This document outlines research work on cloning and silencing genes from the Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum tick and evaluating the cross-protective efficacy of recombinant proteins. The objectives are to clone and sequence the Subolesin, Calreticulin, and Cathepsin L genes from H. anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks. The conservation of these target genes will be evaluated in different isolates of the ticks. RNA interference and immunization trials using recombinant proteins will characterize the target genes of H. anatolicum anatolicum. Previous studies on native and recombinant tick proteins as vaccine targets show variable efficacy, from 15-
This summarizes a study that developed a modified non-biotin polymerized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immunohistochemical method for diagnosing canine distemper virus (CDV) infection from formalin-fixed tissue samples. The method confirmed CDV infection in seven of eight suspected cases. Labelled CDV antigen was observed in various tissues including brain, spinal cord, kidney, lungs, skin, and others. Compared to microwave pretreatment alone, autoclaving followed by microwave heating produced better labelling results. The non-biotin HRP detection system produced similar results to a conventional biotin-linked system.
IRJET- The Antibacterial Effect of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodes Trivialis ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experiment that tested the antibacterial effects of hemolymph (blood) from dragonfly larvae (Diplocodes trivialis) on three foodborne pathogens: Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni. Hemolymph was collected from dragonfly larvae and tested against bacterial cultures using a plate growth-inhibition assay. The results showed that the hemolymph had antibacterial effects and inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium and E. coli. This suggests that compounds in the dragonfly hemolymph may serve as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. It was the first study to investigate the antibacterial properties of D. trivialis hemoly
Tagging microsatellite marker to a blast resistance gene in the irrigated ric...Thiago Pinheiro
This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of blast resistance in rice cultivar Cica-8 and identify linked molecular markers. Crosses were made between resistant Cica-8 and susceptible Metica-1, and progeny including F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 were inoculated with blast isolate IB-1. Segregation analysis showed resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Of 11 microsatellite markers tested, one marker RM7102 was linked to the resistance allele at a distance of 2.7 cM.
This study characterized esterases associated with profenofos resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. The researchers found that esterase (EST) activities were significantly higher in profenofos-resistant larvae compared to susceptible larvae, and EST activities highly correlated with resistance to profenofos. Electrophoretic gels revealed both quantitative and qualitative differences in EST bands between resistant and susceptible larvae. A band designated A' was expressed only in resistant larvae and increased in frequency after selection with profenofos. Reduction in acetylcholinesterase sensitivity to inhibition was also observed in resistant larvae. These results suggest EST assays can detect and monitor profenofos resistance in H. v
A Lovatt and Roberst IS. Micobiology 1994Archie Lovatt
The document describes cloning and characterizing the nahA gene from Porphyromonas gingivalis, which encodes β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Nahase). The nahA gene was cloned into Escherichia coli for expression studies. β-Nahase is predicted to be an outer membrane-associated lipoprotein based on the presence of a signal peptide. The nahA gene sequence was also found to be conserved in other P. gingivalis strains tested. β-Nahase may play a role in periodontal tissue damage by degrading host glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.
This study investigated the role of an anti-idiotype antibody in regulating granuloma formation in response to the hapten azobenzenearsonate (ABA) in mice. An anti-idiotype antibody was raised against the idiotype of an ABA-specific antibody from A/J mice. Mice primed with the anti-idiotype antibody and challenged with ABA-linked beads developed intestinal granulomas, whereas mice primed with control antibodies did not. Additionally, priming with anti-idiotype antibody intravenously suppressed intestinal granuloma formation similarly to priming with ABA-coupled spleen cells. This demonstrates that antigen-specific granuloma formation can be induced and suppressed by an anti-idi
The study screened extracts from 21 species of Clusiaceae native to Mexico for anti-HIV activity. Five species showed significant inhibition (≥70%) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Of these, extracts from Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula inhibited the enzyme and were non-toxic to human cells. The C. brasiliense extract was the most potent, inhibiting viral replication with an ED50 of 37.1 μg/ml, while the C. quadrangula extract was less active. The results support Clusiaceae as a source of potential anti-HIV compounds.
This Masters thesis defense presentation summarizes research identifying MH class IIβ alleles that may confer resistance or susceptibility to Bacterial Cold Water Disease (BCWD) in rainbow trout. The study genotyped MH class IIβ alleles in six families of trout that had been experimentally infected with the BCWD pathogen. Results found five alleles present among the families. The DAB*1001/DAB*0801 genotype had the lowest hazard ratio, suggesting an association with resistance to BCWD, although results were not statistically significant. Future work could examine MH class I alleles and innate immunity genes to better understand resistance in trout.
This summarizes a study that developed a modified non-biotin polymerized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immunohistochemical method for diagnosing canine distemper virus (CDV) infection from formalin-fixed tissue samples. The method confirmed CDV infection in seven of eight suspected cases. Labelled CDV antigen was observed in various tissues including brain, spinal cord, kidney, lungs, skin, and others. Compared to microwave pretreatment alone, autoclaving followed by microwave heating produced better labelling results. The non-biotin HRP detection system produced similar results to a conventional biotin-linked system.
IRJET- The Antibacterial Effect of Dragonfly Larvae Diplocodes Trivialis ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experiment that tested the antibacterial effects of hemolymph (blood) from dragonfly larvae (Diplocodes trivialis) on three foodborne pathogens: Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni. Hemolymph was collected from dragonfly larvae and tested against bacterial cultures using a plate growth-inhibition assay. The results showed that the hemolymph had antibacterial effects and inhibited the growth of S. typhimurium and E. coli. This suggests that compounds in the dragonfly hemolymph may serve as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. It was the first study to investigate the antibacterial properties of D. trivialis hemoly
Tagging microsatellite marker to a blast resistance gene in the irrigated ric...Thiago Pinheiro
This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of blast resistance in rice cultivar Cica-8 and identify linked molecular markers. Crosses were made between resistant Cica-8 and susceptible Metica-1, and progeny including F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 were inoculated with blast isolate IB-1. Segregation analysis showed resistance is controlled by a single dominant gene. Of 11 microsatellite markers tested, one marker RM7102 was linked to the resistance allele at a distance of 2.7 cM.
This study characterized esterases associated with profenofos resistance in the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. The researchers found that esterase (EST) activities were significantly higher in profenofos-resistant larvae compared to susceptible larvae, and EST activities highly correlated with resistance to profenofos. Electrophoretic gels revealed both quantitative and qualitative differences in EST bands between resistant and susceptible larvae. A band designated A' was expressed only in resistant larvae and increased in frequency after selection with profenofos. Reduction in acetylcholinesterase sensitivity to inhibition was also observed in resistant larvae. These results suggest EST assays can detect and monitor profenofos resistance in H. v
A Lovatt and Roberst IS. Micobiology 1994Archie Lovatt
The document describes cloning and characterizing the nahA gene from Porphyromonas gingivalis, which encodes β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (β-Nahase). The nahA gene was cloned into Escherichia coli for expression studies. β-Nahase is predicted to be an outer membrane-associated lipoprotein based on the presence of a signal peptide. The nahA gene sequence was also found to be conserved in other P. gingivalis strains tested. β-Nahase may play a role in periodontal tissue damage by degrading host glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans.
This study investigated the role of an anti-idiotype antibody in regulating granuloma formation in response to the hapten azobenzenearsonate (ABA) in mice. An anti-idiotype antibody was raised against the idiotype of an ABA-specific antibody from A/J mice. Mice primed with the anti-idiotype antibody and challenged with ABA-linked beads developed intestinal granulomas, whereas mice primed with control antibodies did not. Additionally, priming with anti-idiotype antibody intravenously suppressed intestinal granuloma formation similarly to priming with ABA-coupled spleen cells. This demonstrates that antigen-specific granuloma formation can be induced and suppressed by an anti-idi
The study screened extracts from 21 species of Clusiaceae native to Mexico for anti-HIV activity. Five species showed significant inhibition (≥70%) of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Of these, extracts from Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula inhibited the enzyme and were non-toxic to human cells. The C. brasiliense extract was the most potent, inhibiting viral replication with an ED50 of 37.1 μg/ml, while the C. quadrangula extract was less active. The results support Clusiaceae as a source of potential anti-HIV compounds.
