This document provides an overview of renewable energy technologies and drivers for renewable energy investment. It discusses solar photovoltaics, solar hot water, biomass, wind, and other renewable options. The key drivers for renewable energy are described as economic stability, environmental sustainability, and energy security. The document then summarizes various renewable energy policies and incentives across U.S. states.

1. An Introduction to
Renewables

2. Presentation Outline
• Renewable Energy Drivers
• Resource/Policy Map Overview
• Renewable Energy Technologies
– Solar (PV, Domestic Hot Water, Concentrating)
– Biomass
– Wind
• OUC’s Approach
2

3. Drivers for Renewable Energy
Investment
The Three E’s
– Economic Stability
• Reduced price volatility
• Opportunities for export in global market
• Green job creation
– Environmental Sustainability
• Carbon reduction needs
• Impacts of fossil combustion on human health
• NIMBY issues of nuclear
– Energy Security
• Large % of fossil fuel supply located outside of Florida
• Fossil fuel supply disruptions
• Political risks
• Fuel diversity provides a hedge against risk
3

4. Renewable Energy Resource and
Policy Maps

5. U.S. Biomass Resource
5

6. U.S. Wind Resource (50m)
6

7. U.S. Concentrating Solar Resource
7

8. U.S. Photovoltaic Solar Resource
8

9. All Resources
9

10. Renewable Portfolio Standards
WA: 15% by 2020* VT: (1) RE meets any increase ME: 30% by 2000
New RE: 10% by 2017
MN: 25% by 2025 in retail sales by 2012;
MT: 15% by 2015 (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017 ☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)
ND: 10% by 2015 MI: 10% + 1,100 MW ☼ MA: 15% by 2020
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities) by 2015* + 1% annual increase
(Class I Renewables)
SD: 10% by 2015 WI: Varies by utility; ☼ NY: 24% by 2013
10% by 2015 goal RI: 16% by 2020
☼ NV: 20% by 2015* CT: 23% by 2020
IA: 105 MW
UT: 20% by 2025*
☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
IL: 25% by 2025 VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) ☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
CA: 20% by 2010 10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
☼ MO: 15% by 2021 ☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025 ☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis) ☼ DC: 20% by 2020
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
HI: 20% by 2020 28 states & DC
have an RPS
5 states have goals
State renewable portfolio standard
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible *
†
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes separate tier of non-renewable alternative resources
10
www.dsireusa.org / May 2009

11. Public Benefits Funds for Renewables
www.dsireusa.org / May 2009 (estimated funding)
ME: 2009 funding TBD
MT: $750,000 in 2009 MN: $19.5M in 2009 $580,300 from 2002-2009
$14M from 1999-2017* $327M from 1999-2017*
VT: $5.2M in FY2009
MI: $6.7M in FY2009 $33M from 2004-2011
OR: $13.8M in 2009 $27M from 2001-2017*
MA: $25M in FY2009
$191M from 2001-2017**
$524M from 1998-2017*
WI: $7.9M in 2009
$90M from 2001-2017* RI: $2.2M in 2009
$38M from 1997-2017*
CT: $28M in FY2009
$444M from 2000-2017*
OH: $3.2M in 2009
CA: $363.7M in 2009 IL: $3.3M in FY2009 $63M from 2001-2010
$97M from 1998-2015 NJ: $78.3M in FY2009
$4,566M from 1998-2016
$647M from 2001-2012
DC
NY: $15.7M in FY2009
DC: $2M in FY2009 $114M from 1999-2011
$8.8M from 2004-2012
PA: $950,000 in 2009
$63M from 1999-2010
DE: $3.4M in 2009
$48M from 1999-2017*
16 states +
State PBF DC have public benefits
have public benefits
funds ($7.3 billion by
funds ($7.3 billion by
State PBF supported by voluntary contributions
2017)
2017)
* Fund does not have a specified expiration date ME has a voluntary PBF
ME has a voluntary PBF
** The Oregon Energy Trust is scheduled to expire in 2025 11

12. Property Tax Incentives for
Renewables
www.dsireusa.org / February 2010
DC
Puerto Rico
32 States +
PR
State exemption or special assessment only
offer property
Local governments authorized to offer exemption (no state exemption or assessment) tax incentives
State exemption or special assessment + local government option for renewables
12

