Outside Class Learning (OCL) in the Bangladeshi context is one of the constantly used buzzwords among
graduate and undergraduate students. The purpose of this research is to understand the real and on-ground
phenomenon among adult learners. The study found the characteristics of OCL among tertiary students who are or
not motivated to self-learning, the effectiveness of OCL, and the challenges of OCL. This study also tried to answer
the questions about OCL whether students like it or not and why. The researcher used both open and close-ended
questions to find out the data, and data were collected from forty graduate students of the class of 2014 of the
Department of English, University of Dhaka. All the volunteers participated spontaneously and they had been given
time as they required to submit the responses of questionnaire. This empirical study was purely unbiased in findings
with unexpected results and responses to open-ended questions about this unexplored way of study.
Efforts to Improve Indonesian Language Learning Outcomes Students in Writing ...M. Ifaldi Sidik
This study aims to obtain information and find out about Efforts to Improve Student Learning Outcomes of Students in Writing Creative Drama Texts in One Chapter by Paying Attention to the Authenticity of Ideas through the Two Stay Two Stray Model in Class VIII.3 SMPN 1 Batang Anai, Padang Pariaman District. This type of research is classroom action research with 34 students. This research uses a qualitative approach. Research procedures include planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. This research is carried out in two cycles and is carried out collaboratively between researcher and observer. The technique used in gathering Data are observations, tests, field notes and documentation with the research subjects being the teacher and students. The results of this study indicate that student learning outcomes in the learning process by using the Two Stay Two Stray learning model experienced an increase starting from pre-cycle, Cycle I and Cycle II.
Mixed Methods Research: A Critical ReadingNicole Crozier
An exploration of the impact on the research, researcher, researcher and reader if a quantitative study were to have been done using a mixed methods approach instead.
A presentation created for EDCI 515
Efforts to Improve Indonesian Language Learning Outcomes Students in Writing ...M. Ifaldi Sidik
This study aims to obtain information and find out about Efforts to Improve Student Learning Outcomes of Students in Writing Creative Drama Texts in One Chapter by Paying Attention to the Authenticity of Ideas through the Two Stay Two Stray Model in Class VIII.3 SMPN 1 Batang Anai, Padang Pariaman District. This type of research is classroom action research with 34 students. This research uses a qualitative approach. Research procedures include planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. This research is carried out in two cycles and is carried out collaboratively between researcher and observer. The technique used in gathering Data are observations, tests, field notes and documentation with the research subjects being the teacher and students. The results of this study indicate that student learning outcomes in the learning process by using the Two Stay Two Stray learning model experienced an increase starting from pre-cycle, Cycle I and Cycle II.
Mixed Methods Research: A Critical ReadingNicole Crozier
An exploration of the impact on the research, researcher, researcher and reader if a quantitative study were to have been done using a mixed methods approach instead.
A presentation created for EDCI 515
Developmental Process of Conceptual Understanding Through Reflective Journal ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The evolving educational landscape has made it more challenging to create 21st-century
learners who are prepared for the future and ready to take on the global competition. Furthermore, due to its
themes, goals, and objectives, social studies is mostly necessary in the current world. Additionally, it encourages
civic engagement and social interaction. Hence, this study investigated the effects of reflective journal writing
(RJW) in improving students' conceptual understanding. The study involved Grade-12 students of a
government-owned school in Olongapo, Philippines. The results revealed that the students' level of conceptual
understanding is at a developing level before the use of the intervention. After the application and use of RJW, it
has been observed that the level of conceptual understanding has improved. This research affirms the positive
effects of journal writing on the students’ enhancement of their conceptual understanding. Thus, teachers may
consider the strategy for students’ conceptual retention and enhancement. A parallel study may be conducted to
validate the effects of the intervention in other contexts.
Keywords -Conceptual Understanding, Social Studies, Reflective Writing, Transformative Learning
Supporting Learner Autonomy in the FL classrooms at the Secondary Level in Ba...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Efforts to Improve Students' Ability to Write Text in the Form of Procedures ...M. Ifaldi Sidik
This study aims to obtain information and find out about Efforts to
Improve Students' Ability to Write Text in the Form of Procedure
through the Make a Match Learning Model in Class IX.4 of SMP
Negeri 1 Batang Anai. This type of research is classroom action
research with research subjects being grade IX.4 students of SMP
Negeri 1 Batang Anai with a total of 32 students. This study consisted
of two cycles, where the first cycle was carried out at meetings 1 and
2 and the second cycle was carried out at meetings 3 and 4. Each cycle
consisted of four stages of research, namely planning, implementing
actions, observing and reflecting. To obtain research data three
instruments were used, namely observation sheets, field notes, and
test sheets, which were analyzed qualitatively using percentages.
Based on the results of the study showed that the learning activities
of class IX.4 students using the make a match learning model
increased from initial conditions, cycle I and cycle II
The Comparative Study Between The Cooperative Learning Model Of Numbered Head...iosrjce
This research aims to explain the differences between the cooperative learning model of Numbered
Heads Together (NHT) and Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) to the learning achievement of the
eighth grade students in social subject at SMP Negeri 5 Jombang. The population in this study was 66 students
of the eight grade students in which 33 students from class VIII H. and 33 students from class VIII F. The data
were collected by using observation, interviews and tests. This research applied T-test for data analysis.
