1. The document discusses Jerome Bruner's theory of cognitive development, which focuses on how children acquire and organize knowledge.
2. Bruner proposed three modes of representation - enactive, iconic, and symbolic. The enactive and iconic modes are more concrete, while the symbolic mode uses abstract symbols.
3. Bruner also studied how children develop different types of categories as their cognitive skills grow, such as perceptual, functional, and affective categories.
The document discusses key principles of Gestalt psychology including the laws of organization, pragnanz, similarity, proximity, and closure. It explains that Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler studied insight learning and problem solving. Gestalt psychology focuses on the whole structure and organization of psychological phenomena, not just the parts. It emphasizes that people learn best through direct experience and solving problems on their own.
Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who developed one of the most widely accepted theories of psychosocial development. He proposed that social development occurs through eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood, with each stage presenting its own developmental crisis which contributes to the person's development of identity and sense of self. His stages focus on how children and adults experience a sense of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity at different points in their lives.
Havighurst's theory of development tasks outlines stages of development from childhood through older adulthood, with specific tasks to be achieved in each stage. During adolescence from ages 12-18, key tasks include achieving emotional independence from parents, developing an ethical system, and preparing for an economic career. The theory also identifies interpersonal skills, cognitive abilities, and physical development as important areas of focus during adolescence.
The document discusses key principles of Gestalt psychology including the laws of organization, pragnanz, similarity, proximity, and closure. It explains that Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler studied how perception forms unified wholes and introduced concepts like the Gestalt, the law of continuity, and the idea that people learn best through direct experience and using their whole selves.
Havighurst's theory of development tasks outlines stages of development from childhood through older adulthood, with specific tasks to be achieved in each stage. During adolescence from ages 12-18, key tasks include achieving emotional independence from parents, developing an ethical system, and preparing for an economic career. The theory also identifies interpersonal skills, cognitive abilities, and physical development as important areas of focus during adolescence.
1. The document discusses Jerome Bruner's theory of cognitive development, which focuses on how children acquire and organize knowledge.
2. Bruner proposed three modes of representation - enactive, iconic, and symbolic. The enactive and iconic modes are more concrete, while the symbolic mode uses abstract symbols.
3. Bruner also studied how children develop different types of categories as their cognitive skills grow, such as perceptual, functional, and affective categories.
The document discusses key principles of Gestalt psychology including the laws of organization, pragnanz, similarity, proximity, and closure. It explains that Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler studied insight learning and problem solving. Gestalt psychology focuses on the whole structure and organization of psychological phenomena, not just the parts. It emphasizes that people learn best through direct experience and solving problems on their own.
Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who developed one of the most widely accepted theories of psychosocial development. He proposed that social development occurs through eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to late adulthood, with each stage presenting its own developmental crisis which contributes to the person's development of identity and sense of self. His stages focus on how children and adults experience a sense of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity at different points in their lives.
Havighurst's theory of development tasks outlines stages of development from childhood through older adulthood, with specific tasks to be achieved in each stage. During adolescence from ages 12-18, key tasks include achieving emotional independence from parents, developing an ethical system, and preparing for an economic career. The theory also identifies interpersonal skills, cognitive abilities, and physical development as important areas of focus during adolescence.
The document discusses key principles of Gestalt psychology including the laws of organization, pragnanz, similarity, proximity, and closure. It explains that Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler studied how perception forms unified wholes and introduced concepts like the Gestalt, the law of continuity, and the idea that people learn best through direct experience and using their whole selves.
Havighurst's theory of development tasks outlines stages of development from childhood through older adulthood, with specific tasks to be achieved in each stage. During adolescence from ages 12-18, key tasks include achieving emotional independence from parents, developing an ethical system, and preparing for an economic career. The theory also identifies interpersonal skills, cognitive abilities, and physical development as important areas of focus during adolescence.
The document discusses key principles of Gestalt psychology including the laws of organization, pragnanz, similarity, proximity, and closure. It explains that Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Kohler studied insight learning and problem solving. Gestalt psychology focuses on the whole structure and organization of psychological phenomena, not just the parts. It emphasizes that people learn best through direct experience and solving problems on their own.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document presents a hybrid neural network model using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to evaluate the quality of object-oriented software modules by predicting fault-prone components. The model trains a neural network using PSO on 80% of a dataset containing code attributes from NASA projects. It then tests the trained network on the remaining 20% and calculates accuracy, mean absolute error, and root mean squared error at different iterations, showing improved results as iterations increase. Compared to other methods, the PSO-trained neural network achieves higher accuracy and lower errors in fault prediction.
