The document discusses various parts and types of eyeglass frames. It describes the basic components of frames including the front, hinges, temples, bridges and end pieces. It outlines different frame constructions such as plastic, metal, nylon cord and combination frames. It also discusses specialized frame types like half-eyes, rimless and semi-rimless frames. The document provides details on materials used in frames like cellulose acetate, propionate, nylon and carbon fiber.
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.
Glass has progressed from being used exclusively for window panes to being used as a primary building material in some structures. It is increasingly being used as a load-bearing element in construction beyond traditional non-load bearing applications. Stricter energy efficiency regulations are driving the use of high-performance glass and more research in this area, as different glass types can significantly improve a building's energy efficiency. Specialized glasses include laminated, insulating, coated, tinted, and wire glass, each with different properties. Glass is now being used structurally for canopies, floors, stairs, beams, and columns, enabled by innovations in safety glass like laminated and tempered glass.
The document summarizes the history and types of spectacle frames. It discusses the earliest references to magnification dating back to ancient Egypt in the 5th century BC. It then describes the development of modern eyeglasses in Italy in the late 13th century. The document proceeds to describe the main parts of frames including the front, temples, hinges, and nose pads. It categorizes different types of frames such as plastics, metals, nylon cord frames, combination frames, and half-eye frames. It also discusses various bridge and temple designs.
This document summarizes spectacle design, including the basic parts of frames, temples, mounting types, bridge areas, end piece construction, temple construction, and special purpose frames. It describes the historical development of spectacles from early hinged designs to Edward Scarlett's introduction of rigid temples in 1830. The basic parts of frames are identified as the front, temples, and lenses. Temple construction types like skull, library, convertible, reading bow, and comfort cable are defined. Mounting styles such as rimless, semi-rimless, numont and balgrip are also outlined.
This document discusses the requirements, materials selection, manufacturing process, and future prospects for helmets. Key requirements for helmets include light weight, impact resistance, visibility, comfort, and ease of use. Polymers like polycarbonate and ABS are commonly used for shells due to their strength, toughness, and low weight. Liners use foams like expanded polystyrene that absorb energy during impacts. Helmet manufacturing involves molding shells and liners together or assembling separate parts. Improved materials and designs are expected to make helmets safer, cheaper, and more technologically advanced over time.
Lens insertion for basic optical dispensingmikaelgirum
The document provides instructions for inserting lenses into plastic frames. It discusses heating the frame if needed, pre-shaping the eye wire to the lens curve, and inserting the lens by snapping the temporal edge in first and then the nasal edge. It describes checking that the lens is fully inserted and not twisted, as well as techniques for adjusting improperly inserted lenses.
standard frame alignment for basic frame adgustmentmikaelgirum
The document provides guidelines for standardizing the alignment of different types of eyewear frames, including adjusting the bridge, temples, and nose pads to be properly aligned based on impersonal standards. It describes checking frames for horizontal and vertical alignment and adjusting plastic, metal, and rimless frames, noting that plastic frames require heating during adjustment while metal frames can often be adjusted without heating. The goal of standard alignment is to configure eyewear to fit comfortably and symmetrically on a variety of face shapes.
This document discusses the different parts and types of eyeglass frames. It defines the frame as the portion that holds the lenses in front of the eyes. The key parts are identified as the bridge, eyewire, endpieces, hinges, temples, and nose pads. Different frame materials like plastic, metal, and nylon are described. Various bridge, endpiece, and temple designs are outlined, including saddle, modified saddle, keyhole, and turn back styles. Frame types such as half-eyes, rimless, and combination frames are also summarized.
Glass has progressed from being used exclusively for window panes to being used as a primary building material in some structures. It is increasingly being used as a load-bearing element in construction beyond traditional non-load bearing applications. Stricter energy efficiency regulations are driving the use of high-performance glass and more research in this area, as different glass types can significantly improve a building's energy efficiency. Specialized glasses include laminated, insulating, coated, tinted, and wire glass, each with different properties. Glass is now being used structurally for canopies, floors, stairs, beams, and columns, enabled by innovations in safety glass like laminated and tempered glass.
