This document contains information on the synthesis and reactions of various organic compounds including benzene, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, anilines, alkynes, diazonium chlorides, acid halides, and alkyl halides. Synthetic routes shown include substitution, elimination, oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, nitration, halogenation, and other common organic reactions using reagents such as NaOH, H2SO4, KMnO4, LiAlH4, PCl5, and more. Unique reactions of terminal alkynes and identification tests for functional groups like aldehydes and ketones are also presented.

1. BENZENE
CH CH
Cu Tube
(300º C)
NaOH
CaO (▲)
CH3
C
O
Cl
H2
/ Ni
c. H2SO4 / c. HNO3 (50º C)
H+ / KMnO4
OH
Cl
Mg
+
Cl
-
COOH
COOH
NO2
CH3
C
CH3
O
C
NH2
O
N
+
N
Cl
-
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
Abarajithan G.

2. ALCOHOL
CH3
C
OH
O
CH3
C
H
O
CH3
CH2
O
-
Na
+
CH3
C
O
O
CH2
CH3
CH2 CH2
CH3
CH2
Br
CH3
CH2
Cl
CH3
CH2
Cl
H
C
H
O
CH2 CH2
Na
dil. NaOH
HBr
i) LiAlH4 / dry ether
ii) H+ / H2O
C
H 3
C O
HO
CH3
CH2
NH2
CH3
C
OH
O
Abarajithan G.
Mg
2+
CH3
-
Cl
-
i)
ii) H+ / H2O

3. ALDEHYDE
CH3
CH
CH3
OH
CH3 COOH
CH3
CH
CH
CH
O
CH3
CH
CH2
C
OH O
H
CH3
CH2
OHCH3CH
Cl
Cl
CH3 CH3
CCH3
CN
OH
H
H+ / K2Cr2O7
Fehling’s
(A+B)
CH3 COO
-
Cu2O↓
CH3 COO
-
NH4
+
Tollens’ Reagent
[Ag(NH3)2]+
Ag (Silver Mirror)
(▲)
NaBH4
NaCN / HCl
CH3
CH2
OH
NH
N
C
CH3
H
NO2
NO2
NH
NH2
NO2
NO2
[1º alcohol]
+
1. LiAlH4
2. H+ / H2O
+Na+
Abarajithan G.

4. ANNILINE
NaNO2 / dil. HCl
(T = [0 – 5]º C)
NaNO2 / dil. HCl
(T > 10º C)
c. H2SO4
c. HNO3
(50º C)
Br2 / H2O
NaOH
Br2 / H2O
NH2
Br
NH
C
O
R
Br
NO2
NH
C
O
R
NH2
Br
Br
Br
OH
NH
R
NH2
NO2
NO2
O2N
NH2
Br
N
+
N
Cl
-
R-COCl
+
Abarajithan G.

5. C
CH
3
O
Cl
PHENOL
NaNO2 / dil. HCl
(T > 10º C)
NaOH
(Red Orange dye)
OH
NO2
NO2
O2N
OH
Br
Br
Br
OH
Br
N
N
OH
O
C
O
CH3
O
-
Na
+
R-X
O
R
NH2
N
+
N
Cl
-
OH
NO2
OH
Br
OH
NO2
+
+
Abarajithan G.

6. KETONE
CH3
CCH3 CN
OH
CH3
CH
CH3
OH
CH3 C CH
CH3
CH
CH3
OH
CH3
CH2
CH3
Hg2+ /
dil. H2SO4
CH3 C
CH3
CH3
OH
NaCN /
HCl
NH
N
C
CH3
CH3
NO2
NO2
NH
NH2
NO2
NO2
CH3
CCH
CO CH3
CH3
Abarajithan G.

7. CH3
C
CH3
O
CH3
C
C
O
O
H
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH3 C C
-
Na
+
CH3 C C
-
Cu
+
CH3 C C
-
Ag
+
CH3CC
Br
Br
Br
H
Br
CH3CC
Br
Br H
H
H
ALKYNE
alc. KOH
Br2 / CCl4 HBr
Na
+ H2 ↑
NaNH2
CH3 C C
-
Na
+
+ NH3 ↑
NH3 / CuCl
Tollens’ Reagent
[Ag(NH3)2]+
Unique
Reactions of
Terminal
Alkynes
CH3 C CH3
Br
Br
-Cu
-Ag
↓
↓
Abarajithan G.

8. DIAZONIUM
CHLORIDE
NaNO2 / dil. HCl
(T = [0 – 5]º C)
H3PO2 (▲)
H2O
CuCl / HCl
KI / I2
OH
D2O
N
N
OH
NH2
OH
O
DC
N
Cl
I
Abarajithan G.

9. ACID HALIDE
CH3
C
O
OH CH3
C
O
NH2
CH3
C
O
O
R
R OH
CH3
C
O
OH
CH3
C
O
NH
R
PCl5 (▲)
R-NH2
NH3
OH
C
CH3
O
O
C CH3
O
Abarajithan G.

10. ALKYL HALIDE
CH3 CH2
OH
CH3 CH2
Cl
CH2 CH2
CH3 CH2
CN
Mg
2+
CH2
-
CH3
Cl
-
CH3 CH2
OH
anhydrous AlCl3
HClPCl5 (▲)
CH2 CH2 alc KCN
dil. H2SO4
CH3
CH2
COOH
Na / ethanol
cold dil. NaOH
CH2
CH3
CH2
CH2
NH2
CH3
Abarajithan G.