13. Renewable Energy Technology
Options
Technology Availability Cost Current
per Viability in
KWH Florida
Landfill Gas Recovery Baseload $0.04 High
Solar Hot Water Peak/Shoulder $0.10 High
Waste to Energy Baseload $0.11 High
Direct Fired Biomass Baseload $0.14 High to Medium
Co-Fired Biomass Baseload $0.09 High to Medium
Solar Photovoltaics (Rooftop) Peak/Shoulder $0.25 Medium
Biomass Gasification Baseload $0.12 Medium
Solar Photovoltaics (Commercial Peak/Shoulder $0.20 Medium
Scale)
Solar Thermal Electric Peak/Shoulder $0.18 Medium to Low
Wind (Offshore) Varies $0.22 Low
Wind (Inland) Varies $0.28 Low 13

14. Current Renewable Energy
Resources in Florida
• Solar hot water
• Solar photovoltaics
• Solar thermal electric
• Landfill gas
• MSW
• Dry Biomass
• Wet Biomass
14

15. Renewable Energy Technologies

16. Solar

17. Photovoltaics (PV)
• Benefits:
– No fuel costs
– Carbon free
– Can be distributed near the user
– High cost reduction potential
– Creates local jobs
• Challenges:
– Not dispatchable
– Intermittent resource
– PV is still expensive compared
with conventional fuels
– Minimal impact to winter peak
17

18. Photovoltaics Versus Solar Hot
Water
Two Different Solar Technologies
• PV uses photochemical • Solar Thermal relies on
reactions to create an electric thermodynamic heat transfer to
current warm fluids
• Primary component is silicon or • Primary components are glass
other semiconductor and copper tubing
• Cost per KWH is around $0.21 • Cost per KWH is around $0.10
• Average system cost is around • Average system cost is around
$8,000/KW $4,000
• Can power electric loads • Can’t directly power electric
• Can work in any climate loads
• Must use batteries to store • Works best in warmer climates
electricity for evening use • Stores hot water in thermally
insulated tank for evening use
18

19. How Does PV Generate Electricity?
The built-in electric field
pushes the electron across
and it is collected by the
grid on the surface
Photons pass through
surface and are
absorbed within the
cell
The absorbed
photon gives its
energy to an
electron, which Individual PV Cell
breaks free 19

20. PV Daily Energy Production: Rule of
Thumb
• 1-kW PV array
produces 5 kWh/day
DC
• 1-kW grid-tied system
produces 4 kWh/day
AC
• 1-kW system produces
approximately 1400
kWh annually
20

21. Module Types
Polycrystalline
Single Crystal
Thin-Film 21

22. Using PV in Our Community
22

23. Solar Domestic Hot Water
• Benefits:
– No fuel costs
– Carbon free
– Can be distributed near the user
– Low cost
– Creates local jobs
– Can be used to pre-heat for
industrial applications
– Can easily heat water over 160° F
• Challenges:
– Intermittent resource
– Storage tank required
– Must have a hot water load
23

24. Passive Solar Hot Water
• No moving parts
• Uses gravity and pressure
to move water
• Collector is storage tank
• Usually least cost option
24

25. Active Solar Hot Water
• Active pump circulates water
• Can be PV powered
• Slimmer profile than passive
system
• Can be open or closed loop
• Can use water or glycol for heat
transfer
• Tend to be more expensive than
passive system
25

26. Commercial Hot Water
26

27. Residential Hot Water
27

28. Solar Concentrating Systems
• Concentrate solar energy through
use of mirrors or lenses.
• Concentration factor (“number of
suns”) may be greater than 10,000.
• Systems may be small
– (e.g. solar cooker)
• Or really large
– Utility scale electricity generation
– Furnace temperatures up to 3800oC
(6800oF)
28

29. Primary Types of Solar Thermal
Electric
• Parabolic Trough
• Compact Linear Fresnel
Reflector
• Solar Furnace
• Parabolic Dish & Engine
• Solar Central Receiver (Solar
Power Tower)
• Lens Concentrators
• Concentrating PV
29

30. FRESNEL REFLECTOR
LENS CONCENTRATORS
PARABOLIC TROUGH
PARABOLIC DISH
CENTRAL RECEIVER
30
SOLAR FURNACE

31. Parabolic Troughs - Operation
• Most proven solar thermal
technology
• Parabolic mirror reflects solar
energy onto a receiver
• Heat transfer fluid such as oil or
water is circulated through pipe
loop. (250°F to 550°F)
• Collectors track sun from east to
west during day.
• Thermal energy transferred from
pipe loop to process.
• Basis for FPL and Harmony
Projects
31