The document summarizes the history and types of spectacle frames. It discusses the earliest references to magnification dating back to ancient Egypt in the 5th century BC. It then describes the development of modern eyeglasses in Italy in the late 13th century. The document proceeds to describe the main parts of frames including the front, temples, hinges, and nose pads. It categorizes different types of frames such as plastics, metals, nylon cord frames, combination frames, and half-eye frames. It also discusses various bridge and temple designs.
This document summarizes spectacle design, including the basic parts of frames, temples, mounting types, bridge areas, end piece construction, temple construction, and special purpose frames. It describes the historical development of spectacles from early hinged designs to Edward Scarlett's introduction of rigid temples in 1830. The basic parts of frames are identified as the front, temples, and lenses. Temple construction types like skull, library, convertible, reading bow, and comfort cable are defined. Mounting styles such as rimless, semi-rimless, numont and balgrip are also outlined.
This document discusses the requirements, materials selection, manufacturing process, and future prospects for helmets. Key requirements for helmets include light weight, impact resistance, visibility, comfort, and ease of use. Polymers like polycarbonate and ABS are commonly used for shells due to their strength, toughness, and low weight. Liners use foams like expanded polystyrene that absorb energy during impacts. Helmet manufacturing involves molding shells and liners together or assembling separate parts. Improved materials and designs are expected to make helmets safer, cheaper, and more technologically advanced over time.
Lens insertion for basic optical dispensingmikaelgirum
The document provides instructions for inserting lenses into plastic frames. It discusses heating the frame if needed, pre-shaping the eye wire to the lens curve, and inserting the lens by snapping the temporal edge in first and then the nasal edge. It describes checking that the lens is fully inserted and not twisted, as well as techniques for adjusting improperly inserted lenses.
standard frame alignment for basic frame adgustmentmikaelgirum
The document provides guidelines for standardizing the alignment of different types of eyewear frames, including adjusting the bridge, temples, and nose pads to be properly aligned based on impersonal standards. It describes checking frames for horizontal and vertical alignment and adjusting plastic, metal, and rimless frames, noting that plastic frames require heating during adjustment while metal frames can often be adjusted without heating. The goal of standard alignment is to configure eyewear to fit comfortably and symmetrically on a variety of face shapes.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting frames for a patient's prescription lenses. It describes how frame selection can affect the apparent length and width of the face, as well as facial balance and features. Frame shape, size, color, thickness, and bridge design were some of the key factors discussed in relation to complementing different facial structures. The document emphasizes matching frames to the individual's facial characteristics for optimal aesthetic results.
This document discusses eye optics and refractive errors. It provides 3 case studies: a 14-year-old boy unable to see the blackboard, a 51-year-old man with difficulty reading the newspaper, and a 6-year-old girl who squints when looking farther than 2 feet away. The objectives are to understand eye optics, visual acuity assessment, common refractive errors, and color perception assessment. Key refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism are explained in terms of etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Keratometry is a technique used to measure the curvature of the cornea. It works by analyzing the reflection of light off the cornea's convex surface. Keratometry can determine the radius of curvature and refractive power of the cornea. This information is useful for contact lens fitting and calculating intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. Modern keratometers automate the measurement process for improved accuracy and efficiency.
The document discusses various risks and complications that can arise from soft contact lens wear, including hypoxia, desiccation, deposit buildup, mechanical issues, and inflammatory responses. It covers specific conditions like epithelial edema, stromal edema, microcysts, vascularization, polymegethism, endothelial blebs, dry eye, contact lens papillary conjunctivitis, contact lens superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, acute red eye, sterile infiltrates and ulcers, and preservative allergies and sensitivities. Potential causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
This document discusses cataracts, including their classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that cataracts are the opacification and clouding of the lens of the eye. They are classified morphologically or etiologically. Senile cataracts related to aging affect over 90% of people by age 70 and are the most common type. Examination involves assessing visual acuity, eye pressure, and examining the anterior segment and fundus. Treatment options include glasses initially, but surgery such as phacoemulsification is often needed for more advanced cases. Complications of surgery can include inflammation, edema, and retinal detachment.