This Masters thesis defense presentation summarizes research identifying MH class IIβ alleles that may confer resistance or susceptibility to Bacterial Cold Water Disease (BCWD) in rainbow trout. The study genotyped MH class IIβ alleles in six families of trout that had been experimentally infected with the BCWD pathogen. Results found five alleles present among the families. The DAB*1001/DAB*0801 genotype had the lowest hazard ratio, suggesting an association with resistance to BCWD, although results were not statistically significant. Future work could examine MH class I alleles and innate immunity genes to better understand resistance in trout.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation as a potential time-temperature integrator for monitoring safety and quality in dry roasted peanuts. MtDNA fragmentation was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and compared to reduction of the Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium and changes in peanut color (Hunter L value) during roasting. While E. faecium reduction curves were highly repeatable, mtDNA fragmentation did not correlate linearly with time at a given temperature. Dissection of individual peanuts also showed differential heating effects depending on peanut part. The researchers determined that mtDNA fragmentation as measured by qPCR was too variable for validation of dry roasted peanut processes but could help evaluate heat penetration through
1) The study investigated the roles of mannosylglycerate (MG) and di-myo-inositol phosphate (DIP) in stress adaptation in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
2) Genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of MG and DIP were deleted, generating mutants deficient in each solute.
3) Growth and solute accumulation of the mutants and wild type were examined under optimal, heat stress, and osmotic stress conditions.
4) DIP was found to be a suitable replacement for MG during heat stress, but MG and aspartate were less efficient than MG alone during osmotic stress,
Mitochondrial ND-1 gene-specific primer polymerase chain reaction to determin...UniversitasGadjahMada
A specificity method to detect mice meat contamination in beef meatballs using specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been developed. The primer ND1-P1 primers were designed using primer-BLAST software using mtDNA of mice as a template. The Primer ND1-P1 forward (5’-CGGCATCCTACAACCATTTGC-3’) and reverse (5’-CGGCTCGTAAAGC-TCCGAA-3’) was able to amplify a 294 bp fragment of ND1 gene in mice mtDNA. The primers have been proven precise with only amplify the target fragment in mice meatball but not in another meatball including beef meatball, chicken meatball, pork meatball, horse meatball, and goat meatball. The present of mice meat in meatballs can be detected at a concentration as low as 5% (w/w). The ND1-P1 primer is potentially used as a specific marker for detection of mice meat in the meat products.
Historical Genomics of US Maize: Domestication and Modern Breedingjrossibarra
This document summarizes research on the historical genomics of maize evolution in North America. The study applied population genetic analysis to genome sequencing data from maize and teosinte lines to analyze patterns of evolution during domestication and modern breeding. They found distinct impacts of selection during these two epochs and identified candidate genes targeted during each. A separate analysis of a panel of 400 North American corn belt lines genotyped over time found decreasing genetic diversity and ancestral contributions, indicating selection shaped the genetic structure of modern maize.
This document describes various tests used to evaluate analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action, including the hot plate test, tail clip method, and writhing test using mice. It also discusses the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test and use of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model to study cancer cells. Parameters observed in developmental toxicity, fertility, and teratogenicity tests are outlined. Finally, the mechanisms and methods of genetic toxicology tests like the Ames test and mechanisms of mutation are summarized.
Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Gene Dosage Effect, Stabil...Silke_Besier
This study investigated linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus associated with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. The researchers found that accumulating the single point mutation G2576T in multiple copies of the 23S rRNA gene caused increasing linezolid resistance in a stepwise manner. Having the mutation in more gene copies resulted in higher MIC levels. They also found this mutation impaired biological fitness and conferred cross-resistance to other antibiotics that bind in similar regions of the 23S rRNA.
Mice lacking the integrin β3 gene (Itgb3-/-) were subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) to examine their behavioral and neurochemical responses to stress compared to wild-type mice (Itgb3+/+). Itgb3-/- mice displayed increased anxiety-like behaviors and decreased activity in an open field test after UCMS compared to Itgb3+/+ mice. UCMS led to reductions in dopamine turnover in the midbrains of Itgb3+/+ mice but not Itgb3-/- mice, suggesting disrupted stress regulation of dopamine homeostasis. Chronic stress also altered synaptic expression of proteins in the midbrains of Itgb3-/- mice compared to Itgb3+/+
This document summarizes key information about aminoglycoside antibiotics:
1) Aminoglycosides act by binding to bacterial ribosomes and impairing protein synthesis, but their use is limited by the emergence of resistance.
2) Resistance can occur via decreased drug accumulation in bacteria or expression of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. These enzymes chemically modify the drug, preventing ribosome binding.
3) A large diversity of modifying enzymes exists, and bacteria can acquire new resistance genes rapidly via mobile genetic elements. This complexity has made predicting effective aminoglycoside use difficult.
abstract
Extracts of the medicinal plant Palicourea rigida Kunth, popularly known as douradinha, are
widely used for treating urinary tract disorders. Unfortunately, nowadays this is one of the
species endemic to Brazilian Cerrado that is at greatest risk of extinction.
The aim of the this work was to use AFLP molecular markers to determine the genetic
structure and diversity of eight natural populations of P. rigida and to associate their genetic
characteristics with loganin production in order to obtain provide relevant information
to promote programs for the conservation of this valuable medicinal plant.
A total of 120 polymorphic bands were scored and higher proportion of genetic diversity
was found in inter-populations (64%) rather than in intra-populations (36%). Fst value was
found to be significantly greater than zero (0.3601), demonstrating the complex genetic
structure of P. rigida populations. Accessions collected from Cristalina, GO, showed higher
percentage of polymorphic loci (65.5%) and the highest genetic diversity. Analysis of
Molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated 63.9% of intra-population genetic variation.
The lowest genetic variability was detected among accessions from the population found
in Sacramento, MG. No spatial standard was observed for P. rigida population, suggesting a
partially isolated island model. It was observed a minor but significant positive correlation
(r ¼ 0.22) between chemical and genetic matrices. The association between chemical and
genetic data indicated that environmental factors promoted the loganin production in
populations growing in Luziânia, GO, and therefore accessions from those populations
should be considered as prime material for initiating the conservation process of P. rigida.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The document describes cloning and expression analysis of the MuNAC4 transcription factor gene from horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) and its role in abiotic stress tolerance. The MuNAC4 gene was isolated, cloned, and found to be upregulated under salt, cold, drought, and dehydration stress conditions in horsegram plants. Expression of MuNAC4 in E. coli conferred increased tolerance to salt, heavy metal, and drought stresses, demonstrating its role in abiotic stress response.
Poster - Development of double stand break assessment assay with HCS by using...HCS Pharma
The creation of a double strand break (DSB) is accompanied by the phosphorylation of histone H2AX. The measurement of serine 139 phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) is reported to be a marker of interest to identify potential genotoxic activity.
In order to evaluate the High Content Screening for γH2AX detection, 4 non genotoxic compounds and 9 genotoxic compounds from the ECVAM list I or II were selected to to be tested on HepG2 cell line. These cells offer the advantage to have H2AX expression data in the literature. In parallel, Human primary keratinocytes were included. Indeed these cells would be relevant for investigating skin adverse effects of topical applied xenobiotics with the advantage of High content imaging as valuable tool for screening in the early discovery phase.
Exposure to atrazine and glyphosate pesticides and the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis were investigated for their effects on the health of northern leopard frogs. Atrazine exposure reduced mass gain over the study period but not growth in body length. Glyphosate reduced growth in body length during exposure but not mass gain. Exposure to the chytrid fungus significantly increased the frequency of skin shedding in frogs but did not affect other health biomarkers or cause mortality. The pesticides and fungus together did not have any combined effects beyond their individual impacts.
The document describes a research study aimed at developing biomarkers for detecting potential allergenicity of novel foods, including genetically modified foods. The researcher conducted experiments challenging mice with known food allergens (egg ovomucoid protein and peanut protein) and analyzed gene expression profiles in the mice spleens. Several hundred genes were found to be differentially expressed. After validating some genes, the researcher identified potential biomarker genes that could help detect allergenicity of GM foods. The study provides insights into transcriptomic responses to food allergens and biomarkers that may help evaluate allergenicity of novel foods like GM crops.
Obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis, was tested in animal models for its ability to prevent anthrax infection when given as pre- or postexposure prophylaxis. In rabbit and macaque models, a single dose of obiltoxaximab given up to 3 days before or up to 24 hours after exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores improved survival rates compared to controls. When given after systemic infection had begun, obiltoxaximab was still protective but resulted in lower survival rates. These results support the potential use of obiltoxaximab for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against inhalational anth
1) Researchers generated a new antiserum specific for the protein AmGSTF1, which is a potential biomarker for herbicide resistance in black-grass weed.