32. Thermal Storage
• Uses high heat capacity fluids as heat transfer
storage mediums (ex. Molten salts)
• 12 to 17 hours of storage will allow plants to have up
to 60% to 70% capacity factors.
32

33. Biomass Energy Resources

34. Range of Biomass Energy
Options
Products
Biomass Conversion • Fuels
Feedstock Processes • Ethanol
• Biodiesel
• Power
• Electricity
• Heat
• Chemicals
• Plastics
• Solvents
•Trees •Enzymatic Fermentation • Chemical Intermediates
•Grasses •Gas/liquid Fermentation • Adhesives
•Agricultural Crops •Acid Hydrolysis Fermentation
• Fatty Acids
•Residues •Gasification
•Animal Wastes •Combustion • Acetic Acid
•Municipal Solid Waste •Co‐firing • Paints
•Algae •Transesterification • Dyes, Pigments, and Ink
•Food Oils • Detergents
• Food and Feed
34

35. Biomass Energy “Value Chain”
• Production
• Harvesting, collection
• Handling
• Transport
• Storage
• Pre-treatment (e.g.,
milling)
• Feeding
• Conversion
35

36. Benefits of Biomass Combustion
• Can be a least cost option
• Can be co-fired to allow for
fuel switching
• Can be used 24 hours/day
• Carbon neutral or negative
fuel (depending on
feedstock)
• Feedstock can be burned
as solid or gas using
conventional technologies
36

37. Challenges of Biomass Combustion
• Lower BTU content than coal
• Lower density/higher moisture
content
• Competing uses
• Short-term vendor contracts
• Handling challenges
• Supply costs can vary greatly
depending on feedstock source
Specialized handling and firing
equipment
• Modifications to air quality control
systems
• Multiple suppliers to deal with
• Fugitive dust and odor issues
• Fuel flexibility and fluctuating
supplies
37

38. Waste to Energy
• Solves two problems at once by
reducing waste stream and
creating electricity
• Common Methods of
Conversion
– Direct Combustion
– Gasification
– Anaerobic Digestion
• Requires pre-processing
• Feedstock handling can be
challenging
• Heterogeneous feedstock mean
inconsistent fuel quality
38

39. Landfill Gas Capture
• Benefits:
– Can be co-fired
– Can be used 24 hours/day
– Extremely low cost
– Carbon reduction benefits
• Challenges:
– Slightly lower BTU value than
natural gas
– May need to be cleaned
– Location specific
39

40. Wind Power

41. Wind Power
• Benefits:
– No fuel costs
– Carbon free
– Can be low cost where
resources are available
– Can allow for multiple uses of
land
• Challenges:
– Not dispatchable
– Intermittent resource
– Very location specific
– Minimum wind speeds required
for operation
41

42. Classes of Wind Power Density at
Heights of 10 m and 50 m
10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft)
Wind Power
Wind Power Wind Power
Class*
Density Density
(W/m2) Speed m/s (mph) (W/m2) Speed m/s (mph)
1 100 4.4 (9.8) 200 5.6 (12.5)
2 150 5.1 (11.5) 300 6.4 (14.3)
3 200 5.6 (12.5) 400 7.0 (15.7)
4 250 6.0 (13.4) 500 7.5 (16.8)
5 300 6.4 (14.3) 600 8.0 (17.9)
6 400 7.0 (15.7) 800 8.8 (19.7)
7 1,000 9.4 (21.1) 2,000 11.9 (26.6)
42

43. Wind Turbine Components
43

44. OUC’s Approach
44

45. OUC’s Renewable Energy Business
Objectives
• Balance sustainability with affordability
and reliability
• Provide a hedging strategy against
potential regulatory requirements
through the acquisition of renewable
energy credits (RECs) and Carbon
Offsets
• Leverage state and federal incentives
offered to encourage the development
of customer-sited assets
• Offer an option to customer requests for
environmentally-friendly energy
investments
• Pursue least-cost planning for future
energy investments
• 7% Internal Renewable Goal
45

46. Key Integration Challenges
• High Utility Reserve Margin
– OUC currently maintains 130% required energy capacity
– No need for power until 2020 due to slower growth rates and
customer conservation
– Heavy base load generation (coal)
– Low avoided energy rates (fuel only)
• Lack of Government Regulation
– No state or federal RPS
– No carbon legislation
• Higher Cost of Renewable Generation
– Biomass and solar currently cost more than primary generation
sources making it more challenging to integrate without regulation
46

