nearly all future growth is projected to occur in developing countries, where poverty contributes to environmental degradation as people struggle to meet basic needs.
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Population is defined as a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area. Population growth is the increase in the number of individuals in a population. Some key causes of rapid population growth are decreases in death rates due to factors like antibiotics and immunization, as well as increases in birth rates. Population growth is characterized by exponential growth over time, varying doubling times depending on growth rates, differences in infant mortality rates between developing and developed countries, and total fertility rates that are higher in developing countries. Problems caused by rapid population growth include increased demands on resources, inadequate services, environmental pollution, and unemployment.
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This document discusses human population growth and its impacts on the environment. It defines key population terms like population density and describes causes of rapid population growth like decreased death rates and increased birth rates. The document outlines population growth patterns like exponential growth and doubling time. It describes population pyramids and how the age structure of populations can vary between developing and developed nations. The document lists environmental and social impacts of overpopulation like threats to forests and grasslands, increased disease, overcrowding, and unemployment. It concludes by outlining objectives of family planning programs to control population growth.
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The document discusses human population dynamics and provides the following key points:
- The current global population is approximately 6.6 billion and is projected to grow to 9.2 billion by 2050, with much of this growth occurring in India and China.
- There are differing positions on population issues, ranging from concerns about overpopulation and environmental degradation to beliefs that human ingenuity can overcome resource constraints.
- Factors influencing population growth include birth rates, death rates, resource availability, education, urbanization, and government policies. Many countries are now experiencing aging populations with low birth rates.
Population Change
The document discusses population change and its causes. Population change results from natural changes like births and deaths, as well as migration. The demographic transition model describes the typical pattern of population change that occurs as countries industrialize - death rates initially fall as living conditions improve, followed later by falling birth rates. However, the model has weaknesses in overgeneralizing and not accounting for non-industrializing countries or factors like government policy and cultural attitudes. Migration can also significantly impact population change on both short and long time scales.
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China faces a serious problem with overpopulation as its population grows by 8-10 million people per year and is currently over 1.3 billion people. While the one-child policy has slowed growth, China is only able to produce enough food for about half its population. However, officials believe China's population will soon peak below 1.37 billion by 2010, some 400 million less than it would be without the one-child policy. With its large population and limited land area, overpopulation remains a major challenge for China.
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The document discusses several key population terms:
- Population density is the number of people per square kilometer in a given area. Densely populated areas have many people while sparsely populated areas have few.
- The Demographic Transition Model describes how birth and death rates change as countries develop, dividing population growth into four stages.
- Population pyramids show the distribution of males and females across different age groups.
- Population distribution is uneven worldwide, with some areas like Western Europe densely populated and others like the Amazon sparsely populated.
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Political demographics
1) The document discusses political demographics and overpopulation, noting that population growth presents challenges for politics, natural resources, and economy.
2) Overpopulation strains scarce natural resources as more land, water, and forests are needed to support larger populations, contributing to pollution and habitat destruction.
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4) The document suggests lowering birth rates through measures like population education, family planning, and sex education to help address issues of overpopulation.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Overpopulation and hunger in the developing world
- 1. Overpopulation and Hunger in the Developing World Agron 342 World Food Issues Ethan Morford
- 2. Overpopulation • 6.9 Billion People on Earth (US Census Bureau) • The FAO approximates 1/6th of the world population is malnourished every day. • (952 Million People)
- 3. What are our options? • Give food to everyone in need… • Force people to stop having children… • Educate the uneducated… What else can be done to help fix this problem Have we reached our maximum carrying capacity Will overpopulation fix itself
- 4. Give Food to Everyone in Need • If this seems like the easy way out, then you are probably right. • “End Hunger groups” are in almost every country • Almost all are funded from donations • The problem with these groups • How much food actually gets to the people in need • Much of the “relief” never makes it to the people it was intended to go to • Charity will lead to even more problems
- 5. Force People to Stop Having Children • This option has been tested in a few places around the world – China • One Child Policy • Birth rates have dropped, but still have 1 million more births than deaths every five weeks (China) • Forced abortions are a problem • Baby boys are valued • Girls are shunned or given away
- 6. Educate the Uneducated • Some say that education is the best birth control – Women will have more opportunities if they are educated • This leads to lower birth rates • When lack of education is present – Abortion rates are high due to lack of knowledge
- 7. Can this problem fix itself? • If developing countries become more developed • Mortality rates need to drop, then birth rates will follow suit • It has proven to work in multiple countries
- 8. Ethical Issues • Is it unethical for the government to limit population growth? – One child law, • Is it ethical to have 7 billion people on one planet? – Resource depletion – Poor quality of life for many people • Utilitariansim – Achieving the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people – The more people we have, the harder it for utilitarianism to work
- 9. Bibliography 1) China's One Child Policy. Malcolm Potts BMJ: British Medical Journal , Vol. 333, No. 7564 (19 August 2006), pp. 361-362 http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.iastate.edu:2048/openurl?volume= 333&date=2006&spage=361&issn=09598138&issue=7564&Food 2) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations http://www.fao.com 3) Human Sterilization. Clarence J. Gamble. The American Journal of Nursing , Vol. 51, No. 10 (Oct., 1951), pp. 625-626 http://www.jstor.org.proxy.lib.iastate.edu:2048/stable/3468247?& Search=yes&list=hide&searchUri=%2Fopenurl%3Fvolume%3D51% 26date%3D1951%26spage%3D625%26issn%3D0002936X%26issu e%3D10&prevSearch=&item=1&ttl=2&returnArticleService=show FullText 4) US Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html