The results showed that there is significantly difference on learning achievement of the eighth grade social
studies at SMP Negeri 5 Jombang who are taught by using the cooperative learning model of NHT and STAD.
The result showed that tcount was 2.763, it is higher than the coefficient of table 1.998 at the 5% level of
significant (α) on the value of (df) = (33-1)(33-1) is 64. It implied that tcount> ttable in which 2.763 > 1.998,
therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. Finally, It can be
concluded that there is significant difference of the cooperative learning Model of Numbered Heads Together
(NHT) And Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) to the learning achievement of the Eighth Grade
Student in Social Subject at SMP Negeri 5 Jombang
G11-2Describe how a change in the exchange rate affected your fiJeanmarieColbert3
G11-2
Describe how a change in the exchange rate affected your firm. Explain what happened to your price and quantity. How can you profit from future shifts in the exchange rate? How do you predict future changes in the exchange rate?
Running head: Introduction and Literature Review 1
Introduction and Literature Review 8
The Motivation of Students Towards Science Learning
Annette Williams
ECE660: Action Research and Inquiry in Education
Instructor Dr. Krummick
January 27, 2020
INTRODUCTION
The future professional role would be an early childhood educator to teach both Science and English. This would educate students through lectures and hand-on learning with adherence to the curriculum. The setting would be the classroom whereby it would ensure that there is a happy environment for all students. It would be good to act as a role model and a mentor by encouraging students to learn and ensuring that they do not face challenges such as depression or discrimination which would inhibit their learning. This would ensure that interacting with students more often and learn about their families. Maintaining good relationships with their families and having frequent communication would be a good way to understand any challenges the students could be facing. The current experience is helping kindergarten students learn social studies while the previous experience in helping students complete their homework. The future goal is to help improve the performance of students in science. Comment by Juliet Krummick: perfect
The purpose of the study is to find various ways in which students could be motivated during the learning of science. The student outcomes that need influence are their knowledge and skills in science and their attitude towards learning the subject. Assessments have shown that some students lack sufficient knowledge in science. The performance of students in science is also an area of interest to be influenced because it also determines whether or not the students are engaged in learning. Students are expected to obtain a positive attitude toward science learning. They should achieve good grades to show that they understand the topics at hand.
The fact that many students lose interest in learning science as they progress to higher levels shows that they are not engaged enough during the initial years of science learning specifically in first grade. Decreased motivation leads to lower grades in science (Uhm et al, 2018). Teachers do not put much emphasis on the teaching of science because they dedicate most of their time to reading within the researcher’s school. Students, therefore, lose interest in learning science because they are not fully engaged in learning by their teachers.
Teachers should ensure that they motivate students to learn. The provision of autonomy support to students enhances their motivation in learning. Student-teacher relationships are important in optimizing student motivation. "Educators and parent ...
The Implementation of Quiz-Quiz-Trade and Fan-N-Pick Learning Model to Enhanc...inventionjournals
This classroom action research (CAR) aims to describe the implementation of Quiz-Quiz-Trade and Fan-Pick learning model to enhance social skill and learning outcomes of social studies on 5th grade students in SDN Polehan 1 Malang. This research consists of two cycles. The subject of this research is39 students that consist of 20 males and 19 females. The data collection are observation sheet, test, questionnaire, interview, and documentation. The result of this research shows that social skills of the students enhance from 75,83% in cycle I to 80,45% in cycle II. The learning outcomes of the students in social studies also enhances from 31,57% in pre-cycle to 55,26% in cycle I, then 81,57% in cycle II.
Learner’s characteristics from an autonomous perspective: A cross-cultural re...Md Arman
The characteristics of L2 learners are different from each other both from the broad and narrow senses. Each learner is different from one another and shows a wide range of learning behaviors in formal and informal learning environments. This study summarizes the already-published literature based on the research in the USA, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, and Taiwan. Every individual research illustrated the varieties of characteristics of autonomous learners and, at the same time, there are some similarities in the behaviors of autonomous learners around the world. This paper tries to display the theoretical claims about the characteristics of autonomous learners and show the similarities and differences in the characteristics of L2 autonomous learners found in research around the world on L2 teaching and learning environments by answering the following research questions.
ChatGPT, a Product of AI, and its Influences in the Business WorldMd Arman
Specifically the study analyzes how ChatGPT AI is transforming business operations and
enhancing customer experience in customer service, e-commerce, healthcare, finance,
marketing, and developer business sectors. Using a comprehensive literature review
approach.The study explores the implications of ChatGPT AI for businesses, including its
potential to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness.
Additionally, ethical and legal considerations surrounding the use of ChatGPT AI in
business operations are evaluated, including issues related to data privacy, bias, and
transparency.The study provides insights into future directions for the application of
ChatGPT AI in business and the potential impact of this technology on various business
sectors. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the influence of ChatGPT
AI on businesses, its potential benefits, and challenges for businesses looking to adopt
this technology. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering the benefits
and limitations of AI adoption in businesses, as well as the ethical and legal implications
of its use.