2) The antiserum reacted strongly with protein extracts from a herbicide-resistant black-grass population, detecting three polypeptide bands, but only weakly with a susceptible population.
3) Testing on additional populations validated the antiserum in differentiating resistant from susceptible or intermediately resistant populations, suggesting it could be developed into a diagnostic tool.
Yamamoto Efficacy Projection of Obiltoxaximab for Treatment of Inhalational 2016Annette Shadiack
The document summarizes multiple studies that examined the efficacy of obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against anthrax protective antigen (PA), for the treatment of inhalational anthrax across a range of disease severity. In animal models (rabbits and macaques), a single intravenous dose of obiltoxaximab administered after the onset of symptoms led to significantly higher survival rates compared to placebo, ranging from 17% to 93% survival in rabbits and 6.3% to 78.6% in macaques. Higher pretreatment levels of bacteremia and toxins were associated with lower survival rates. Overall, obiltoxaximab monotherapy was shown to neutralize PA and increase survival
This study analyzed G proteins, proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics in plants grown under protected agriculture. Protein profiles showed variation between phenological stages, and western blot detected G protein subunits of 37, 46, and 57 kDa. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified a 57 kDa protein with a pI of 5.9. Phloem sap proteins also detected G protein subunits of 28, 67 kDa between stages. Sugar analysis found glucose, fructose and sucrose varied between stages, with neutral sugars dominated by glucose, galactose and mannose. The Lightbourn Biochemical Model was applied to integrate results and propose bionanotechnology and biodynamic nutrition for high agricultural competitiveness and sustainability
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...KB Haw
This preliminary study examined the use of herbal extracts to enhance survival of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) infected with iridovirus. Tiger grouper were experimentally infected with iridovirus via injection and cohabitation. Those infected were then treated by immersion in an herbal solution for 72 hours. The study found that herbal treatment enhanced survival compared to the non-treated group, but iridovirus was still detected in some fish 8 days later, indicating some were asymptomatic carriers. The results suggest herbal extracts may generate protective immunity against iridovirus infection in tiger grouper.
This study analyzed the transcriptome responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) during compatible and incompatible interactions with the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). RNA sequencing was performed on samples from a susceptible and a resistant cotton line over multiple time points during infection. During the incompatible interaction, twice as many genes were differentially expressed compared to the compatible interaction. Defense-related genes were often downregulated during early compatible interaction but induced earlier and to a higher degree during incompatible interaction. A number of differentially expressed genes located within known root-knot nematode resistance quantitative trait loci were identified as potential resistance candidates. The results provide insights into the molecular basis of resistance in cotton to root-
C:\Fakepath\R Norman Tennessee Efficacyof Endo Fighterfor Reducing Severitynacaa
This document summarizes 3 studies that evaluated the efficacy of Endo-Fighter, a supplement designed to alleviate tall fescue toxicosis in beef cattle. A 126-day field trial with steers and two 84-day grazing experiments with heifers and steers found that while Endo-Fighter altered grazing behavior, it did not improve animal performance or reduce symptoms of toxicosis under heat stress conditions. The studies concluded that Endo-Fighter was ineffective in reducing the severity of tall fescue toxicosis in cattle consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue forage.
Ixodes ticks belong to the family Ixodidae and order Ixodida. They have a complex life cycle involving egg, larva, nymph, and adult stages. Some common genera of hard ticks in the family Ixodidae include Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, Rhipicephallus, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Holocyclus. Ixodes scapularis, also known as the blacklegged tick, and Ixodes ricinus are examples of Ixodes species.
The document describes the genus Hyalomma, which includes several hard tick species that parasitize mammals. It provides details on the scientific classification of Hyalomma, lists eight Hyalomma species, and gives identification points and the life cycle. Key details include that unfed Hyalomma ticks are large, have striations on their integument, and identification is based on features of their mouthparts, scutum, legs, festoons, spiracular plates, and anal groove.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragmentation as a potential time-temperature integrator for monitoring safety and quality in dry roasted peanuts. MtDNA fragmentation was measured using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and compared to reduction of the Salmonella surrogate Enterococcus faecium and changes in peanut color (Hunter L value) during roasting. While E. faecium reduction curves were highly repeatable, mtDNA fragmentation did not correlate linearly with time at a given temperature. Dissection of individual peanuts also showed differential heating effects depending on peanut part. The researchers determined that mtDNA fragmentation as measured by qPCR was too variable for validation of dry roasted peanut processes but could help evaluate heat penetration through
1) The study investigated the roles of mannosylglycerate (MG) and di-myo-inositol phosphate (DIP) in stress adaptation in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.
2) Genes encoding enzymes in the biosynthetic pathways of MG and DIP were deleted, generating mutants deficient in each solute.
3) Growth and solute accumulation of the mutants and wild type were examined under optimal, heat stress, and osmotic stress conditions.
4) DIP was found to be a suitable replacement for MG during heat stress, but MG and aspartate were less efficient than MG alone during osmotic stress,
Mitochondrial ND-1 gene-specific primer polymerase chain reaction to determin...UniversitasGadjahMada
A specificity method to detect mice meat contamination in beef meatballs using specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been developed. The primer ND1-P1 primers were designed using primer-BLAST software using mtDNA of mice as a template. The Primer ND1-P1 forward (5’-CGGCATCCTACAACCATTTGC-3’) and reverse (5’-CGGCTCGTAAAGC-TCCGAA-3’) was able to amplify a 294 bp fragment of ND1 gene in mice mtDNA. The primers have been proven precise with only amplify the target fragment in mice meatball but not in another meatball including beef meatball, chicken meatball, pork meatball, horse meatball, and goat meatball. The present of mice meat in meatballs can be detected at a concentration as low as 5% (w/w). The ND1-P1 primer is potentially used as a specific marker for detection of mice meat in the meat products.
Historical Genomics of US Maize: Domestication and Modern Breedingjrossibarra
This document summarizes research on the historical genomics of maize evolution in North America. The study applied population genetic analysis to genome sequencing data from maize and teosinte lines to analyze patterns of evolution during domestication and modern breeding. They found distinct impacts of selection during these two epochs and identified candidate genes targeted during each. A separate analysis of a panel of 400 North American corn belt lines genotyped over time found decreasing genetic diversity and ancestral contributions, indicating selection shaped the genetic structure of modern maize.
This document describes various tests used to evaluate analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action, including the hot plate test, tail clip method, and writhing test using mice. It also discusses the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test and use of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model to study cancer cells. Parameters observed in developmental toxicity, fertility, and teratogenicity tests are outlined. Finally, the mechanisms and methods of genetic toxicology tests like the Ames test and mechanisms of mutation are summarized.
Linezolid Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Gene Dosage Effect, Stabil...Silke_Besier
This study investigated linezolid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus associated with mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. The researchers found that accumulating the single point mutation G2576T in multiple copies of the 23S rRNA gene caused increasing linezolid resistance in a stepwise manner. Having the mutation in more gene copies resulted in higher MIC levels. They also found this mutation impaired biological fitness and conferred cross-resistance to other antibiotics that bind in similar regions of the 23S rRNA.
Mice lacking the integrin β3 gene (Itgb3-/-) were subjected to unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) to examine their behavioral and neurochemical responses to stress compared to wild-type mice (Itgb3+/+). Itgb3-/- mice displayed increased anxiety-like behaviors and decreased activity in an open field test after UCMS compared to Itgb3+/+ mice. UCMS led to reductions in dopamine turnover in the midbrains of Itgb3+/+ mice but not Itgb3-/- mice, suggesting disrupted stress regulation of dopamine homeostasis. Chronic stress also altered synaptic expression of proteins in the midbrains of Itgb3-/- mice compared to Itgb3+/+
This document summarizes key information about aminoglycoside antibiotics:
1) Aminoglycosides act by binding to bacterial ribosomes and impairing protein synthesis, but their use is limited by the emergence of resistance.
2) Resistance can occur via decreased drug accumulation in bacteria or expression of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes. These enzymes chemically modify the drug, preventing ribosome binding.
3) A large diversity of modifying enzymes exists, and bacteria can acquire new resistance genes rapidly via mobile genetic elements. This complexity has made predicting effective aminoglycoside use difficult.
abstract
Extracts of the medicinal plant Palicourea rigida Kunth, popularly known as douradinha, are
widely used for treating urinary tract disorders. Unfortunately, nowadays this is one of the
species endemic to Brazilian Cerrado that is at greatest risk of extinction.