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it. There are several types of myopia including simple/developmental myopia, pathological myopia, and acquired myopia. Treatment options include optical correction using concave lenses, surgical options like LASIK, and general measures like visual hygiene and a balanced diet. Prognosis depends on the type and severity of myopia.
Refractive error is a condition where the eye fails to form a clear image on the retina when light enters from infinity and accommodation is relaxed. The major types of refractive error are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Uncorrected refractive error is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting over 2 billion people with 88.4 million having uncorrected refractive error. Children in urban areas and people over age 50 are most affected. The main reasons for high rates of uncorrected refractive error are lack of vision testing, limited refractive services, and affordability and cultural issues regarding corrective devices. Comprehensive community-level refractive services and school vision testing programs are important strategies to address this major global cause of visual impairment.
This document discusses visual impairment and blindness in Ethiopia. It identifies the main causes of visual impairment as cataract, uncorrected refractive error, glaucoma, corneal opacities, and diabetic retinopathy. For childhood blindness, the leading causes are uncorrected refractive error, cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, trauma, trachoma, and xerophthalmia. The document also explains how visual acuity is measured using a Snellen chart and expressing the results as a fraction where the top number indicates the test distance and the bottom number is the equivalent distance for a person with normal vision.
This document discusses anti-reflective coatings. It begins by describing their applications in corrective lenses and photolithography. It then outlines different types of coatings, including index-matching, single-layer interference, multi-layer interference, absorbing, moth eye, and circular polarizers. The document also covers the theory behind how reflection and interference coatings work to reduce reflection at surfaces. Key points include using layers of different refractive indices to destructively interfere reflected beams while constructively interfering transmitted beams.
This document discusses adjusting eyeglass frames to properly fit a patient's face. It covers adjusting the temple spread, positioning nose pads, checking the frame height and pantoscopic tilt. Temples should exert minimal pressure and have the bend just above the ear. Nose pads should rest halfway between the nose crest and inner eye, with the long diameter perpendicular to the floor. Proper adjustment ensures comfort and correct lens positioning.
1. The document discusses properties of light including its nature as electromagnetic radiation, its movement as waves, and its interaction with materials through transmission, reflection, absorption, and scattering.
2. Visual functions like visual acuity, dark adaptation, visual fields, and color vision are assessed clinically and their development and measurement are described.
3. Methods for measuring visual acuity both qualitatively and quantitatively are outlined, including grating acuity, Vernier acuity, and various acuity tests appropriate for different populations. Factors that affect acuity measurements like crowding effects are also addressed.
This document provides guidelines for routine refraction procedures and prescription writing. It discusses evaluating the patient history and vision, performing subjective and objective refraction tests, and guidelines for prescribing corrections for myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It also addresses some common refraction cases involving these conditions and provides guidance on determining the appropriate correction or next steps.
1) Eye movements can be translatory (sideways, up/down, forward/backward) or rotary (around vertical, horizontal, or anteroposterior axes). Rotary movements occur around a center of rotation within the eyeball, which does not remain fixed.
2) Eye movements are governed by Donders' Law, Listing's Laws, Sherrington's Law of Reciprocal Innervation, and Hering's Law of Equal Innervation. These laws describe how eye movements maintain a consistent retinal image orientation and involve coordinated contraction/relaxation of agonist and antagonist muscles between the two eyes.
