Osm
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The document discusses two types of compact discs: CD write-once (CD-WO) discs and compact disc magneto-optical (CD-MO) discs. CD-WO discs can only be written to once using irreversible changes to an absorption layer. They support multiple sessions of data. CD-MO discs allow writing, rewriting, and erasing of data using magneto-optical techniques that polarize magnetic elements. They have higher storage capacity than CD-WO discs but are incompatible with standard CD players. Both disc types are based on CD-DA technology but have different specifications.
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Graphics card resonances
This document discusses how to increase the natural frequency of a graphics card assembly to reduce vibration. It shows that doubling the weight by adding a stiff heatsink that also provides cooling doubled the natural frequency. The goals are to increase stiffness and decrease mass to raise the ratio of stiffness to mass. A base graphics card had a frequency of 16hz, adding a retention bracket raised it to 18hz, and incorporating an aluminum heatsink and fans increased the frequency to 32hz while doubling the weight.
Cd &-dvd-by-aaron-rinaca-mike-ferris-mike-burker-steve-mathieu-2001-spr
CD and DVD technology was summarized in 3 sentences:
CDs were introduced in the 1980s and could store up to 700MB of data, while DVDs introduced in 1996 have much higher storage capacity of 4.7-17GB due to using a shorter wavelength laser and smaller pit sizes which allowed for multiple layers. DVDs surpassed VHS and will become the leading video format while CDs will still be used for audio but higher end applications will move to DVD's larger storage capabilities.
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This document discusses the working principles of CD-ROMs. It begins by explaining that CD-ROMs use optical principles to store and read data from circular, spinning media, unlike hard disks which use magnetic principles. It then lists the merits of CD-ROMs such as durability, large storage capacity, and resistance to electromagnetic fields. Potential demertis include slower access times than hard disks and the inability of normal CD-ROMs to write data. The document proceeds to describe the technical details of how data is encoded in pits and lands on the polycarbonate disc and how a laser reads this data. It explains the constant linear velocity method used to keep data transfer rates uniform across the disc's surface.
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39340191-Optical-Storage.ppt
Optical storage refers to a class of data storage systems that use light to read or write data to an underlying optical media. Although a number of optical formats have been used over time, the most common examples are optical disks like the compact disc (CD) and DVD. Reading and writing methods have also varied over time, but most modern systems as of 2023 use lasers as the light source and use it both for reading and writing to the discs.[1] Britannica notes that it "uses low-power laser beams to record and retrieve digital (binary) data."[2][3]
Writable optical data carriers
Overview
edit
Optical storage is the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning optical disc. An older example of optical storage that does not require the use of computers, is microform. There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. An optical disc drive is a device in a computer that can read CD-ROMs or other optical discs, such as DVDs and Blu-ray discs. Optical storage differs from other data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism, such as floppy disks and hard disks, or semiconductors, such as flash memory.
Optical storage in the form of discs grants the ability to record onto a compact disc in real time. Compact discs held many advantages over audio tape players, such as higher sound quality and the ability to play back digital sound.[4] Optical storage also gained importance for its green qualities and its efficiency with high energies.[5]
Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD-ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox. Single CDs (compact discs) can hold around 700 MB (megabytes) and optical jukeboxes can hold much more. Single-layer DVDs can hold 4.7 GB, while dual-layered can hold 8.5 GB. This can be doubled to 9.4 GB and 17 GB by making the DVDs double-sided, with readable surfaces on both sides of the disc. HD DVDs were able to store 15 GB with a single-layer and 30 GB with a dual-layer. Blu-ray discs, which won the HDTV optical format war by defeating HD DVDs, can hold 25 GB for single-layer, 50 GB for dual-layer and up to 128 GB for quad-layer discs. Optical storage includes CDs and DVDs.
1.optical storage read and write.pdf
This document discusses optical storage devices such as CDs and DVDs. It covers the history and development of these technologies from early analog laserdiscs to modern writable optical disks. The key types of optical disks are described as read-only, write-once, and rewritable. Details are provided on technologies such as ablative recording and phase-change media that enable write-once and rewritable functionality.
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This document summarizes a lecture on file systems and performance. It discusses the read/write process for magnetic disks involving seek time, rotational latency, and transfer time. Typical numbers for these parameters in magnetic disks are provided. Flash/SSD memory is also discussed as an alternative storage technology with advantages like low latency, no moving parts, and high throughput but also drawbacks like limited endurance. The document introduces concepts from queueing theory that can help analyze the performance of I/O systems, like modeling request arrival and service times as probabilistic distributions. Key metrics like response time and throughput are discussed for evaluating I/O performance.