Developmental Process of Conceptual Understanding Through Reflective Journal ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The evolving educational landscape has made it more challenging to create 21st-century
learners who are prepared for the future and ready to take on the global competition. Furthermore, due to its
themes, goals, and objectives, social studies is mostly necessary in the current world. Additionally, it encourages
civic engagement and social interaction. Hence, this study investigated the effects of reflective journal writing
(RJW) in improving students' conceptual understanding. The study involved Grade-12 students of a
government-owned school in Olongapo, Philippines. The results revealed that the students' level of conceptual
understanding is at a developing level before the use of the intervention. After the application and use of RJW, it
has been observed that the level of conceptual understanding has improved. This research affirms the positive
effects of journal writing on the students’ enhancement of their conceptual understanding. Thus, teachers may
consider the strategy for students’ conceptual retention and enhancement. A parallel study may be conducted to
validate the effects of the intervention in other contexts.
Keywords -Conceptual Understanding, Social Studies, Reflective Writing, Transformative Learning
Supporting Learner Autonomy in the FL classrooms at the Secondary Level in Ba...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Efforts to Improve Students' Ability to Write Text in the Form of Procedures ...M. Ifaldi Sidik
This study aims to obtain information and find out about Efforts to
Improve Students' Ability to Write Text in the Form of Procedure
through the Make a Match Learning Model in Class IX.4 of SMP
Negeri 1 Batang Anai. This type of research is classroom action
research with research subjects being grade IX.4 students of SMP
Negeri 1 Batang Anai with a total of 32 students. This study consisted
of two cycles, where the first cycle was carried out at meetings 1 and
2 and the second cycle was carried out at meetings 3 and 4. Each cycle
consisted of four stages of research, namely planning, implementing
actions, observing and reflecting. To obtain research data three
instruments were used, namely observation sheets, field notes, and
test sheets, which were analyzed qualitatively using percentages.
Based on the results of the study showed that the learning activities
of class IX.4 students using the make a match learning model
increased from initial conditions, cycle I and cycle II
The Comparative Study Between The Cooperative Learning Model Of Numbered Head...iosrjce
This research aims to explain the differences between the cooperative learning model of Numbered
Heads Together (NHT) and Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) to the learning achievement of the
eighth grade students in social subject at SMP Negeri 5 Jombang. The population in this study was 66 students
of the eight grade students in which 33 students from class VIII H. and 33 students from class VIII F. The data
were collected by using observation, interviews and tests. This research applied T-test for data analysis.
The results showed that there is significantly difference on learning achievement of the eighth grade social
studies at SMP Negeri 5 Jombang who are taught by using the cooperative learning model of NHT and STAD.
The result showed that tcount was 2.763, it is higher than the coefficient of table 1.998 at the 5% level of
significant (α) on the value of (df) = (33-1)(33-1) is 64. It implied that tcount> ttable in which 2.763 > 1.998,
therefore, the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted. Finally, It can be
concluded that there is significant difference of the cooperative learning Model of Numbered Heads Together
(NHT) And Student Team Achievement Division (STAD) to the learning achievement of the Eighth Grade
Student in Social Subject at SMP Negeri 5 Jombang
G11-2Describe how a change in the exchange rate affected your fiJeanmarieColbert3
G11-2
Describe how a change in the exchange rate affected your firm. Explain what happened to your price and quantity. How can you profit from future shifts in the exchange rate? How do you predict future changes in the exchange rate?
Running head: Introduction and Literature Review 1
Introduction and Literature Review 8
The Motivation of Students Towards Science Learning
Annette Williams
ECE660: Action Research and Inquiry in Education
Instructor Dr. Krummick
January 27, 2020
INTRODUCTION
The future professional role would be an early childhood educator to teach both Science and English. This would educate students through lectures and hand-on learning with adherence to the curriculum. The setting would be the classroom whereby it would ensure that there is a happy environment for all students. It would be good to act as a role model and a mentor by encouraging students to learn and ensuring that they do not face challenges such as depression or discrimination which would inhibit their learning. This would ensure that interacting with students more often and learn about their families. Maintaining good relationships with their families and having frequent communication would be a good way to understand any challenges the students could be facing. The current experience is helping kindergarten students learn social studies while the previous experience in helping students complete their homework. The future goal is to help improve the performance of students in science. Comment by Juliet Krummick: perfect
The purpose of the study is to find various ways in which students could be motivated during the learning of science. The student outcomes that need influence are their knowledge and skills in science and their attitude towards learning the subject. Assessments have shown that some students lack sufficient knowledge in science. The performance of students in science is also an area of interest to be influenced because it also determines whether or not the students are engaged in learning. Students are expected to obtain a positive attitude toward science learning. They should achieve good grades to show that they understand the topics at hand.
The fact that many students lose interest in learning science as they progress to higher levels shows that they are not engaged enough during the initial years of science learning specifically in first grade. Decreased motivation leads to lower grades in science (Uhm et al, 2018). Teachers do not put much emphasis on the teaching of science because they dedicate most of their time to reading within the researcher’s school. Students, therefore, lose interest in learning science because they are not fully engaged in learning by their teachers.
Teachers should ensure that they motivate students to learn. The provision of autonomy support to students enhances their motivation in learning. Student-teacher relationships are important in optimizing student motivation. "Educators and parent ...
The Implementation of Quiz-Quiz-Trade and Fan-N-Pick Learning Model to Enhanc...inventionjournals
This classroom action research (CAR) aims to describe the implementation of Quiz-Quiz-Trade and Fan-Pick learning model to enhance social skill and learning outcomes of social studies on 5th grade students in SDN Polehan 1 Malang. This research consists of two cycles. The subject of this research is39 students that consist of 20 males and 19 females. The data collection are observation sheet, test, questionnaire, interview, and documentation. The result of this research shows that social skills of the students enhance from 75,83% in cycle I to 80,45% in cycle II. The learning outcomes of the students in social studies also enhances from 31,57% in pre-cycle to 55,26% in cycle I, then 81,57% in cycle II.