3) Eye movements are categorized as versions (simultaneous movements of both eyes),
Vision disorders are common in children and can negatively impact development if left untreated. A comprehensive eye exam evaluates vision, eye alignment and tracking, focusing ability, and screens for conditions like nearsightedness and lazy eye. Exams are important because many issues have no obvious symptoms. Screenings miss up to 1/3 of problems and may lead to misdiagnoses. Comprehensive exams are recommended at ages 6 months, 3 years, before school, and every 2 years thereafter to catch issues early for best outcomes. Bringing an infant for an exam requires preparing them to be well-rested and not distressed.
This document discusses vision syndrome, also known as binocular, accommodative, and oculomotor dysfunction (BAOD). BAOD is a common condition that affects reading and learning and often goes undetected on standard vision screenings. It involves dysfunctions in binocular control, accommodation, and oculomotor control. The document outlines signs and symptoms of BAOD, provides prevalence data, and recommends doctors evaluate for BAOD in patients with learning difficulties and refer for office-based vision therapy if needed.
Binocular vision develops gradually in infants, from following light monocularly at 2-3 weeks to binocularly at 6 weeks to 6 months. By 6 months, accommodation has developed but lags behind convergence. Sensory fusion blends monocular images into a single image, while motor fusion maintains eye alignment. Binocular vision provides advantages like single vision, stereopsis, and an enlarged visual field. Normal binocular vision requires clear visual axes, sensory fusion, and motor fusion.
The document discusses preoperative evaluation and measurements for cataract surgery, including biometry. It covers evaluating the general health and ocular history of the patient, performing visual acuity testing, refraction, and other objective tests. It then describes methods of measuring the eye, including A-scan biometry to determine axial length using ultrasound, and optical biometry using light waves. Factors that can influence biometry measurements and techniques like keratometry are also discussed. The document concludes by covering intraocular lens power calculation and selection, noting the importance of accurate measurements and various generation of formulas used.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
The document discusses factors to consider when selecting frames for a patient's prescription lenses. It describes how frame selection can affect the apparent length and width of the face, as well as facial balance and features. Frame shape, size, color, thickness, and bridge design were some of the key factors discussed in relation to complementing different facial structures. The document emphasizes matching frames to the individual's facial characteristics for optimal aesthetic results.
This document discusses eye optics and refractive errors. It provides 3 case studies: a 14-year-old boy unable to see the blackboard, a 51-year-old man with difficulty reading the newspaper, and a 6-year-old girl who squints when looking farther than 2 feet away. The objectives are to understand eye optics, visual acuity assessment, common refractive errors, and color perception assessment. Key refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism are explained in terms of etiology, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Keratometry is a technique used to measure the curvature of the cornea. It works by analyzing the reflection of light off the cornea's convex surface. Keratometry can determine the radius of curvature and refractive power of the cornea. This information is useful for contact lens fitting and calculating intraocular lens power for cataract surgery. Modern keratometers automate the measurement process for improved accuracy and efficiency.
The document discusses various risks and complications that can arise from soft contact lens wear, including hypoxia, desiccation, deposit buildup, mechanical issues, and inflammatory responses. It covers specific conditions like epithelial edema, stromal edema, microcysts, vascularization, polymegethism, endothelial blebs, dry eye, contact lens papillary conjunctivitis, contact lens superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, acute red eye, sterile infiltrates and ulcers, and preservative allergies and sensitivities. Potential causes, symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
This document discusses cataracts, including their classification, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that cataracts are the opacification and clouding of the lens of the eye. They are classified morphologically or etiologically. Senile cataracts related to aging affect over 90% of people by age 70 and are the most common type. Examination involves assessing visual acuity, eye pressure, and examining the anterior segment and fundus. Treatment options include glasses initially, but surgery such as phacoemulsification is often needed for more advanced cases. Complications of surgery can include inflammation, edema, and retinal detachment.
Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a refractive error where light rays focus in front of the retina rather than directly on it. There are several types of myopia including simple/developmental myopia, pathological myopia, and acquired myopia. Treatment options include optical correction using concave lenses, surgical options like LASIK, and general measures like visual hygiene and a balanced diet. Prognosis depends on the type and severity of myopia.