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Cd &-dvd-by-aaron-rinaca-mike-ferris-mike-burker-steve-mathieu-2001-spr
CD and DVD technology was summarized in 3 sentences:
CDs were introduced in the 1980s and could store up to 700MB of data, while DVDs introduced in 1996 have much higher storage capacity of 4.7-17GB due to using a shorter wavelength laser and smaller pit sizes which allowed for multiple layers. DVDs surpassed VHS and will become the leading video format while CDs will still be used for audio but higher end applications will move to DVD's larger storage capabilities.
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This document discusses the working principles of CD-ROMs. It begins by explaining that CD-ROMs use optical principles to store and read data from circular, spinning media, unlike hard disks which use magnetic principles. It then lists the merits of CD-ROMs such as durability, large storage capacity, and resistance to electromagnetic fields. Potential demertis include slower access times than hard disks and the inability of normal CD-ROMs to write data. The document proceeds to describe the technical details of how data is encoded in pits and lands on the polycarbonate disc and how a laser reads this data. It explains the constant linear velocity method used to keep data transfer rates uniform across the disc's surface.
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This document provides an overview of optical storage media technologies including CD, CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, and HD-DVD. It describes the key characteristics of each format such as storage capacity, data encoding, error correction techniques, and compatibility. The core technologies that enable higher storage densities are reduced pit/land sizes, increased track densities, more efficient coding and error correction, and additional data layers. HD-DVD builds on DVD to provide high definition video storage on discs with the same physical dimensions as DVD.
39340191-Optical-Storage.ppt
Optical storage refers to a class of data storage systems that use light to read or write data to an underlying optical media. Although a number of optical formats have been used over time, the most common examples are optical disks like the compact disc (CD) and DVD. Reading and writing methods have also varied over time, but most modern systems as of 2023 use lasers as the light source and use it both for reading and writing to the discs.[1] Britannica notes that it "uses low-power laser beams to record and retrieve digital (binary) data."[2][3]
Writable optical data carriers
Overview
edit
Optical storage is the storage of data on an optically readable medium. Data is recorded by making marks in a pattern that can be read back with the aid of light, usually a beam of laser light precisely focused on a spinning optical disc. An older example of optical storage that does not require the use of computers, is microform. There are other means of optically storing data and new methods are in development. An optical disc drive is a device in a computer that can read CD-ROMs or other optical discs, such as DVDs and Blu-ray discs. Optical storage differs from other data storage techniques that make use of other technologies such as magnetism, such as floppy disks and hard disks, or semiconductors, such as flash memory.
Optical storage in the form of discs grants the ability to record onto a compact disc in real time. Compact discs held many advantages over audio tape players, such as higher sound quality and the ability to play back digital sound.[4] Optical storage also gained importance for its green qualities and its efficiency with high energies.[5]
Optical storage can range from a single drive reading a single CD-ROM to multiple drives reading multiple discs such as an optical jukebox. Single CDs (compact discs) can hold around 700 MB (megabytes) and optical jukeboxes can hold much more. Single-layer DVDs can hold 4.7 GB, while dual-layered can hold 8.5 GB. This can be doubled to 9.4 GB and 17 GB by making the DVDs double-sided, with readable surfaces on both sides of the disc. HD DVDs were able to store 15 GB with a single-layer and 30 GB with a dual-layer. Blu-ray discs, which won the HDTV optical format war by defeating HD DVDs, can hold 25 GB for single-layer, 50 GB for dual-layer and up to 128 GB for quad-layer discs. Optical storage includes CDs and DVDs.
1.optical storage read and write.pdf
This document discusses optical storage devices such as CDs and DVDs. It covers the history and development of these technologies from early analog laserdiscs to modern writable optical disks. The key types of optical disks are described as read-only, write-once, and rewritable. Details are provided on technologies such as ablative recording and phase-change media that enable write-once and rewritable functionality.
Cd Rom
A CD-ROM uses a laser to read encoded digital data represented by pits and lands on an optical disc. The data is read by detecting changes in light reflection patterns from a laser shining on the disc, where a pit or transition from pit to land represents a 1 and the time between is a 0. A CD-ROM can store around 600 MB of data through this binary encoding scheme addressed by minute, second and sector locations on the disc.
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This document summarizes a lecture on file systems and performance. It discusses the read/write process for magnetic disks involving seek time, rotational latency, and transfer time. Typical numbers for these parameters in magnetic disks are provided. Flash/SSD memory is also discussed as an alternative storage technology with advantages like low latency, no moving parts, and high throughput but also drawbacks like limited endurance. The document introduces concepts from queueing theory that can help analyze the performance of I/O systems, like modeling request arrival and service times as probabilistic distributions. Key metrics like response time and throughput are discussed for evaluating I/O performance.