The aim of the this work was to use AFLP molecular markers to determine the genetic
structure and diversity of eight natural populations of P. rigida and to associate their genetic
characteristics with loganin production in order to obtain provide relevant information
to promote programs for the conservation of this valuable medicinal plant.
A total of 120 polymorphic bands were scored and higher proportion of genetic diversity
was found in inter-populations (64%) rather than in intra-populations (36%). Fst value was
found to be significantly greater than zero (0.3601), demonstrating the complex genetic
structure of P. rigida populations. Accessions collected from Cristalina, GO, showed higher
percentage of polymorphic loci (65.5%) and the highest genetic diversity. Analysis of
Molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated 63.9% of intra-population genetic variation.
The lowest genetic variability was detected among accessions from the population found
in Sacramento, MG. No spatial standard was observed for P. rigida population, suggesting a
partially isolated island model. It was observed a minor but significant positive correlation
(r ¼ 0.22) between chemical and genetic matrices. The association between chemical and
genetic data indicated that environmental factors promoted the loganin production in
populations growing in Luziânia, GO, and therefore accessions from those populations
should be considered as prime material for initiating the conservation process of P. rigida.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The document describes cloning and expression analysis of the MuNAC4 transcription factor gene from horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum) and its role in abiotic stress tolerance. The MuNAC4 gene was isolated, cloned, and found to be upregulated under salt, cold, drought, and dehydration stress conditions in horsegram plants. Expression of MuNAC4 in E. coli conferred increased tolerance to salt, heavy metal, and drought stresses, demonstrating its role in abiotic stress response.
Poster - Development of double stand break assessment assay with HCS by using...HCS Pharma
The creation of a double strand break (DSB) is accompanied by the phosphorylation of histone H2AX. The measurement of serine 139 phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) is reported to be a marker of interest to identify potential genotoxic activity.
In order to evaluate the High Content Screening for γH2AX detection, 4 non genotoxic compounds and 9 genotoxic compounds from the ECVAM list I or II were selected to to be tested on HepG2 cell line. These cells offer the advantage to have H2AX expression data in the literature. In parallel, Human primary keratinocytes were included. Indeed these cells would be relevant for investigating skin adverse effects of topical applied xenobiotics with the advantage of High content imaging as valuable tool for screening in the early discovery phase.
Exposure to atrazine and glyphosate pesticides and the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis were investigated for their effects on the health of northern leopard frogs. Atrazine exposure reduced mass gain over the study period but not growth in body length. Glyphosate reduced growth in body length during exposure but not mass gain. Exposure to the chytrid fungus significantly increased the frequency of skin shedding in frogs but did not affect other health biomarkers or cause mortality. The pesticides and fungus together did not have any combined effects beyond their individual impacts.
The document describes a research study aimed at developing biomarkers for detecting potential allergenicity of novel foods, including genetically modified foods. The researcher conducted experiments challenging mice with known food allergens (egg ovomucoid protein and peanut protein) and analyzed gene expression profiles in the mice spleens. Several hundred genes were found to be differentially expressed. After validating some genes, the researcher identified potential biomarker genes that could help detect allergenicity of GM foods. The study provides insights into transcriptomic responses to food allergens and biomarkers that may help evaluate allergenicity of novel foods like GM crops.
Obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis, was tested in animal models for its ability to prevent anthrax infection when given as pre- or postexposure prophylaxis. In rabbit and macaque models, a single dose of obiltoxaximab given up to 3 days before or up to 24 hours after exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores improved survival rates compared to controls. When given after systemic infection had begun, obiltoxaximab was still protective but resulted in lower survival rates. These results support the potential use of obiltoxaximab for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against inhalational anth
1) Researchers generated a new antiserum specific for the protein AmGSTF1, which is a potential biomarker for herbicide resistance in black-grass weed.
2) The antiserum reacted strongly with protein extracts from a herbicide-resistant black-grass population, detecting three polypeptide bands, but only weakly with a susceptible population.
3) Testing on additional populations validated the antiserum in differentiating resistant from susceptible or intermediately resistant populations, suggesting it could be developed into a diagnostic tool.
Yamamoto Efficacy Projection of Obiltoxaximab for Treatment of Inhalational 2016Annette Shadiack
The document summarizes multiple studies that examined the efficacy of obiltoxaximab, a monoclonal antibody against anthrax protective antigen (PA), for the treatment of inhalational anthrax across a range of disease severity. In animal models (rabbits and macaques), a single intravenous dose of obiltoxaximab administered after the onset of symptoms led to significantly higher survival rates compared to placebo, ranging from 17% to 93% survival in rabbits and 6.3% to 78.6% in macaques. Higher pretreatment levels of bacteremia and toxins were associated with lower survival rates. Overall, obiltoxaximab monotherapy was shown to neutralize PA and increase survival
This study analyzed G proteins, proteomics, glycomics and metabolomics in plants grown under protected agriculture. Protein profiles showed variation between phenological stages, and western blot detected G protein subunits of 37, 46, and 57 kDa. Two-dimensional electrophoresis identified a 57 kDa protein with a pI of 5.9. Phloem sap proteins also detected G protein subunits of 28, 67 kDa between stages. Sugar analysis found glucose, fructose and sucrose varied between stages, with neutral sugars dominated by glucose, galactose and mannose. The Lightbourn Biochemical Model was applied to integrate results and propose bionanotechnology and biodynamic nutrition for high agricultural competitiveness and sustainability
PRELIMINARY STUDY THE USE OF HERBAL EXTRACTS AGAINST IRIDOVIRUS IN TIGER GROU...KB Haw
This preliminary study examined the use of herbal extracts to enhance survival of tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) infected with iridovirus. Tiger grouper were experimentally infected with iridovirus via injection and cohabitation. Those infected were then treated by immersion in an herbal solution for 72 hours. The study found that herbal treatment enhanced survival compared to the non-treated group, but iridovirus was still detected in some fish 8 days later, indicating some were asymptomatic carriers. The results suggest herbal extracts may generate protective immunity against iridovirus infection in tiger grouper.
This study analyzed the transcriptome responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) during compatible and incompatible interactions with the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita). RNA sequencing was performed on samples from a susceptible and a resistant cotton line over multiple time points during infection. During the incompatible interaction, twice as many genes were differentially expressed compared to the compatible interaction. Defense-related genes were often downregulated during early compatible interaction but induced earlier and to a higher degree during incompatible interaction. A number of differentially expressed genes located within known root-knot nematode resistance quantitative trait loci were identified as potential resistance candidates. The results provide insights into the molecular basis of resistance in cotton to root-
C:\Fakepath\R Norman Tennessee Efficacyof Endo Fighterfor Reducing Severitynacaa
This document summarizes 3 studies that evaluated the efficacy of Endo-Fighter, a supplement designed to alleviate tall fescue toxicosis in beef cattle. A 126-day field trial with steers and two 84-day grazing experiments with heifers and steers found that while Endo-Fighter altered grazing behavior, it did not improve animal performance or reduce symptoms of toxicosis under heat stress conditions. The studies concluded that Endo-Fighter was ineffective in reducing the severity of tall fescue toxicosis in cattle consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue forage.
Ixodes ticks belong to the family Ixodidae and order Ixodida. They have a complex life cycle involving egg, larva, nymph, and adult stages. Some common genera of hard ticks in the family Ixodidae include Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Dermacentor, Rhipicephallus, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Amblyomma, and Holocyclus. Ixodes scapularis, also known as the blacklegged tick, and Ixodes ricinus are examples of Ixodes species.
The document describes the genus Hyalomma, which includes several hard tick species that parasitize mammals. It provides details on the scientific classification of Hyalomma, lists eight Hyalomma species, and gives identification points and the life cycle. Key details include that unfed Hyalomma ticks are large, have striations on their integument, and identification is based on features of their mouthparts, scutum, legs, festoons, spiracular plates, and anal groove.
Arthropods (ticks) by Md. Abdul Alim, CVASU, BangladeshAbdul Alim
Ticks are blood-sucking arachnids that are important disease vectors for both humans and animals. They transmit a wide variety of pathogens and are second only to mosquitos as a vector of human disease. Ticks cause economic losses to the livestock industry by transmitting diseases that cost billions annually. Ticks have complex life cycles involving one, two, or three hosts of feeding and development. They have morphological and behavioral adaptations for finding and feeding on hosts while avoiding dehydration between blood meals.