Refractive error is a condition where the eye fails to form a clear image on the retina when light enters from infinity and accommodation is relaxed. The major types of refractive error are myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. Uncorrected refractive error is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting over 2 billion people with 88.4 million having uncorrected refractive error. Children in urban areas and people over age 50 are most affected. The main reasons for high rates of uncorrected refractive error are lack of vision testing, limited refractive services, and affordability and cultural issues regarding corrective devices. Comprehensive community-level refractive services and school vision testing programs are important strategies to address this major global cause of visual impairment.
This document discusses visual impairment and blindness in Ethiopia. It identifies the main causes of visual impairment as cataract, uncorrected refractive error, glaucoma, corneal opacities, and diabetic retinopathy. For childhood blindness, the leading causes are uncorrected refractive error, cataract, retinopathy of prematurity, trauma, trachoma, and xerophthalmia. The document also explains how visual acuity is measured using a Snellen chart and expressing the results as a fraction where the top number indicates the test distance and the bottom number is the equivalent distance for a person with normal vision.
This document discusses anti-reflective coatings. It begins by describing their applications in corrective lenses and photolithography. It then outlines different types of coatings, including index-matching, single-layer interference, multi-layer interference, absorbing, moth eye, and circular polarizers. The document also covers the theory behind how reflection and interference coatings work to reduce reflection at surfaces. Key points include using layers of different refractive indices to destructively interfere reflected beams while constructively interfering transmitted beams.
This document discusses adjusting eyeglass frames to properly fit a patient's face. It covers adjusting the temple spread, positioning nose pads, checking the frame height and pantoscopic tilt. Temples should exert minimal pressure and have the bend just above the ear. Nose pads should rest halfway between the nose crest and inner eye, with the long diameter perpendicular to the floor. Proper adjustment ensures comfort and correct lens positioning.
1. The document discusses properties of light including its nature as electromagnetic radiation, its movement as waves, and its interaction with materials through transmission, reflection, absorption, and scattering.
2. Visual functions like visual acuity, dark adaptation, visual fields, and color vision are assessed clinically and their development and measurement are described.
3. Methods for measuring visual acuity both qualitatively and quantitatively are outlined, including grating acuity, Vernier acuity, and various acuity tests appropriate for different populations. Factors that affect acuity measurements like crowding effects are also addressed.
This document provides guidelines for routine refraction procedures and prescription writing. It discusses evaluating the patient history and vision, performing subjective and objective refraction tests, and guidelines for prescribing corrections for myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. It also addresses some common refraction cases involving these conditions and provides guidance on determining the appropriate correction or next steps.
1) Eye movements can be translatory (sideways, up/down, forward/backward) or rotary (around vertical, horizontal, or anteroposterior axes). Rotary movements occur around a center of rotation within the eyeball, which does not remain fixed.
2) Eye movements are governed by Donders' Law, Listing's Laws, Sherrington's Law of Reciprocal Innervation, and Hering's Law of Equal Innervation. These laws describe how eye movements maintain a consistent retinal image orientation and involve coordinated contraction/relaxation of agonist and antagonist muscles between the two eyes.
3) Eye movements are categorized as versions (simultaneous movements of both eyes),
Vision disorders are common in children and can negatively impact development if left untreated. A comprehensive eye exam evaluates vision, eye alignment and tracking, focusing ability, and screens for conditions like nearsightedness and lazy eye. Exams are important because many issues have no obvious symptoms. Screenings miss up to 1/3 of problems and may lead to misdiagnoses. Comprehensive exams are recommended at ages 6 months, 3 years, before school, and every 2 years thereafter to catch issues early for best outcomes. Bringing an infant for an exam requires preparing them to be well-rested and not distressed.