Learner’s characteristics from an autonomous perspective: A cross-cultural re...Md Arman
The characteristics of L2 learners are different from each other both from the broad and narrow senses. Each learner is different from one another and shows a wide range of learning behaviors in formal and informal learning environments. This study summarizes the already-published literature based on the research in the USA, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, and Taiwan. Every individual research illustrated the varieties of characteristics of autonomous learners and, at the same time, there are some similarities in the behaviors of autonomous learners around the world. This paper tries to display the theoretical claims about the characteristics of autonomous learners and show the similarities and differences in the characteristics of L2 autonomous learners found in research around the world on L2 teaching and learning environments by answering the following research questions.
ChatGPT, a Product of AI, and its Influences in the Business WorldMd Arman
Specifically the study analyzes how ChatGPT AI is transforming business operations and
enhancing customer experience in customer service, e-commerce, healthcare, finance,
marketing, and developer business sectors. Using a comprehensive literature review
approach.The study explores the implications of ChatGPT AI for businesses, including its
potential to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance competitiveness.
Additionally, ethical and legal considerations surrounding the use of ChatGPT AI in
business operations are evaluated, including issues related to data privacy, bias, and
transparency.The study provides insights into future directions for the application of
ChatGPT AI in business and the potential impact of this technology on various business
sectors. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review of the influence of ChatGPT
AI on businesses, its potential benefits, and challenges for businesses looking to adopt
this technology. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering the benefits
and limitations of AI adoption in businesses, as well as the ethical and legal implications
of its use.
Exploring the Implication of ChatGPT AI for Business: Efficiency and ChallengesMd Arman
This empirical study aims to examine the impact of ChatGPT AI on
various business sectors, evaluating its benefits and challenges.
Specifically, the study analyzes how ChatGPT AI is transforming business
operations and enhancing customer experience in customer service, ecommerce, healthcare, finance, marketing, and developer business sectors.
Using a comprehensive literature review approach, this study draws on
relevant academic articles to identify and analyze the key applications of
AI in the business sector, the benefits realized, and the challenges faced in
adopting this technology.The study explores the implications of ChatGPT
AI for businesses, including its potential to improve efficiency, reduce
costs, and enhance competitiveness. Additionally, ethical and legal
considerations surrounding the use of ChatGPT AI in business operations
are evaluated, including issues related to data privacy, bias, and
transparency. The study provides insights into future directions for the
application of ChatGPT AI in business and the potential impact of this
technology on various business sectors. The objective is to provide a
comprehensive review of the impact of ChatGPT AI on businesses, its
potential benefits, and challenges for businesses looking to adopt this
technology. Overall, this study highlights the importance of considering
both the benefits and limitations of AI adoption in businesses, as well as
the ethical and legal implications of its use.
Money Laundering: A Three-Step Secret GameMd Arman
This paper describes, theoretically, what money laundering is and how it is done following some partnered
activities over time. This paper also looks for electronic money laundering and finds some related and predefined
functions which are completed using electronic gadgets and the Internet. A systematic literature review is
conducted by employing a meta-analysis approach. To give a clear view on money laundering, the author thinks
it is necessary to make it clear first about the characteristics of money laundering, the reasons behind it, and how
it negatively impacts the business and economy of a country. Money laundering is a crime in most nations, and
economically developed countries built a strong fortress against money launderers, but laundering is not stopped.
So, this paper tries to discover what and how the launderers launder and discover inventive ways to turn their
unlawful cash lawful, which the legal authority cannot detect. This paper shows the step-by-step procedures of
these globally illegal money-whitening activities, mostly theoretically
Money Laundering: A Three Step Secret GameMd Arman
This paper describes, theoretically, what money laundering is and how it is done following some
partnered activities over time. This paper also looks for electronic money laundering and found some
related and predefined functions which are completed using electronic gadgets and the Internet. To give
a clear view on money laundering, the author thinks that it is necessary to make it clear first about the
characteristics of money laundering, the reasons behind it, and how it creates negative impacts on the
business and economy of a country. In most nations, it is a crime and economically developed countries
built strong fortress against money launderers but laundering is not stopped. So, this paper tries to discover
out what and how the launderers launder and discover inventive ways to form their unlawful cash lawful
which the legal authority can not detect. This paper shows the step by step procedures of this globally
illegal money whitening activities mostly theoretically
MONEY LAUNDERING: A THREE-STEP SECRET GAMEMd Arman
This paper describes, theoretically, what money laundering is and
how it is done following some partnered activities over time. This
paper also looks for electronic money laundering and finds related
and predefined functions completed using electronic gadgets and the
Internet. To give a clear view on money laundering, the author thinks
it is necessary to make it clear first about the characteristics of money
laundering, the reasons behind it, and how it negatively impacts the
business and economy of a country. Money laundering is a crime in
most nations, and economically developed countries built a strong
fortress against money launderers, but laundering is not stopped. So,
this paper tries to find out what the launderers do and find innovative
(legally unaccepted) ways to make their illicit money legal.