Small Ruminant Developmental programmes- An overviewDr Pranav Kumar
Small ruminants like sheep and goats make valuable contributions to rural livelihoods in developing countries by providing meat, milk, fiber and skins. However, research and development investments in small ruminant production have not matched their importance. The document discusses the history of small ruminant development programs in India since the 19th century. It outlines breeding strategies and development efforts under various Five-Year Plans. While small ruminants are economically important and well-adapted, productivity remains low due to lack of policy attention and funding compared to other livestock. Focused small ruminant development is needed to improve rural incomes and nutrition."
Ticks are small, blood-feeding parasites that can transmit diseases to animals and humans. There are two main types of ticks - hard ticks and soft ticks. Ticks go through four life stages - egg, larva, nymph, and adult. Larvae and nymphs must feed on blood to molt into the next stage. Adults can transmit diseases while feeding. Some common tick species discussed include the brown dog tick, American dog tick, lone star tick, and deer tick. Proper tick removal is also described.
This document discusses strategies for preventing tick-borne diseases including environmental, personal, and prophylactic measures. Environmental strategies involve controlling deer populations and tick populations. Personal strategies include avoiding wooded areas, wearing protective clothing, and applying insect repellents to skin and clothing. Prophylactic measures refer to the use of vaccines after a tick bite. The document also provides details on removing vegetation, spraying insecticides, wearing impregnated clothing, conducting body checks for ticks, and removing attached ticks.
Biotechnological approaches can be used in entomological research for developing transgenic insect-resistant crops, genetically modifying insects and biocontrol agents, and performing DNA fingerprinting of insects. Key approaches include using recombinant DNA technology to develop transgenic crops expressing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that produce insecticidal proteins, genetically engineering plants to produce other insecticidal compounds, and using techniques like RNA interference to alter insect behaviors. These methods help increase crop yields by providing resistance against insect pests while reducing environmental impacts from pesticide use.
Monoclonal antibody, history, development and progressRadhika Hegde
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are artificially produced antibodies that are all identical and recognize the same epitope. This document summarizes the history and production of mAbs, from early discoveries in the late 19th century to modern techniques. It describes the key breakthrough of hybridoma technology by Köhler and Milstein in 1975 that allowed mass production of mAbs by fusing antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells. Various approaches to mAb production are also summarized, including recombinant techniques, phage display, plantibodies, bacterial display, and yeast display. The document concludes with discussion of applications, clinical trials, and future innovations using mAb technology.
Genetic engineering can be used to improve the traits of beneficial insects used for biological control. Some traits that can be modified include host range, temperature tolerance, pesticide resistance, pathogen resistance, and reproductive abilities. Transposable elements and viral/bacterial vectors are tools used to transform insects. Genes from other species have been introduced to produce strains with improved traits. Similar techniques have been applied to entomopathogenic fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses to enhance their efficacy against pests while reducing risks to the environment. Future work requires thorough evaluation of genetically modified organisms' ecological impacts.
Cyril gay oie international symposium on prudent use of antimicrobials march ...Cyril Gay
This document summarizes an expert symposium on alternatives to antibiotics in animal agriculture. The symposium highlighted promising research on alternatives, assessed challenges to commercializing alternatives, and proposed strategies to develop alternatives. Alternatives discussed included bacteriophages, bacteriophage gene products, animal-derived antimicrobial peptides, passive immunity using hyperimmune IgY, phytochemicals, immune modulation approaches, and managing the gut microbiome. Developing alternatives faces challenges including improving efficacy, delivery methods, and production costs. Integrating research on nutrition, health, disease, and "omic" technologies was seen as important to advance alternatives to antibiotics.
1) Transgenic fish models carrying bacteriophage λ and plasmid pUR288 vectors were developed to improve methods for assessing health risks from environmental mutagens and establish new animal models for studying in vivo mutagenesis.
2) The bacteriophage λ transgenic medaka model uses the cII and lacI genes as mutational targets, allowing detection of mutations through packaging of the phage vector and infection of E. coli. Spontaneous mutation frequencies in medaka were comparable to rodent models.
3) Exposure to chemical mutagens like ENU induced concentration-dependent, tissue-specific, and time-dependent increases in cII mutations, demonstrating the utility of the transgenic fish model for studying mut
Hi there,
This was topic on which I presented a talk in our department. As we know Insecticide such as pyrethroids are being most widely used for controlling insect pest in agriculture because of their safe, cheap, effective and long-lasting nature (Bulter et al. 2011). However, the widespread development of insecticide resistance, especially resistance to pyrethroid and the fact that resistance to an insecticide generally confers cross-resistance to other insecticides has become a serious problem challenging the control of agriculturally, economically, and medically important insect pests and resulting in increase of insect vector-borne diseases in many parts of the world (Zaim 2002; Bulter 2011). Three major mechanisms are involved in insecticide resistance: (1) increased metabolic detoxification of insecticides; (2) decreased sensitivity of the target proteins on which an insecticide acts, known as target site insensitivity; and (3) decreased cuticular penetration/or increased sequestration/storage.
Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)Cry protein is one of the most effective biopesticides that can act against a large group of insect orders like Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera etc. But through the course of evolution insects have developed resistance so that they can combat against Bt. Mutation(s) in the target site; reduced protease activity; sequestration of toxin molecules; mutations in the ABCC2 transporter protein are few mechanisms which govern resistance in insects against Cry protein. Therefore, it has become prime importance to understand the molecular basis of insect resistance and what could be the strategies by which the efficacy of the Cry protein can be enhanced. The strategies for improving the efficacy of Cry toxin are (i) Expression of chitinase gene along with Cry toxins; (ii) Expression of hybrid toxin; (iii) Introduction of intramolecular cleavage sites. The insects have developed resistance against different groups of Cry proteins such as Cry2Aa, Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab etc. But the relative fitness (such as larval and pupal weight, pupal duration, and survival rate, etc.) in resistant larvae is much lower than the susceptible larvae because of genetic changes in insects. One of such genes that affects the relative fitness in Helicoverpa armigera is death associated LIM only protein (Ha-DALP) which is basically involved in cell signalling, cell fate determination, transcriptional regulation of gene expression etc.
The document discusses the history and development of insect biotechnology. Some key points:
- Insect biotechnology was first introduced in Europe in 2002 under Professor Pennacchio in Italy.
- It involves using whole insects, their organs/cells/molecules, or symbiotic microbes in medicine, agriculture, and industry.
- The term "yellow biotechnology" was coined due to the yellow color of insect hemolymph, which has delivered chemicals, proteins, and microbes for various applications.
- Guide on insect biotechnology was published in 2007. Insect biotechnology can be used in fields like medicine, agriculture, and industry.
Deployment of broad spectrum resistance against rice blast which includes gene pyramiding, deployment, transgenic approaches, marker assisted back cross breeding, pedigree by using major R genes and QTLs and phytoalexin genes.
1. Genetic engineering has been used to develop transgenic plants with resistance to nematodes by expressing antifeedant and nematicidal proteins. This includes expressing cysteine protease inhibitors like oryzacystatin that interfere with nematode digestion and reproduction.
2. RNA interference techniques have also been used to disrupt essential nematode genes through plant expression of double stranded RNA, reducing nematode infectivity and reproduction.
3. Some nematode resistance genes from crops and their wild relatives have been identified and cloned, including the Hs1pro-1 gene from sugar beet and the Mi-1 gene from tomato, which confers resistance through hypersensitive response.
Role of biotechnology - gene silencing in plant disease controlAshajyothi Mushineni
An overview of role of biotechnology especially gene silencing approach in plant disease control and success achieved so far and way forward and it's importance in developing countries
This document discusses techniques for engineering bacteriophages (phages) to enhance their potential as antimicrobial agents. It describes various methods for genetically modifying phage genomes, including homologous recombination, recombineering, and rebuilding genomes in vitro or in yeast. Synthetic phages have been engineered with broader host ranges or the ability to deliver genes conferring antibiotic sensitivity. Phage lysins have also been developed as antimicrobials targeting pathogens like MRSA. Overall, the document outlines how phage engineering is an area of active research with applications for treating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Gene silencing is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate protein production from a gene. It occurs through mechanisms other than genetic modification and describes switching a gene "off" through cellular machinery. There are two main types: transcriptional gene silencing, which occurs at the DNA or chromatin level, and post-transcriptional gene silencing, which acts at the RNA level through mechanisms like RNA interference. RNAi has applications in biotechnology and crop improvement by modulating gene expression and inducing viral resistance.