Cd Rom
CD-ROM is an optical disc used to store digital data originally developed for storing digital audio. It has a flat, round shape coated with a reflective material. Data is stored on CD-ROMs in the form of pits and lands, which are read by a laser focusing on the disc's spinning surface. CD-ROMs can store up to 650-700 MB of data and are read at varying speeds up to 52x, while writing is slower up to 32x. They use file systems like ISO 9660 to organize data on tracks and sectors. CD-ROMs provide large data storage in a compact, portable format but have slow writing speeds and data cannot be rewritten.
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The document discusses the history and standards of compact discs (CDs). It explains that CDs were originally developed in 1980 by Philips and Sony to store digital audio (the "Red Book" standard). Later extensions allowed CDs to also store computer data, video, and graphics. The document outlines several CD formats and standards over time such as CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, and Video CD. It describes the physical details of CDs and how data is organized and read by lasers detecting pits and lands on the disc's surface. Standards are classified by "book colors" that define specifications for different disc systems.
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- Hard disk drives (HDDs) are devices used for digital data storage. They consist of rapidly rotating discs coated with magnetic material. Magnetic heads write data to and read data from the disc surfaces.
- HDDs were first introduced in 1956 and have since decreased dramatically in size and cost, becoming standard in personal computers by the late 1980s. Capacities have also increased greatly, with modern HDDs capable of storing terabytes of data.
- Optical discs like CDs and DVDs store data in the form of pits and lands on a reflective surface. They were invented in the late 1950s and early 1960s and are now commonly used to store music, video, and computer programs and data.
Fluoroscent multilayer disc
Fluorescent Multilayer Disk (FMD) technology allows for over 100 layers in a disk by using fluorescent materials that emit different wavelengths of light for each layer. This overcomes limitations of reflective DVDs which degrade after only a few layers. FMD prototypes demonstrated 50GB storage using red lasers, with plans for 140GB using red lasers and over 1TB using blue lasers. FMD works by filling pits with fluorescent materials that convert laser light to a distinct emitted wavelength, allowing layers to be read through the transparent disk. The main limitation is thickness, not interference like in DVDs.
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sample ppt- Subject Introduction (1).pptx
This document summarizes the history and types of CDs and DVDs. It discusses how they are manufactured by creating a glass master that is used to injection mold the discs out of polycarbonate. It describes the differences between CDs and DVDs in terms of size, data storage capacity, and technology. CDs can store 700MB of data while DVDs can store up to 17GB. The document also compares high definition formats Blu-ray and HD-DVD in terms of storage capacity, with Blu-ray having higher capacity of up to 200GB compared to HD-DVD's 60GB maximum.
shubham rai chs.pptx
This document summarizes the history and types of CDs and DVDs. It discusses how they are manufactured by creating a glass master that is used to injection mold the discs out of polycarbonate. It describes the differences between CDs and DVDs in terms of size, data storage capacity, and technology. CDs can store 700MB of data while DVDs can store up to 17GB. The document also compares high definition formats Blu-ray and HD-DVD in terms of storage capacity, with Blu-ray having higher capacity of up to 200GB compared to HD-DVD's 60GB maximum.
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This document discusses Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). It provides details about:
1. CD-ROMs hold large amounts of data like text, graphics, and audio in a digital format on plastic discs. They can store up to 680 megabytes of data.
2. CD-ROMs use pits arranged in a spiral track to store data, read with a low-power laser. Unlike hard disks, CD-ROMs rotate at a constant linear velocity for reading.
3. CD-ROMs provide random access to data, allow quick retrieval of related items, and can maintain data integrity for over 100 years, making them a secure long-term storage medium.
Ie Storage Devices
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This document discusses four main types of external memory: magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, and disk drives. Magnetic disks store data on circular platters coated with magnetic material and use read/write heads to access data. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays use lasers to read and write digital information to coated discs. Magnetic tape stores data on magnetic tape housed in cartridges and uses similar reading and writing techniques as disks. Disk drives, like hard disk drives, store large amounts of data on spinning magnetic platters that are read and written to by heads positioned very close to the disk surface.