BEHIND CLOSED DOORS: THE SECRET WORLD OF MONEY LAUNDERINGMd Arman
Money laundering is a global issue that significantly threatens the
integrity of financial systems and economies worldwide. This paper
presents a theoretical description of money laundering and outlines
the structured activities involved in the process. Additionally, it
explores the electronic methods employed in money laundering,
highlighting the various functions carried out using electronic gadgets
and the internet. The author emphasizes the importance of
understanding the characteristics, reasons, and negative impacts of
money laundering on businesses and economies to gain a clear
perspective on the issue. Money laundering is a criminal act in most
countries, and economically developed nations have established
strong barriers against it. However, the practice persists, and the paper
examines how launderers circumvent these barriers and employ
innovative, illegal methods to convert their illicit money into
legitimate funds. The study found that money launderers employ
various techniques to evade detection and prosecution, including
layering, integration, and placement. Electronic money laundering is
also a growing concern, with online platforms, digital currencies, and
anonymous payment systems providing new avenues for launderers
to conceal their activities. This paper provides an overview of money
laundering and its detrimental effects on the global economy. It
underscores the need for continued efforts by governments, financial
institutions, and law enforcement agencies to combat this menace.
Additionally, it highlights the importance of vigilance and developing
innovative strategies to detect and prevent money laundering.
The fundamental difference between cognitive grammar and generative grammar is that
cognitive ability is offered in generative grammar. However, according to cognitive grammar, no
individual cognitive ability is necessary for describing language abilities. Cognitive ability,
recognised by psychology and other branches of knowledge, is used to create human language
ability. In any grammar, language skills are analysed by describing the nature of grammatical
knowledge. The grammatical knowledge of humans is the combination of symbolic units. Those
units are members of several categories, and different symbolic units can construct the mechanism.
From linguistic attention, it can fully be described the way, from a particular scene, how the
constructions create a speech. This article discusses the theory of cognitive grammar from a
fundamental point of view.
Impact of Technology on ELT: A Comparative View of Past and Present Banglade...Md Arman
Educational technology always plays a vital role in the field of language teaching and learning
particularly for second language (L2) around the world. Using technology in ESL/ELT classrooms in the
Bangladeshi context is not a new practice but in the recent past, it was used in some institutions and advocated
by some ESL/ELT teachers with different views and skepticism. The opinions of educationalists about the
digitalization of L2 classrooms have considerably changed in recent years. The usage of digital materials was
not huge in number compared with technologically advanced counterparts but teachers, educationalists, and
instructors always supported it in the past decades. Some other people tried to show the negative effects of using
the technology in the L2 classes and their number was not ignorable. This article aims at showing a comparison
between the views of past and present Bangladeshi ESL/ELT teachers about the usage of the educational
technology used in the L2 classroom and digital materials for teaching and learning another language.
Presentation on FastFuel_an on demand fuel delivery company.pptxMd Arman
What is FastFuel?
FastFuel is a business that will deliver fuel on demand for cars or other vehicles to the places chosen by our customers. Customers will pass the command for the fuel through their mobile phones using our FastFuel app. So, it is an app based on demand fuel delivery company based in Dhaka.
What are our activities?
We will take the fuel to the doors of our customers. In and out of fuel will be calculated digitally. The device will be set in the tanks. Fuel records are traced by our technical engineers because every single piece of data will be uploaded to our server automatically after every activity.
What is our business?
The investors must invest a minimum of BDT 1,03,91,04,000. In our first year of the business, fifty crores (50%) Taka will be withdrawn and the rest in the second year. A total of 21 months are needed to reach the break-even point. FastFuel will make a profit of BDT 288488000 in the final quarter of the second year. From the third year, we will make BDT 900000000 per year because we will minimize the marketing cost to zero from the third year. All of our fixed cost was calculated in the first and second year which is already taken from the market.
In the first and second years, 609 people will work. From the third year, 909 people will work constantly for FastFuel both in the field and in the office. Six persons will play the leading position. Most of our human resources work on the ground. Some resources will work in our reservoirs around the clock and the necessary number of technical engineers will remain busy in the office tracking the vehicles and guiding the supervisors. They will trace the traffic situation in Dhaka and give suggestions to the supervisors so that they can avoid the traffic jam on the road to the delivery.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies
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ISSN: 2583-1380 Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | September 2022 Impact Factor: 4.736 (SJIF)
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Outside Class Learning: An Exploration
Md. Arman https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.2.9.2022.006
2
Methodology
A total of 40 students of MA in Applied Linguistics and ELT from the Department of English, University of
Dhaka volunteered for the study. The participants were from diverse cultural, political, financial, and
academic backgrounds where both male and female students were selected in the equal number, 20 males
and 20 females. They were offered the same questionnaires to be answered freely. Four open-ended
questions were given to find out the quantitative data and four close-ended questions were provided to
determine the qualitative data. Some strategies were taken for collecting the questionnaires. There were a set
of pre-prepared guiding questions, the researcher was totally neutral during the participants ‘answering the
questions, and the participants were given the absolute freedom to answer the number of questions and the
way to answer they wanted. The data found in the survey were analyzed both statistically and descriptively.
The responses of participants were calculated into percentages manually.