This document discusses vision syndrome, also known as binocular, accommodative, and oculomotor dysfunction (BAOD). BAOD is a common condition that affects reading and learning and often goes undetected on standard vision screenings. It involves dysfunctions in binocular control, accommodation, and oculomotor control. The document outlines signs and symptoms of BAOD, provides prevalence data, and recommends doctors evaluate for BAOD in patients with learning difficulties and refer for office-based vision therapy if needed.
Binocular vision develops gradually in infants, from following light monocularly at 2-3 weeks to binocularly at 6 weeks to 6 months. By 6 months, accommodation has developed but lags behind convergence. Sensory fusion blends monocular images into a single image, while motor fusion maintains eye alignment. Binocular vision provides advantages like single vision, stereopsis, and an enlarged visual field. Normal binocular vision requires clear visual axes, sensory fusion, and motor fusion.
The document discusses preoperative evaluation and measurements for cataract surgery, including biometry. It covers evaluating the general health and ocular history of the patient, performing visual acuity testing, refraction, and other objective tests. It then describes methods of measuring the eye, including A-scan biometry to determine axial length using ultrasound, and optical biometry using light waves. Factors that can influence biometry measurements and techniques like keratometry are also discussed. The document concludes by covering intraocular lens power calculation and selection, noting the importance of accurate measurements and various generation of formulas used.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. FRAME PARTS AND TYPES
The frame is portion of the spectacles that holds the lenses
containing the ophthalmic prescription in their proper position in
front of the eyes.
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3. Frames occasionally do not have temples:
by pressure on the sides of the nose (pince-nez)
by attachment to another frame (clip-ons)
or by being held in the hand (lorgnettes)
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5. A few plastic frames have a metal shield on the front of the end
piece to which rivets are attached to hold the hinge in place.
The hinges hold the temples to the front, and consist of an odd
number of interfitting barrels, the total number being three, five,
or seven.
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6. Hinges are classified by the total number of barrels they have
when assembled, such as a three-barrel hinge.
Some frames have nose pads, which are plastic pieces that rest on
the nose to support the frame.
These maybe directly attached to the frame or to connecting
metal pieces known as guard arms or pad arms.
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7. Frames without an eye wire going completely around the lens are
called mountings.
Lenses are “inserted” into frames, but “mounted” into mountings.
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8. Plastic
Plastic frames are made of some type of plastic material. Another
general term that many still use for certain plastic frames is zyl,
since at one time zylonite (cellulose nitrate) was a commonly
used material.
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9. Metal
Metal frames are those made of all metal parts, except for the
nose pads and the posterior temple sections, which are plastic
covered. The eye wire runs completely around the lens.
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10. Nylon cord frames
Nylon cord frames, string mounted frames or nylon supras hold
the lenses in place by means of a nylon cord that fits around the
edge of the lens.
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11. Combination
Combination frames are commonly frames having a metal
chassis and plastic top rims and temples .
The chassis includes the eye wire and center or bridge section.
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12. this is the most common construction, technically any frame with
a combination of metal and plastic could be included in this
category
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13. Half-eye
for a reading correction but no correction for distance.
They are constructed to sit lower on the nose than normal, and
are only half as high as normal glasses.
This allows the wearer to look over the top of the glasses.
Less common are half-eyes for distant vision, which allow the
wearer to look under the lenses for reading.
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14. Rimless, Semirimless, and Numont
Rimless mountings hold the lenses in place by some method
other than eye wires or nylon cords.
Often screws are used, but cement, clamps, and plastic posts
have been used.
Most rimless mountings have two areas of attachment per lens,
one nasally and one temporally.
Rimless mountings are sometimes referred to as 3-piece
mountings.
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15. Semirimless mountings are similar to the rimless except for a
metal reinforcing arm, which follows the upper posterior
surface of the lens and joins the center piece of the frame to
the end piece.
The center piece of a mounting consists of bridge, pad arms,
and pads.
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16. Numont mountings hold the lenses in place only at their nasal
edge.
The lenses are attached at the bridge area and the temples are
attached to a metal arm that extends along the posterior surface
temporally.