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Fluorescent Multilayer Disk (FMD) technology allows for over 100 layers in a disk by using fluorescent materials that emit different wavelengths of light for each layer. This overcomes limitations of reflective DVDs which degrade after only a few layers. FMD prototypes demonstrated 50GB storage using red lasers, with plans for 140GB using red lasers and over 1TB using blue lasers. FMD works by filling pits with fluorescent materials that convert laser light to a distinct emitted wavelength, allowing layers to be read through the transparent disk. The main limitation is thickness, not interference like in DVDs.
shubham cs.pptx
Shubham Rai's document summarizes the history, manufacturing process, types, differences, data limits, and competing formats of CDs and DVDs. It notes that CDs were first publicly demonstrated in 1976 and held 700MB of data, while DVDs introduced in the 1990s could hold 4.7GB through smaller pit sizes and tighter spacing. The document also compares high definition formats Blu-ray and HD-DVD, with Blu-ray having a higher storage capacity of up to 200GB through its smaller pit size and additional layers.
sample ppt- Subject Introduction (1).pptx
This document summarizes the history and types of CDs and DVDs. It discusses how they are manufactured by creating a glass master that is used to injection mold the discs out of polycarbonate. It describes the differences between CDs and DVDs in terms of size, data storage capacity, and technology. CDs can store 700MB of data while DVDs can store up to 17GB. The document also compares high definition formats Blu-ray and HD-DVD in terms of storage capacity, with Blu-ray having higher capacity of up to 200GB compared to HD-DVD's 60GB maximum.
shubham rai chs.pptx
This document summarizes the history and types of CDs and DVDs. It discusses how they are manufactured by creating a glass master that is used to injection mold the discs out of polycarbonate. It describes the differences between CDs and DVDs in terms of size, data storage capacity, and technology. CDs can store 700MB of data while DVDs can store up to 17GB. The document also compares high definition formats Blu-ray and HD-DVD in terms of storage capacity, with Blu-ray having higher capacity of up to 200GB compared to HD-DVD's 60GB maximum.
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This document summarizes key aspects of hard disk drive technology. It discusses how disk drives have evolved from early magnetic drums and tapes to become standard components in modern computers. It describes how Winchester disk drives use sealed enclosures and aerodynamic sliders to allow heads to fly just micro-inches above disks. The document outlines trends in disk drive capacity, form factor, and recording density. These trends involve innovations like magnetoresistive heads and PRML channels that allow for higher areal densities and capacities by improving read/write functions. The goal is to achieve 1 gigabit per square inch areal density by 2000 through advances in media, heads, and other technologies.
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Holographic data storage uses lasers and photosensitive materials like lithium niobate crystals to store data in 3D, allowing much higher storage capacities than traditional methods. It works by using a laser and spatial light modulator to encode data as an interference pattern within the crystal. To read data, another laser beam is shone into the crystal, and the encoded interference pattern reconstructs the data which can be detected by a CCD. Potential advantages include terabyte-level storage capacities, parallel reading and writing of data, and faster access and transfer speeds than hard drives. Challenges remain in developing stable high-capacity recording materials and reliable lasers for the technology to be commercially viable.
Types optical disks
CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs are circular optical discs that are 5 1/4 inches in diameter and have either a silver or gold reflective layer. They can store between 650 MB to 700 MB of data in a standard 120mm, 74-80 minute format, or 184 MB in an 80mm, 21 minute format. CD-ROMs follow the ISO9660 international standard and come in different shapes and formats, including DVDs, CD-R WORM disks, and CD-RW rewriteable disks.
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This document provides an overview of CDROM, floppy disk, and hard disk structures and concepts. It discusses the history and layers of CDROMs and DVDs, how data is recorded and retrieved, file systems like ISO-9660 and Joliet, and rewritable technologies like CD-RW. Floppy disks and their storage capacities are described. Hard disk components and interfaces are outlined. File allocation concepts like boot sectors, clusters, FAT, and NTFS file systems are summarized.
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This document discusses challenges and opportunities for end nodes with multigigabit networking. It covers increasing bandwidth capabilities through technologies like DWDM and 10GbE. It also examines hardware challenges for processor, memory, and I/O buses. Software challenges discussed include zero-copy networking, ULNI/OS bypass, and network path pipelining. The document also summarizes network protocols like AQM, ECN, MPLS and their roles in high-speed networking.
Cd rom
This document discusses Compact Disc Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). It provides details about:
1. CD-ROMs hold large amounts of data like text, graphics, and audio in a digital format on plastic discs. They can store up to 680 megabytes of data.
2. CD-ROMs use pits arranged in a spiral track to store data, read with a low-power laser. Unlike hard disks, CD-ROMs rotate at a constant linear velocity for reading.
3. CD-ROMs provide random access to data, allow quick retrieval of related items, and can maintain data integrity for over 100 years, making them a secure long-term storage medium.