Research Questions
1. What are the challenges Bangladeshi students face in OCL?
2. What are the impacts of OCL on their academic studies?
Findings
The contributors were given the questions to be answered and the results were unexpected. It was unexpected
because, in this setting, there was no such former study on this particular field, especially, among the tertiary
group of students. In the Bangladeshi context, all groups of students of all ages remain busy studying outside
the class but no such research can be found on this broad, widely used situation. The close-ended
statements/questions given to the students were such:
It is more comfortable to study outside the class.
Pie Chart No. 1
In this narrative, the results shown in pie chart No. 1, 20% of 40 participants agreed strongly and said that it
is absolutely relaxing and comfortable to study outside of the class and they also acknowledged that they are
used to studying in this environment from junior school. 45% of them only agreed with this statement
whereas 30% of these adult participants were somehow confused and they more or less agreed but were not
sure whether it is comfortable or not but they hoped it anyway finds some comfortableness for them in the
OCL setting. On the other hand, 5% of the concerned participants totally disagreed with this statement and
brought some logical arguments to display why it cannot be comfortable for them. So 95% of total
participants showed positive or near positive interest in OCL.
The second question given to the volunteers: Do you think learning outside class is helpful?
Pie Chart No. 2
By this question, the researcher discovered that there are only two groups of people; “Agreed” and
“Confused” groups. 80% of the participants agreed and would like to say frankly that it helps them to prepare
3. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies
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ISSN: 2583-1380 Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | September 2022 Impact Factor: 4.736 (SJIF)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Outside Class Learning: An Exploration
Md. Arman https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.2.9.2022.006
3
their classroom lesson and it also helps them to profound their knowledge. Though a great number of
participants displayed positive responses, 20% of them were confused and could not definitely say whether it
would be helpful or not.
Then the third question: How many hours do you study outside the class?
The researcher divided the answers to this question into four groups:
Pie Chart No. 3
A. 1 to 3 study hours
B. 3 to 5 study hours
C. 5 to 8 study hours and
D. More than 8 study hours
The study found that 70% of the participants study only from 1 to 3 hours a day, 15% of them study for 3 to
5 hours, 5% study from 5 to 8 hours, and only 10% of the volunteer participants study more than 8 hours a
day.
The final close-ended question: Do you study in a group or with a partner?
Pie Chart No. 4
The close-ended responses were divided into four parts:
A.Often
B. Sometimes
C.Seldomand
D. Never
The participants for this questionnaire are those people who think studying outside class is more
comfortable, so the number of participants is only 38. 20 people of 38 participants are male and 18 are
female. 30% of the participants said that they “Often” study with a group or at least with a partner. 45% said
that they “Sometimes” study in a group or with a partner. 20% of participants mentioned that they “Seldom”
go with a group for study and 5% of them “Never” tried it with a group or a partner outside the class but they
think it will be absolutely fine.
From the open-ended questions, the researcher was looking for the opinion of participants on why it is
helpful for learners. With the spontaneous responses of volunteers, the researcher found, that sometimes,
their answers were the same. From the data, the researcher kept only once the repeated answer and showed it
in the study precisely. The participants answered the questions in various ways by their own thought and idea
based on their backgrounds knowledge and practice. They think the learners can learn in their own ways. The
learning style varies from person to person, so they like the way they want. Learners feel more relaxed when
they learn outside the classroom environment because of not being corrected by the teacher/ instructor.
4. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies
An International Multidisciplinary Online Journal
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ISSN: 2583-1380 Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | September 2022 Impact Factor: 4.736 (SJIF)
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Outside Class Learning: An Exploration
Md. Arman https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.2.9.2022.006
4
Timing is a crucial issue for learning. In a classroom learning environment, the learners are given a fixed
time which, sometimes, cannot be appropriate for a learner because the learning mode cannot be the same
always. So a learner can learn whenever he/she wants to do it in an OCL environment. No one will impose
the schedule of practicing and the duration. Since there is no one to interrupt them, they call it fluent
learning. They also mentioned that the class teacher uses some prescribed materials and those materials may
not always be helpful for pupils. So in the OCL environment, learners can choose any materials they want to
or like to use for their learning which can be useful for their self-improvement. In the classroom, the teacher
may not be able to take care of everyone or give time to each individual alike or if there is someone to be
taken care of especially, the teacher may not find it easy or cannot be cautious enough about that special
learner. So, sometimes, it can be a great catastrophe in classroom learning. So the participants emphasized
the OCL. If they try to learn outside the class, they can get help from friends, family members, or even
private mentors who can assist the learners spontaneously. Even some participants share their wish to take
care of their family while they are learning because they have responsibilities for the family. Some of them
might have children or even some other dependent people at home to be taken care of. So, they mentioned,
that learning outside the class is helpful for them because it is less stressful since they can help their family
members and learn together. So, this style of study is really flexible in timing, duration, materials, and
mentors. There is no psychological pressure among the learners and that is why this mode of learning can be
taken into consideration for pupils.
When the researcher was looking at the nature of OCL, the participants were spontaneous to share their
opinion. This study found this genre of study is mostly Group Work or Group Learning. According to them,
OCL is mostly for discussion-based learning, so group work will be at the top of the nature of this learning
mode. Library work is, too, one of the top practiced outside learning modes told by the volunteers which can
be done in both ways; group work and lonely work in a calm atmosphere. Generally, in Bangladesh, adult
learners go to libraries for studying alone in a tranquil environment. Then comes, learning with technology;
it can be “reading with a computer/ laptop connected to the internet or offline. All of the participants
mentioned that they have at least a laptop or iPad or android big screen mobile to continue their study.