This document summarizes research on cloning and expression analysis of rice genes involved in infection with the rice nematode Hirschmaniella oryzae. Key points include:
- Six rice genes were selected based on previous expression data under H. oryzae infection. These genes were cloned from rice roots.
- An infection experiment was conducted where rice seedlings were infected with nematodes at different time points. Gene expression was analyzed using qPCR.
- Preliminary results found three genes - Cupin, Membrane, and B-box - had expression patterns consistent with previous data under H. oryzae infection. Further research is suggested to understand the roles of these genes in rice-
This study examines the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of a 5-kDa peptide fraction isolated from the coelomocytes (immune cells) of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The peptide fraction, called 5-CC, showed inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 253.7 to 15.8 mg ml-1. 5-CC also inhibited the formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. At sub-MIC concentrations, 5-CC inhibited the formation of young (6-hour) and mature (24-hour) biofilms of
genetic Resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep: Association w...Ishfaq Maqbool
describes briefly about need of breeding for genetic resistance, candidate genes associated with resistance, genomic regions located on different sheep chromosomes and mechanisms by which the genes act.
Gonadal histo morphology and antifertility effects of bonny light crude oil i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of ingesting Bonny Light Crude Oil (BLCO) on male fertility in rats. Rats were given varying doses of BLCO for 60 days, then sperm counts were analyzed and testes were examined histologically. Sperm counts significantly decreased in treated rats compared to controls. Histological examination found degenerative and necrotic changes in testes of treated rats, including fewer sperm-producing cells and damage to Sertoli cells that support sperm maturation. The results suggest that ingesting BLCO has adverse effects on the male reproductive system and fertility in rats.
Cloning and Characterization of Master Regulator of Systemic Acquired Resista...Akhilesh Rawat
The document describes research that cloned the npr1 gene, which encodes the non-expresser of PR proteins 1 protein and is a master regulator of systemic acquired resistance in plants. The researchers cloned the npr1 gene from mustard using PCR and sequenced it, finding 98% identity to reported npr1 genes. They transferred the cloned gene to tobacco through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The putative transgenic tobacco plants were confirmed using gene-specific PCR. Overexpression of npr1 has potential to provide broad-spectrum disease resistance in crops.
Majority of agronomic traits are quantitative and are controlled polygenetically.Instead of producing transgenic plants through single gene transfer many researchers are attempting on multigene engineering. The simultaneous transfer of multiple genes in to plants will enable us to produce plants with more desirable characters. Engineering of genes coding for complete metabolic pathways, bacterial operons or biopharmaceuticals that require an assembly of complex multisubunit proteins etc are some of the successful examples of multigene engineering.
This document discusses plantibodies, which are antibodies or proteins produced through genetically modified crops. Plantibodies can be used as edible vaccines, diagnostic or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and to confer disease resistance in plants. There are several advantages to producing antibodies in plants, such as no ethical issues, low contamination risk, ability to scale production, and low production costs compared to other systems. The key components of a plantibody gene construct are promoters, signal peptides, and terminal peptides. Plantibodies can be produced through plant transformation and tissue culture and have applications in therapeutic and immunization uses. Production in plants is a viable alternative to traditional systems due to lower costs and potential for oral delivery of vaccines or therapeutics.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
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* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
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Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
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Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
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Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
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Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
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Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
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Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial Intelligence
Orw ph.d. binod, 10 05-2012
1. Outline Of Research Work Seminar
Cloning and silencing of Subolesin, Cathepsin L and
Calreticulin genes of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum
and evaluation of cross-protective efficacy of
recombinant protein(s)
Dr. Binod Kumar
Roll No.1374
Ph.D. Scholar
Division Of Parasitology
IVRI
1
4. TICKS
Major tick species in INDIA infesting livestock
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum
Cattle, Buffalo and small ruminants
Three hosts tick
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Cattle, Buffalo, Horse, donkeys, goat, Sheep, Deer, Pig, Dog, and some
wild animals
One host tick
4
5. Direct and Indirect effects
Tick attachment
Deep bite wound
Annoyance
Predispose to myasis
Reduced hide value
Tick secretions
Tick toxicosis
Tick paralysis
Transmission of tick borne pathogens
Blood feeding
Anemia
Production and reproduction losses
Control
High cost of acaricide treatment
Ecological damage
Human health
6. Vectorial capacity
H. a. anatolicum
•Theileria annulata
•T. buffeli
•T. lestocardi
•CCHF (????)
R. (B.) microplus
Babesia bigemina
B. bovis
Anaplasma marginale
6
7. Economic impact of tick infestation on
livestock industry
In million US $
De Castro, 1997;
Minjauw and Mc
Leod, 2003;
Dayton et al., 1991;
Horn, 1987;
Mukhebi et al., 1999
*
* Control cost
7
8. Ticks control strategies
Methods of Control Major Control Side effects of chemical
Method control method
Selection of resistant
• Chemical control (Acaricides) ticks
• Biological control Environmental pollution
• Genetic transformation Acaricides Residues in livestock
• Immunological control products
• Herbal formulation as High cost of repeated
acaricide application
• Genetically resistance breeds Development of new
generation acaricide
Sustainable control ????????
8
9. Immunological control (component of IPM)
• Immunization with crude antigen
• Immunization with Purified Native antigen
• Immunization with recombinant antigen
• 1986- Bm86 identified
• 1994s- Bm86 based vaccine TickGARD™ and Gavac™ introduced in
market
• Reduction in number of application of acaricides
• Reduction in incidence of Tick borne disease
• Variable efficacy of vaccine against different strain of R. (B.) microplus
(40% - 90%)
• Cross protective efficacy was poor except R. (B.) annulatus
de la Fuente et al., 2007
10. Homologue of Bm86 was identified in different ticks species and
efficacy was recorded in the range of 40-60%
(Liao et al., 2007; Odongo et al., 2007; Kamau et al., 2011; Nijhof et al.,
2010)
In India, cross-protective efficacy of Bm86 and its homolog, Haa86 in
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum was recorded
Antigen Ticks Efficacy Reference
Haa86 H. a. anatolicum 46-80% Azhahianambi et al., 2009;
Jeyabal et al., 2010;
Kumar et al., 2012
Haa86 R. (B.) microplus 36% Kumar et al., 2012
Bm86 H. a. anatolicum 25% Kumar et al., 2012
Bm86 R. (B.) microplus 44% Kumar et al., 2012
11. Major areas of target
Attachment to host
Salivary gland products like
Cement protein (Kemp et al., 1982)
Anti-haemostatics (Sauer et al., 1995)
Vasodilators, anti-inflamatory , immunosuppressive factors (Champagne, 1994)
Digestive system
Molecules involve in blood meal digestion (Lara et al., 2005)
Iron metabolism (Horn et al., 2009)
Gut associated molecules (Williadsen, 2004)
Haemocoel
Transporter molecules (de la Fuente et al., 2010)
Other molecules involved in physiology of ticks
12. Targets selected for study
Subolesin
(Expressed in all
organs and tissues)
Function as
transcription
factors in the
Calreticulin regulation of gene
Anti-thrombotic and Cathepsin L expression
Part of a gut-associated multi-
complement-inhibition
peptidase complex.
activities in host
Its endopeptidase
activity is important in the
initial phase of
haemoglobinolysis.
13. •
..
Objectives
• Cloning and sequencing of Subolesin, Calreticulin and Cathepsin L
genes of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus
(Boophilus) microplus
• Evaluation of Conservation of target genes in different isolates of H. a.
anatolicum and R. (B.) microplus
• Characterization of target genes of H. a. anatolicum
i). Through RNA interference
ii). In-vivo immunization trial using recombinant protein(s)
15. Native proteins as Vaccine targets
Immunogen Challenge dose Percentage protection
Larvae Nymphs Adults Immediate rejection (%)a Overall decrease in Reduction in
successive stageb egg massesc
AFF-TLE (L), 39kDa 4000 200 - 60.0 (L),44.0 (N) 34.0 (N),43.2 (A)
Aff-GHLAg (Gut), 34 2000 140 40 pairs 24.2 (L),22.4 (N),32.2 (A) 31.2 (N), 25.2 (A), 15.0
kDa)
Aff-HNAg (Nymph, 1600 140 40 pairs 38.0 (L), 25.0 (N), 32.2 (A) 32.7 (N), 28.7 (A), 20.0
39kDa
Aff-GHAAg (A), 68kDa 2000 140 - 10.3 (L) 17.6 (N) -
HGLA (L), 34 kDa 2000 - 25 pairs 39.0 (L), 28.0 (A) 16.0 (N), 15.8
HGLA (L), 34 kDa 3000 - 75 pairs 32.0 (L), 23.4 (A) 29.32 (N), 50.67
GHLgP (Gut), 37kDa - 140 - 17.0 (N) 20.7 (A) -
a
Mean differences in immediate rejection between immunized and control groups of animal.
b
Mean differences in the development of successive stage of the ticks fed on immunized and control group of
animals.
c
Mean differences in the egg masses laid by the ticks fed on immunized and control group of animals.
