Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and fragility, primarily influenced by genetics, hormonal changes, aging, body weight, physical inactivity, smoking, and certain medications. The incidence of osteoporosis is significant in India and Russia, with estimates showing a higher prevalence among women, attributed to aging populations and lifestyle factors. Prevention strategies include maintaining a healthy diet, regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, managing chronic conditions, and considering medications for at-risk individuals.

1. OSTEOPOROSIS
NAME : Gurunathan sureshkumar
GROUP:1622

2. Definition
• Osteoporosis: progressive systemic skeletal
disease characterized by low bone mass and
microarchitectural deterioration of bone
tissue , leading to enhanced bone fragility and
a consequent increase in feature risk
• Means porous bones causes bones to become
weak and brittle – so brittle that even stresses
like bending over, lifting a vaccum cleaner or
coughing can cause a fractured
• In most cases bones weaken when low levels
of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals in
the bones and result as low bone density

3. ETIOLOGY
Genetics: Some individuals may have a genetic predisposition to osteoporosis,
which can influence their bone density and susceptibility to the disease.
Hormones: Hormonal changes, particularly a decrease in estrogen levels in
women after menopause, can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.
Testosterone levels also play a role in bone health, and low levels of this
hormone can lead to osteoporosis in both men and women.
Age: The risk of osteoporosis increases with age. As people get older, their
bones naturally become less dense, making them more susceptible to
osteoporosis.
• Body weight: Individuals with a low body weight or a history of significant
weight loss may have a higher risk of osteoporosis due to the lower amount
of bone mass they possess.

4. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to the
development of osteoporosis by reducing the amount of
weight-bearing exercise that helps maintain bone density.
Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of
osteoporosis, as it can interfere with the body’s ability to
absorb calcium and other essential nutrients for bone health.
• Certain medications: Some medications, such as
corticosteroids and certain anticonvulsants, can increase the
risk of osteoporosis by affecting bone metabolism.

5. RISK FACTORS

6. INCIDENCE OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN
INDIA AND RUSSIA
The incidence of osteoporosis varies in different regions of India, and several
factors such as age, gender, lifestyle, and genetics play a role in its prevalence.
• According to the Indian Society of Bone and Mineral Research, osteoporosis
affects an estimated 9.4 million people in India, with the majority being women.
• According to a study published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, the
prevalence of osteoporosis in Russia is estimated to be around 14.6% in women
and 6.3% in men.
• The prevalence of osteoporosis in Indian women is estimated to be around
15%, with the prevalence in men being significantly lower, at around 6%.
• Several factors contribute to the high incidence of osteoporosis in India,
including a growing elderly population, limited awareness and education about
bone health, limited access to bone densitometry testing and treatment
options, and a diet that is often low in calcium and vitamin D.

7. PREVALENCE OF OSTEOPOROSIS IN
INDIA AND RUSSIA
• In the mid-2000s, 33.8% of women and 26.9% of men in
Russia over the age of 50 have osteoporosis

8. PROPHYLAXIS
Maintain a healthy diet: Consuming a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and
other essential nutrients for bone health can help maintain strong bones.
Foods rich in calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified plant-
based milk. Vitamin D can be obtained through sun exposure, fatty fish, and
fortified foods.
Exercise regularly: Weight-bearing exercises, such as walking, running, or
weightlifting, can help maintain bone density and strength. Additionally,
exercises that promote balance and coordination, such as tai chi or yoga, can
reduce the risk of falls and fractures.
• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: Smoking and
excessive alcohol consumption can interfere with bone metabolism and
increase the risk of osteoporosis. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol
intake can help reduce the risk of developing the disease.

9. Manage chronic medical conditions: Certain chronic medical conditions, such
as rheumatoid arthritis, can increase the risk of osteoporosis. Managing these
conditions through medications, lifestyle modifications, and other interventions
can help reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis.
Maintain a healthy weight: Maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce the
risk of osteoporosis by reducing the amount of weight-bearing stress on the
bones.
Get regular screenings: Regular bone density testing can help identify
individuals at risk of osteoporosis and allow for early intervention and treatment.
• Consider medications: In some cases, medications such as bisphosphonates,
selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), or hormone replacement
therapy (HRT) may be recommended to prevent or slow down the progression
of osteoporosis.
REFRENCE : https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s43465-023-01012-
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%20contribute%20to%20osteoporosis.