Ie Storage Devices
Primary storage, like RAM, is volatile and loses data when power is cut, while secondary storage like magnetic disks and tapes is non-volatile but slower. Files can be processed sequentially by reading every record, as with a payroll, or randomly by direct access via a calculated address or separate index, as with databases. Floppy disks and zip disks are portable magnetic storage, holding 1.44MB and 100MB respectively. Hard disks on PCs and larger systems use spinning magnetic platters organized into tracks and cylinders to store multiple gigabytes of data. Magnetic tape is a linear-access medium for backups that can hold terabytes but requires rewriting the whole tape to update data. Optical disks like CDs provide large read-
External memory
This document discusses four main types of external memory: magnetic disks, optical disks, magnetic tape, and disk drives. Magnetic disks store data on circular platters coated with magnetic material and use read/write heads to access data. Optical disks like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays use lasers to read and write digital information to coated discs. Magnetic tape stores data on magnetic tape housed in cartridges and uses similar reading and writing techniques as disks. Disk drives, like hard disk drives, store large amounts of data on spinning magnetic platters that are read and written to by heads positioned very close to the disk surface.
Blu Ray Disc
Blu-ray Disc is the 3rd generation optical disc format following CD and DVD. It has a higher storage capacity than previous formats, with single-layer discs holding 25GB and double-layer discs holding 50GB. This large capacity allows for recording of high definition video. Blu-ray Disc uses a blue-violet laser with a wavelength of 405nm compared to the red laser used for CD and DVD. Recording and playback techniques include run-length limited coding and a limit equalizer to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Blu-ray Disc applications include high definition television recording, video distribution, and mass data storage. It is expected to replace CDs and DVDs due to its longer lifespan and higher storage capacity
12. Computer Systems Hardware 2
The document summarizes different types of computer hardware including auxiliary storage devices, input/output architecture, and interfaces. It describes magnetic tape, disks, floppy disks, optical disks, and semiconductor disks. It also covers RAID configurations, input/output control methods like bus, DMA, and different interfaces like serial, parallel, SCSI, and USB.
GPU Introduction.pptx
This document provides a history of graphics processing and the introduction of GPUs. It discusses how CPUs had to handle all graphics computation before dedicated GPUs were common, requiring various tricks to maintain framerates. The introduction of 3D accelerator cards moved much of the graphics processing to dedicated parallel processors. Modern GPUs have massively parallel architectures with many cores and high bandwidth memory, making them well-suited for graphics and other parallel workloads. Programming frameworks like CUDA and OpenCL allow running custom programs on GPUs and expose their parallelism.
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### Applications of TDM
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Osm
- 1. Presentation On CD Write-Once And CD Magneto Capital By SUNIL KAFLE
- 2. Compact Disk Write Once Cross-section through disc in direction of spiral track 19-Sep-17 2
- 3. Principle Pre-grooven track. Absorption layer between substrate and reflective layer. CD-WO can be played in CD-DA players. Irreversible change of the reflection characterisitics by : Heating up the absorption layer 19-Sep-17 3
- 4. Sessions CD player needs table of contents Serveral session each with : 1. lead in part 2. Data part 3. lead out part New sessions can be added Maximum 99 of sessions 19-Sep-17 4
- 5. Disc layout with serveral session CD players before 1992 can only read first session. Regular CD-WO: only one session. Hybrid CD-WO: several sessions. 19-Sep-17 5
- 6. Compact Disc Magneto Optical Write, read, erase, and rewrite data. High capacity (double-sided): about 650 M Byte. Data transfer rate: about 1.2 Mbit/s 19-Sep-17 6
- 7. 19-Sep-17 7
- 8. Principles of magneto optical technique: Write • Heating up of blocks • Apply about 10 x earth magnetic field • Polarization of single elements Discard • Use constant magnetic field • Simultaneous heating up of block Read • Polarization of light is influenced by magnetic characteristics 19-Sep-17 8
- 9. CD-MO: Premastered and Rewriteable Optional premastered area • Read-only • Readable on any CD-player • Using Red, Yellow and Green Book specifications Rewriteable area • Use of different magneto-optical encoding techniques ➪ incompatible to other CDs • Cannot be read by standard CD-players 19-Sep-17 9
- 10. Compact Disc Technologies: Features of Compact Disc Technology • Can be used for all kind of storage with large storage capacity. • Wide application area. • Base is CD-DA technology (except CD-MO). • Sequential specification of the different CD technologies. Disadvantages • Long average access time. • Incompatibility of CD-MO. Future • CD with enhanced storage space and data retrieval rate • Smaller optical disc with similar capacity 19-Sep-17 10