* p < 0.01. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 1998, 1999; Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod., 2003; J. Parasitic Dis., 2003;
Trop. Anim. Hlth. Produ., 1999; Trop. Anim. Hlth. Produ., 2001, ; Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2000;
** p < 0.05 Indian J Anim. Sci., Exp. Appl. Acarol., 2003, Parasitology Res., 2005, Trop Anim Hlth
Prod., 2005; J Vet Parasitol., 2007; Vaccine 2008
16. Recombinant proteins as Vaccine -
Bm86 and its homolog
TickGARD™, Gavac™
20-30% reduction in engorge tick number
30% reduction in engorge tick weight
60-80% reduction in egg masses
50-60% reduction in number of acaricide treatment in a year
(Willadsen et al., 1995, de la Fuente et al., 2007)
16
17. Variable efficacy of Bm86 based vaccine against
different strain of R. (B.) microplus
S.N. Tick Strain Efficacy (E%)
1 Camcord 72-91
2 Yeerongpilly 75
3 Cenapa 84
4 Tuxpan 51
5 Mora 58
6 Colombian field 60
7 Brazilian field 51
8 Argentinain strain 0
de la Fuente et al., 1995, 2005, 2006; Garcia-Garcia et al., 2000
The use of Bm86 based vaccine on cattle tick strains located in different
geographic areas has presented variable efficacy, even the so-called vaccine
failures that seemed to be due to variations in amino acids in the protein codified
by the Bm86 locus (de La Fuente and Kocan, 2003)
18. de la Fuente et al. (2000) characterized at the molecular level R. (B.)
microplus strains ( 10 strains) from Latin America and Australia,
employing sequences derived from the Bm86 coding region (base
No. 1646 to 1752)
Results
1% nucleotide variation within strains
7.5% nucleotide variation between strains
These variation cause change in amino acid composition at four places
Sossai et al. (2005) collected thirty R. (B.) microplus strains from various
geographic regions of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela and
Colombia were analyzed for the Bm86 gene
Gene amplified and sequenced from 278–1071 base (794 base pairs)
Variations from 1.76 to 3.65% were detected in the nucleotides sequence
and 3.4–6.08% in the amino acid sequence of the Bm86 protein
19. Garcia-Garcia et al. (1999) suggested that variations greater than 2.8%
in the amino acid sequence of the protein expressed would be sufficient
to confer vaccination inefficiencies when recombinant antigens are used.
20. Cross-protection
Vaccine Tick species Effect Reference
molecul
es
Bm86 Hyalomma dromedarii DT%-27; DR%- 31; DO%- Rodríguez-Valle et
32 al., 2012
Bm86 Amblyomma cajennense No effect Rodríguez-Valle et
al., 2012
Bm86 R. (B.) annulatus E%-99% Canales et al., 2009
Bm86 R. (B.) decoloratus DT%- 45; DR%- 55; DO%- Odongo et al., 2007
61
Bm86 Rhipicephalus sanguineus Reduction in Larvae, Perez-Perez et al.,
Nymph and Adults, 38%, 2010
29% and 31%,
respectively
Bm86 R. appendiculatus No effect de Vos et al., 2001
Bm86 Hyalomma anatolicum E%- 25 Kumar et al., 2012
anatolicum
21. Bm86 Homolog
Ree86, Dr86, Hm86, Av86, Ir86, Os86 (Nijhof et al., 2010), Hl86 (Liao et
al., 2007), Ra86 (Kamau et al., 2011), Ba86 (Canales et al., 2008), Bd86
(Odongo et al., 2007), Rs86 (Fang and Xu, 2007) and Haa86
(Azhahianambi et al., 2009)
Efficacy of some of recombinant protein was evaluated which is variable
Antigens Tick species Efficacy Reference
Ba86 R. (B.) annulatus 83% Canales et al., 2009
Ba86 R. (B.) microplus 71% Canales et al., 2009
Haa86 H. a. anatolicum Larvae – 47- Azhahianambi et al.,
60% 2009; Jeyabal et al.,
Adults - 40-80% 2010; Kumar et al., 2012
Haa86 R. (B.) microplus 25% Kumar et al., 2012
22. Some other recently identified Vaccine targets-
Targeted molecules Species of Ticks Experimen Vaccine Efficacy Reference
tal animal
Acid phosphatase (HL-3) Haemaphysalis longicornis Rabbit DR% = 10.6 Zhang et al., 2011
Mortality (%) = 28.0
41.0 kDa
Hc-23 Haemaphysalis concinna Rabbit DR% = 11 Bian et al., 2011
DO% = 62
43 kDa
Cathepsin L (IrCL1) Ixodes ricinus Not tested Franta et al., 2011
35kDa
P- selectin-binding Ornithodorous moubata Pigs Reduction in fecundity- Garcia-Varas et al.,
44%; feeding inhibition 2010
protein
50%
(Om44), 44kDa
Calreticulins Haemaphysalis longicornis Mice and calves Immunogenicity tested Parizi et al., 2009
and proposed as good
55-60kDa target
RH50; 50kDa Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Rabbit Mortality rate 30.5% Zhou et al., 2006b
Ferritin 2 R. microplus calves E% = 64 Hijdusek et al., 2010
64TRP R. appendiculatus Rabbit E%- 50-70 Trimnell et al., 2002;
2005
Subolesin R. microplus calves E%- 50-75 Almazan et al., 2010
Voraxin-alpha R. appendiculatus Rabbit E%- 40-50 Yamada et al., 2009
Ubiquitin R. microplus Calves E%- 30-50 Almazan et al., 2010
23. Subolesin
•It is ortholog of akirin, an evolutionary conserved gene of insect and
vertebrate (Mangold et al., 2009)
•First discovered in Ixodes scapularis by Almazan et al., 2003
•The proposed function of akirins is as transcription factors required for
NF-kB-dependent gene expression (Galindo et al., 2009) and in regulation
of innate immune response in fruit fly (Goto et al., 2008)
•Subolesin functions in ticks are the same as akirin in fruit fly (Goto et al.,
2008; Galindo et al., 2009; Zivkovic et al., 2010; de la Fuente et al., 2008;
2010)
24. Immunization with recombinant Subolesin
Tick species Vaccine efficay Reference
(against adults)
Ixodes scapularis 71% Canales et al., 2009
Amblyomma 66% de la Fuente et al.,
americanum 2010
R. (B.) microplus 51% Almazan et al., 2010
R. (B.) annulatus 60% Almazan et al., 2010
Vaccination with Subolesin reduced the vactor capacity of Ixodes scapularis for
Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Almazan et al., 2010; de al Fuente et al., 2010)
Merino et al. (2011) --- 98% and 99% reduction in infection level of A.
marginale and Babesia bigemina, respectively in R. (B.) microplus fed on
Subolesin immunized animal.
25. Calreticulins (CRT)
In general, CRT is a calcium binding protein
Found in almost every organism
In ticks, the salivary secreted CRT involvement in evading the host's
immune system (Xu et al., 2005)
Kaewhom et al. (2008) reported, CRT is a protein found in tick
salivary glands and saliva, and CRT might facilitate tick feeding and
pathogen transmission through anti-thrombotic and complement-
inhibition activities.
Vaccination of sheep with rHqCRT conferred protective immunity
against Haemaphysalis qinghaiensis, resulting in 54.3% mortality in
adult ticks, compared to the 38.7% death rate in the control group (Gao
et al., 2008)
26. • The possibility of using CRT to induce protective immunity against
Necator americanus and Schistosoma spp. has been suggested (El
Gengehi et al. 2000; Khalife et al. 1994; Pritchard et al. 1999).
• Exhibition of necrotic lesions in the tick bite sites in Amblyomma
americanum CRT immunized rabbits indicates that immune reaction
could disrupt the feeding cycle (Jaworski et al. 1995).
• Sanders et al. (1999) reported the antibody levels to A. americanum
CRT increase in humans after exposure to I. scapularis are
correlated with tick engorgement indices
27. Cathepsin L
Cathepsin family having dozen of member with protease activity.