47. Biomass Energy Projects
• Landfill Methane Recovery Projects
– Orange County Landfill displaces 3% of
fuel required for either of Stanton’s coal
units ~ expanding to 22 MW
– St. Cloud Landfill 1 MW project being
planned
– Holopaw Landfill Project recently
approved (~ 15 MW)
• Harmony Hybrid Solar/Biomass
Power Plant
– 5 MW Plant will be located in Harmony’s
Florida Sustainable Energy Research
Park
– Uses biomass gasifiers and
concentrating solar to generate electricity
– Includes educational partnership with
FSU
• MSW Gasification with City of Orlando
– Net Metered System
– Turns trash to Syngas in a closed loop
system
– No dioxins produced
– Will provide co-generation to City water
treatment facility 47
– 1 to 2 MW in scale

48. OUC’s Existing Solar Projects
• Solar Production Incentive
– Provides incentives for producing energy from
solar hot water and PV
– $.03 to $.05/KWH Currently re-evaluating
incentive levels
• Solar Billed Solution
– Provides no/low interest loans through the
Orlando Federal Credit Union (OFCU)
– OUC buys down interest
– Preparing to re-bid
• Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station at OUC
– 2.8 KW
– Provides 80% solar fraction for charging
• Solar on Utility Poles
– Partnership with PetraSolar
– Uses micro-inverters
– 10 systems installed
• Jetport/Stanton Solar PPA
– 9.31 MW DC
– 22% Capacity Factor
– In negotiations with vendor 48

49. New Solar Business Models
• Community Solar Farm • Commercial Solar Aggregation
– 500 KW to 1 MW depending on Pilot
customer participation – OUC holds PPA with vendor
– OUC holds PPA with vendor and acts as billing agent
and acts as billing agent – No upfront cost to participate
– No upfront cost to participate – Fixed monthly rate for 20+
– Fixed monthly rate for 20+ years
years – Customer retains demand
– Virtual net metering savings and any net metering
– Allows for multi-family – Sited on the customer’s rooftop
participants – Price reductions from project
– Removes siting barriers aggregation
– OUC owns Environmental – OUC owns Environmental
Attributes Attributes
49

50. New Biomass Opportunities
• Biomass Co-Firing
– Possibly up to 10% of boiler
capacity (90 MW)
– Ship biomass feedstock via
rail cars from longer
distances
– Consider torrefaction to
improve BTU content and
moisture content
50

51. New Biomass Opportunities
• Algae Biomass Project
– Opportunities to use algae to
treat wastewater
– Fed CO2 from post-
scrubbed flue gas
– Algae is “cracked” to obtain
biofuels and biomass
feedstock for co-firing.
51

52. Summer Peak Day
1600
STN A 06/22/2009
STN #2 06/22/2009
1400
STN #1 06/22/2009
MP #3 06/22/2009
1200 IR CTD 06/22/2009
IR CTC 06/22/2009
IR CTA 06/22/2009 Natural Gas
1000
800
600
Coal and Landfill Gas
400
200
0
H 9
7
8
5
6
3
4
1
2
10
11
12
13
14
24
15
16
17
22
23
18
19
20
21
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
52
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

53. Summer Peak Day with Renewables
1600
Photovoltaics
STN A 06/22/2009
PV Contribution
1400 STN #2 06/22/2009
STN #1 06/22/2009
MP #3 06/22/2009
1200 IR CTD 06/22/2009
IR CTC 06/22/2009
IR CTA 06/22/2009 Biogas
1000 Opportunities
800
600
Biomass Co-Firing
Opportunities
400
200
0
22
20
21
23
24
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
17
18
19
15
16
14
12
13
10
11
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
53
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

54. Winter Peak Day
1600
STN A 01/11/2010
STN #2 01/11/2010
STN #1 01/11/2010
1400 MP #3 01/11/2010
IR CTB 01/11/2010
IR CTA 01/11/2010
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
11
12
13
14
19
20
21
22
7
8
1
2
3
4
9
10
15
16
17
18
23
24
5
6
54
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

55. Winter Peak Day with Renewables
1600
Photovoltaics
STN A 01/11/2010
PV Contribution STN #2 01/11/2010
1400 STN #1 01/11/2010
MP #3 01/11/2010
IR CTB 01/11/2010
1200 IR CTA 01/11/2010
1000 Biogas
Opportunities
800
600 Biomass Co-Firing
Opportunities
400
200
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
55
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H