Within this reading environment, they generally discuss with reading partners and share notes and materials.
The participants responded diversely when they encountered the question about the reasons for OCL. By this
open-ended question, their responses were categorized into four separate types. First, they confessed that
they practice this mode of study for the examination. To cut a good figure in the examination, they come out
of the home to study and stay in the reading room, library, or anywhere they find it useful for study a long
period. Some other people like to study or practice in an outside environment because they think it is a better
option to learn more than in the classroom. Those learners who like the outside class environment do not
mean that they do not like or they hate the prescribed class, they just preferred it in an open environment.
Some participants also mentioned that they even do not know why they go outside of class to study but they
still keep practicing this.
The fourth and final open-ended question was about the challenges of OCL and the participants answered
spontaneously and unbiasedly. They mentioned that this is an informal learning environment and there is no
structural and organized way of learning and that is why the learning is not much effective as people expect.
Its time duration is longer but the output is less than that of classroom learning. It is so because the
participants of OCL are volunteers and everyone is autonomous. There were no hard and fast rules and they
are not bound to keep going in the same way as the rest of the group. So learning efficiency and learning
results decrease. In this environment, learners generally do not find motivation because of the lack of
guidance by mentors or instructors, more interruption by learning mates or, even, by outsiders or an
unfriendly learning environment this type of unstructured learning environment does not have any clear and
fixed objectives to be acquired in the meantime and they just roam around the text. So the ambiguous
objectives of learners just waste the time and, sometimes, the result is zero. One of the participants said,
“Since it is a self-motivated learning process, sometimes I cannot continue it because there are many other
things to divert my concentration”. So the participants of this study emphasized on
A) the concentration on learning
B) the individuality and
5. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies
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ISSN: 2583-1380 Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | September 2022 Impact Factor: 4.736 (SJIF)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Outside Class Learning: An Exploration
Md. Arman https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.2.9.2022.006
5
C) the atmosphere and learning environment
According to the points of view of participants, LOC has both positive and neutral results. It is positive for
them who really can harvest the fruits from it.
Discussion
A significant portion of the participants disagreed on the comfortableness of OCL. A large number of
participants are also confused about what to do which means they do not know whether they should agree or
disagree with this statement. This type of confusion can be happened because of many reasons. The socio-
structural and socio-environmental differences can be counted as one of the most vital reasons. Students
from different groups of societies, sometimes, cannot cope with campus culture. Of course, there are fast
learners who are eager to learn new things and accept different views and ideas, but some people cannot
accept the new environment or culture and it is absolutely normal. Students who come from rural areas, for
example, sometimes take time to learn campus traditions if the campus is in an urban area or, sometimes,
cannot adjust at all. The learners who cannot adopt the new environment will not feel comfortable learning
outside of the classes and they will find it time-wasting, fruitless gathering of some anomalous or,
sometimes, maverick people. This situation, even, can be juxtaposed. The less adaptive participant can
wander about how her/ his group mates approach and how they talk. For this wandering behavior, most of
his/ her time can be wasted without learning or achieving the goal. Two learners from two sides of a country
may not have the same culture, same way of behavior, or even the level of education may vary. So it is very
usual the partakers feel differently.
Financially every student will not come from the same class of family. Some can come from very affluent
families or even the parents can be millionaires, some will come from a very poor background and, of
course, some learners will be somewhere in the middle of these two groups. Even if someone is homeless, it
is absolutely not something to be surprised by. For this reason, everyone can not have the same access to
materials. So, of the differences in access to material, some learners can use the most common, most
available materials. Others can have a personal library and a lot of collection of books and learning materials.
The second group with a lot of access to materials, of course, can use the most available and useful learning
equipment like the first group and, at the same time, they are also able to use the different ones, for example,
books, articles, audio-visual equipment, electronic devices, etc. So, the range of learning or acquiring
knowledge of a learner group cannot be the same. And they will feel differently. Additionally, of the
difference in financial background, and learning environment, the study duration can vary from learner to
learner and that is why the question about the comfortableness of OCL has different answers and sometimes
the opposite.
Political turbulence is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh that affects the learning environment. In
Bangladeshi culture student politics on the campus is a widely practiced activity and for this every now and
then there are demonstrations, slogans using loudspeakers, reunions, and meetings of political student
groups, sometimes clashes among them, unrest, and tensions on the campus. These types of activities hinder
academic maneuver. In this unfriendly situation, the learners cannot sit for OCL, even sometimes, they do
not want to go to the campus. Even if, the learners go to the campus and try to find a place to practice
learning activities outside the class, it is difficult for them to concentrate.
Family plays a vital role in the life of students in Bangladesh and controlling the decision-making process is
one of them, for example. The learner may want to practice learning with friends in or out of home but the
guardians may not allow them to out with a group or fellow students for this informal learning environment
because of uncertainty and fear on the one hand. On the other hand, some members of the family may not
allow the whole group in the home because of the noise or overcrowding. By any means, it is clear that,
somehow, the learner is bound to stay alone at home regardless she/he likes or not the OCL system. This
type of incidence mostly happens with female learners with some exceptional cases. So, family is one of the
key reasons why participants disagreed with the statement about the comfortableness of OCL.