Thus there is only one point of attachement per lens.
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17. Bridge Area
The bridge area of a frame can be constructed of either plastic
or metal.
Because of the variety of nose shapes, there is also quite an
assortment of bridge constructions in both materials.
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18. Plastic Bridges
The bridge area of a plastic frame is preformed and sits
directly on the bridge of the nose.
It is important, then, in picking out a plastic frame that the
frame fit the nose well, since adjustments to this part of the
frame are extremely difficult.
Bridge adjustments for certain plastics, such as nylon, carbon
fiber and polyamide, are not possible.
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19. The saddle bridge is shaped like a saddle in a smooth curve
and follows the bridge of the nose.
This spreads the weight of the frame evenly over the sides and
crest of the nose.
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20. In the modified saddle, the bridge area looks much the same as
the saddle bridge does when viewed from the front.
The difference is that there are nose pads that are part of the
back of the bridge.
These pads help to carry some of the weight of the frame.
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21. The keyhole bridge is shaped like an old-fashioned keyhole.
At the top, the bridge flares out slightly.
The bridge rests on the sides of the nose, but not on the crest.
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22. Metal Bridges
The bridge commonly used in metal frames is the pad bridge.
In the pad bridge, nose pads are attached to the frame by metal
pad arms.
In this case, the pads alone support the weight of the glasses.
When a metal frame is equipped with a clear plastic saddle-
type bridge, the bridge type is referred to as a comfort bridge.
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23. Metal and rimless frames were, and sometimes still are,
constructed with a metal saddle bridge and enjoyed
widespread use for a period of history.
With rimless mountings, the crest of the bridge does not
include the pads or straps, but is the center most area.
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24. End piece Construction
End piece construction, like the bridge area construction, can be
of either plastic or metal.
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25. Plastic End pieces Construction
There are three general types of end piece construction in plastic
frames.
- butt type
- mitre end piece
- turn back type
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26. Metal End piece Construction
The metal end piece has similar to the turn-back end piece of
the plastic frame.
End pieces are also noticeable by their absence.
some frame fronts and temples are made as one continuous
piece .
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27. Temple Construction
1. Skull temples bend down behind the ear and follow the contour
of the skull, resting evenly against it. The bent-down portion is
narrower at the top of the ear and widens toward the end.
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28. 2. Library temples begin with an average width at the butt and
increase in width posteriorly. They are practically straight and
hold the glasses on primarily by pressure against the side of the
head. They are also known as straight-back temples.
.
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29. 3. Convertible temples were originally designed so they could be
bent down to take on the form of skull temples, and “converted”
from the straight-back to the skull design.
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30. 4. Riding bow temples curve around the ear, following the crotch
of the ear where the ear and the head meet and extend to the level
of the earlobe. They are sometimes used in children’s and safety
frames.
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31. 5. Comfort cable temples are shaped the same as riding bow
temples, but are of metal construction with the curl, or behind the
ear portion, constructed from a flexible coiled cable
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32. “Classic” Rimless Fronts
The center piece of a rimless front consists of the bridge, pad arms,
and pads.
The “classic” rimless point of lens attachment contains a strap or
straps.
This is the part of the mounting that contacts the front and back
surfaces and the edge of the lens, holding the lens in place.
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33. Coloration
Plastic frames may be partially classified by coloration.
A solid frame is all one color.
A vertically gradient frame is darker all the way across the top,
including the bridge, and is lighter across the bottom.
A horizontally gradient frame is darker at the temporal
portions and lightens toward the central area.
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34. Clear bridge frames somewhat resemble the horizontal
gradient, but are dark at the top, except for the bridge area.
The bridge, along with the lower half of the frame, is clear
plastic.
The multitude of color combinations available now makes
categorization beyond this difficult.
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35. FRAME MATERIALS
Plastic Frame Materials
The first plastics used for spectacle frames were made from
bakelite and galalith.
These did not perform well in cold weather because of their
brittleness.