Cathepsin L is a Cysteine protease
•Sojka et al. (2008) and Horn et al. (2009) demonstrated that intestinal
haemoglobinolysis in the Ixodes scapularis relies on Clan CA papain-type
cysteine peptidases, cathepsins L (IrCL), B (IrCB) and C (IrCC), the Clan
CD asparaginyl endopeptidase, legumain (IrAE) and the Clan AA aspartic
peptidase, cathepsin D (IrCD)
•Detailed analysis of the haemoglobinolytic pathway in the I. ricinus gut
demonstrated that the process is initiated by cleavage of large fragments
from haemoglobin by cathepsins D, L and Legumain
Franta et al., 2011
28. • Silencing of IrCL by RNAi impaired weight-gain of semi-engorged
Ixodes ricinus females fed for 6 days on guinea pigs
• This result suggests that IrCL has a non-redundant role in the
digestive machinery Franta et al., 2011
• Targeting this enzyme using specific immunotherapeutic antibodies
provides a promising concept for the rational development of an
anti-tick vaccine (Jongejan et al., 2007)
• Clara et al. (2011) through peptide phage display library shows
Cathepsin L is a potent digestive enzymes
29. Characterization of genes by gene silencing
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process within living cells that moderates the activity of
their genes.
Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello, (1998) work on RNA interference in the C. elegans,
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006
RNAi has been shown to be valuable tools for the study of tick gene function, the
characterization of tick pathogen interface and the screening and characterization of
tick protective antigens.
de la Fuente et al., 2007
30. Nucleus mRNA
RNA gene tRNA
s
NA
ncR
miRNA
shRNA
Cytoplasm
siRNA
Exogenous dsRNA
Long ncRNA
Dicer
RISC
RISC
RISC
31.
32. Tick species Target gene Phenotype References
A.americanum Histamine-binding Reduction of Aljamali et al., 2002;
protein (HBP) histamine-binding 2003
activity in salivary
glands and aberrant
tick feeding pattern
A.americanum Salivary Cystatin ~80% decrease in Karim et al., 2005
transcript level, 32%
reduction in body
weight, only 20%
ticks was able to feed
on host after injection
H. longicornis Leucine Delay onset of egg- Hatta et al., 2007
aminopeptidase laying and reduced
oviposition
33. Tick species Target gene Phenotype References
R. (B.) microplus Subolesin reduction of 75% Nijhof et al., 2007;
and 99% in tick De la Fuente et al.,
weight and egg 2005
mass, respectively
and 46% mortality
compare to control
H. longicornis Ribosomal protein P0 Low body weight, Gong et al., 2008
lower rate of
engorgement, high
mortality
R. (B.) microplus Ferritin 2 42% rejection, 50% Hajdusek et al.,
reduction in weight, 2009
53% reduction in
oviposition
34. Tick species Target gene Phenotype References
Amblyomma CD147 receptor ~69% ticks are not Mulenga and
americanum homologue able to feed Khumthong, 2010a
properly, tick
morphology was
changed
A. americanum Insulin like growth Reduction in blood Mulenga and
factor meal size, tick Khumthong, 2010b
mortality, fail to lay
eggs.
R. (B.) microplus Metzincin Affects average egg Barnard et al., 2011
metalloproteases weight and
oviposition rates
R. (B.) microplus Ubiquitin-63E Knockdown of gene Lew-Tabor et al.,
associated with 2011
Ubiquitin-63E
35. Technical Program
• Cloning and sequencing of targeted genes (Subolesin,
Calreticulin and Cathepsin L) of Hyalomma
anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)
microplus
36. B. Study on conservation of target genes among
different isolates of H. a. anatolicum and R. (B.)
microplus from India.
Ticks will be collected from different states (as much as possible).
Some isolates are already available in the Entomology laboratory,
Division of Parasitology, IVRI, Izatnagar and more will be
collected.
Total RNA will be isolated, target genes will be amplified using
suitable primers, cloned and sequenced.
Analysis of genes using bioinformatics software like Gene tool,
DNA star, Megaline, NCBI blast etc.
37. C. Quantification of level of transcript of targeted
genes in different stages of H. a. anatolicum
(IVRI line II)
Different life stages of ticks will be collected and kept in
RNAlater at -80°C
Total RNA will be isolated using standard protocol
Custom synthesis of primers
Quantification of transcriptome for each gene through
Quantitative PCR
38. D. Charecterization of targeted genes of H. a.
anatolicum
3. Through gene silencing
4. In-vivo immunization study of recombinant
protein(s)
39. 1. Gene silencing by RNA interference
III.Preparation of dsRNA (200-500bp) using standard protocol
IV.Inoculation of dsRNA in unfed adults of H. a. anatolicum
•Dilution of dsRNA with injection buffer/elution buffer to make the concentration
@ 5.0 x 1010 to 5 x 1015 molecules/µl for each gene of interest.
•1µl dsRNA preparations will be injected to the individual tick using specially
fabricated 34G needle fitted in micro-syringe (Hamilton, Switzerland) at posterior
to 4th coxae deep in to hemocele.
•Injected ticks will be allowed to move in broad bottom tubes, incubate in BOD
incubator at 95% RH and 28°C temperature for 24 hours.
40. III. Assessment of biological activity of ticks
•Active ticks will be selected (n = 30 for each gene inoculated and control) and
will be released on animal along with equal number of male ticks.
•Feeding ticks (n= 10) will be collected at 24 hrs interval till engorgement and will
be stored in RNAlater at -80°C for RNA isolation. Engorged ticks will be
weighed and kept for oviposition at 28°C with 85% RH.
IV. Evaluation of effect of RNAi on ticks
•Entomological parameters viz., percent reduction in tick number (DT%), percent
reduction in egg mass (DO%), percent reduction in tick weight (DR%) and overall
efficacy (E%) will be recorded and will be compared to control
•Monitoring of inhibition of expression of gene(s) of interest in feeding ticks,
engorged ticks, eggs and larvae by q- PCR.
41. 2. In-vivo immunization of recombinant
protein(s)
I. Expression of target genes of H. a. anatolicum in
prokaryotic system
• Targeted genes will be expressed in suitable expression vector and
standardization will be done for good expression.
• Purification and quantification of expressed protein (s).
• Determination of molecular weight of recombinant proteins using
SDS-PAGE
• Western blot analysis of recombinant proteins by probing with hyper
immune sera raised in rabbit against antigens prepared from H. a.
anatolicum
42. II. Immunization of calves with recombinant protein along with
adjuvant
Cross bred caves of 3-4 month age from dairy farm (LPM), IVRI, Izatnagar
will be procured.
All the calves will be kept in tick proof shed of the Division of Parasitology.
All the animals will be dewormed after 15 days of arrivals.
Animals will be randomly divided in to different groups of four animals in
each group and immunization will be started on 6-7 month old calves.
43. • Each animal of immunized group (s) will be inoculated with 100µg
of antigen along with adjuvant (1:1 ratio) in a three doses at one
month interval, deep intramuscularly
• Control animals will be inoculated with PBS/adjuvant
• For each antigen two groups will be kept, one will be challenged with
larvae (hatched from 50 mg eggs) and 50 unfed adults of H. a.
anatolicum and other with larvae (hatched from 50 mg of eggs) of R.
(B.) microplus
44. III. Monitoring of immunological response
against immunogen
Serum will be collected at different time (pre-immunization, post-
immunization) for estimation of
Whole serum immunoglobulins
IgG1
IgG2
by indirect ELISA
44
45. IV. Potency testing by Entomological data
For the larvae-
DT (%) = 100 (1 – NTV/NTC)
where DT(%) is the percentage reduction of challenged larvae,
MO (%) = 100 (1-MLI/MLC)
where MO (%) is the percent reduction in moulting of engorged larvae,
46. For the adults-
DT% = 100 (1-NTV/NTC),
Where DT% is the percentage reduction in mean number of females
fed on immunized and control groups of animals.
DO (%)= 100 (1- PATV/PATC)
where DO (%) is the percentage reduction of mean weight of eggs of
ticks fed on immunized and control animals
DR (%) = 100 (1- PMTV/PMTC)
where DR (%) is the percentage reduction of mean weight of adult
females dropped from immunized and control animals
E (%) = 100 [1- (CRT X CRO)]
Where E (%) is the efficacy of immunogens. CRO is reduction in egg
laying capacity (PATV/PATC), CRT is the reduction in the number of
adult females (NTV/NTC)