For outside classroom learning in the Bangladeshi context, the weather should be taken into consideration.
Generally, the transportation means are not so developed, which means the public transportation is so poor,
and affording a car or motorcycle is a daydream for many citizens. So in the rainy season, meeting with
group mates or finding a suitable place is much more difficult because while it rains, sometimes, it rains for
6. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies
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ISSN: 2583-1380 Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | September 2022 Impact Factor: 4.736 (SJIF)
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Outside Class Learning: An Exploration
Md. Arman https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.2.9.2022.006
6
the whole day and night. So, people generally pass the time idly or learn along. In summer it is too hot
outside for learners to learn in the open sky or in such a place. There are scarcities of public libraries where
the learners can get together, and pass quality learning time in a student-friendly environment. So, in
summer, like the rainy season, it is difficult for pupils to arrange the study session with a group. But it is not
that difficult for them, rather it is a good opportunity to get more time to pass alone without any interruption.
A significant number of participants were confused about whether OCL is helpful or not and the researcher
found that most of the confused partakers are from either the “Disagree” group or the “More or less agree”
group of the previous question about the comfortableness of OCL. So, clearly, it can be mentioned that those
learners who think OCL is not comfortable for them, somehow, they are confused about the helpfulness of
OCL on the one hand. On the other hand, they never tried it before and even if someone tried to practice it,
they never thought of it whether it is helpful or not. So, negative responses about comfortableness and
helpfulness both came from the same group of people who either faced any obstacle or have a negative
review on OCL or did not try it at all.
Next, it is clear that the participants who can spend more than 8 hours a day for study, alone or with a group,
have more exposure to materials, a student-friendly environment and they are more affluent. They can easily
use either a private library or they are privileged offered by family members. On the other side, the
participants who confessed to spending from one to three hours announced that they remain occupied with
other activities rather than studying. Sometimes, a less affluent group of participants has to do some jobs to
support themselves and even their family members, for example. Sometimes, they lose motivation to
continue learning and that is the reason they do not like to pass more time learning outside the class.
The pupils who think OCL is helpful and comfortable but never practiced with a group or seldom tried it
with a partner think that serious study can be interrupted for the group members or for the reading partner.
So, they like to do it alone in a calm atmosphere and they call it a “fluent learning system”. On the other
hand, the pupils who often or sometimes practice with a group or at least with one learning partner think that
the broad scale learning should be acquired through a discussion with others so that they can share each
other’s point of view, knowledge, and learning experience which, they think, can broaden everyone’s
knowledge and they believe it is a win-win situation. Group learning, they think, can help them prepare for
the examination and learn very well.
Conclusion
This study on “Outside Class Learning: An Exploration” was conducted in February 2015. By analyzing
data, it can be concluded that in the context of the University of Dhaka, Bangladesh, researches on this
particular area need to be conducted in a wide range. This study was taken place among a small group of
students who are from only one academic session and only one particular department and all of them are of
the same age. The researcher noticed that though they practice this process of learning, sometimes, a
mentionable portion of the participants are confused about the pros and cons of OCL. They are confused
because they are not well aware of this learning process. They are not aware because they are not informed
about it and it can clearly be said that they are not informed because there is no research enough. If there
were sufficient studies on the vital area, the students might have not been so confused and at the same time,
they could have taken the decision quickly about what to do. By expressing learning satisfaction, the
participants of this study prepared to take part in learning outside the class in a more open, calm, relaxed, and
learner-friendly atmosphere. Education is not something to be kept in a box, even though the box is of
classroom shape. The Education and Skill Select Committee in 2005 found that OCL can benefit learners of
all ages and can be successful in a variety of settings. It allows learners to become risk aware but not risk
averse to learning, to undertake meaningful exercise as a means of staying healthy and learning more about
the topic, to have fun and enjoyment and achieve negotiated goals, to have the opportunity to work with
others and share their knowledge and contribute as active learners in a vast array of activities, to develop
their skill and self-confidence that can be applied later in their formal learning.
7. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies
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ISSN: 2583-1380 Vol. 2 | Issue 9 | September 2022 Impact Factor: 4.736 (SJIF)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Outside Class Learning: An Exploration
Md. Arman https://doi.org/10.55454/rcsas.2.9.2022.006
7
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3. Benson, P., and Voller, P. (Eds.) (1997), Autonomy and independence in Language Learning. London: Longman.
4. Benson, P. (2001), Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Harlow: Longman.
5. Little, D. (1991), Learner Autonomy.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259874253_Learner_Autonomy_1_Definitions_Issues_and_Problems.
6. Council of Europe, 2001,p. 106. https://rm.coe.int/16802fc1bf.
7. Manifesto for Education: Outside the Classroom, USA (2006). https://www.lotc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/G1.-LOtC-
Manifesto.pdf
8. Terenzini, P. & Reason, R(2005), Parsing The First Year of College: A conceptual framework of rethinking college Impacts,
Philadelphia, PA.
About Author
Md. Arman has been working in United Nations Peacekeeping Mission and was
deployed in the Central African Republic. He has completed his BA in English and MA
in Applied Linguistics and ELT from the Department of English, the University of
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Address: 5/5, Bakshibazar, Dhaka-1211, Bangladesh, Cell + Whatsapp:
+8801305393150, Email: rubelbdbhat@gmail.com