Later cellulose nitrate (zylonite) was widely used.
Cellulose nitrate accepts a good polish, but is flammable if
brought to a sufficiently high temperature.
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36. Cellulose Acetate
A material used extensively for spectacle frames is cellulose
acetate. The basic cellulose material may be extracted from
cotton or wood pulp and then further processed.
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37. When derived from cotton, the material used is the fiber that
adheres to the cottonseed after ginning and is too short to be
used for making textiles.
These fibers are called cotton linters. This cotton or wood
material is treated with a mixture of anhydride and acetic acid
using sulfuric acid as a catalyst.
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38. Plasticizers and aging stabilizers are then added to this
material Nevertheless, cellulose acetate does become brittle
with age.
Some allergies are attributed to wearing cellulose acetate
frames, though this is rare.
More often skin problems are not so much allergic reactions to
the material itself, but to those things which can be absorbed
by the material. Higher quality cellulose acetate frames are
coated in order to seal the surface.
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39. When left uncoated, cellulose acetate may absorb materials
which might be allergen producing.
A good frame coating will contain a UV inhibitor.* This
inhibitor in the coating keeps frame color from fading.
Cellulose acetate can be formed into sheets of plastic from
which frame parts can be cut, or it can be made into acetate
granules that are used for injection molding.
For spectacle frames, cellulose acetate is generally made into
sheets and milled
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40. Propionate
Cellulose aceto-propionate, more commonly referred to as
propionate, has many of the same characteristics as cellulose
acetate and works better for injection molding.
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41. Propionate has less color stability than cellulose acetate and,
unless it is covered with a high quality frame coating material
containing UV absorbers, will fade within a relatively short
period of time.
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42. Propionate frames are made beginning with granules of the
material that are heated until liquid, then injection molded to
the desired frame shape.
Granules may initially be colorless, allowing the frame parts to
be dyed to the desired color after they have been molded.
Propionate has a slight weight advantage over acetate, in that it
is about three quarters of the weight.
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43. Optyl
Epoxy resin is used for spectacle frames and is known under
the trade name of Optyl.
A liquid resin and a hardener are mixed together and drawn
into the frame molds using a vacuum process.
The material is thermoelastic. This means that it will bend
when heated and will return to its original shape when
reheated.,
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44. Cellulose acetate is thermoplastic. This means that it will bend
when heated but does not return to its original shape when
reheated because it does not have a “plastic memory.
Optyl is approximately 30% lighter than cellulose acetate.
Because of its stability, Optyl is appropriate for those who
might be allergic to other types of frame materials.
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45. Nylon and Nylon-Based Materials
Nylon is a material of high flexibility. When used alone in
spectacle frames, nylon will lose that flexibility and over time,
it will become brittle.
“Pure” nylon was previously used extensively for sports
eyewear.
It is now being combined with other material for added
strength and stability, remaining a part of the array of frame
materials in use
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46. Polyamide is a nylon based material that is quite strong.
Because it can be made thinner and is only 72% of the weight
of cellulose acetate, polyamide has a real weight advantage.
Polyamide frames can be made opaque or translucent. Frames
made from polyamide are resistant to chemicals and solvents,
and are also hypoallergenic.
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47. Grilamid is a nylon-based material used in sports and
performance type of eyewear.
Unlike plain nylon frame material, grilamid has a large variety
of color possibilities.
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48. Carbon Fibre
Carbon fibre material is used to create a thin, strong frame.
This material is made from strands of carbon fibbers combined
with nylon.
It is not adjustable and is consequently used mainly for frame
fronts. The temples are generally made from another material.
In other words, if a carbon fibres frame does not fit well in
frame selection, do not plan on making it fit well later on.
The principle advantage is the light weight that can be
achieved. Carbon fiber is 60% the weight of cellulose acetate
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49. Not only is the material light weight, but because of its
strength, it can also be made thinner. Since carbon is black,
frame colors will be opaque and are limited.
Some problems may be encountered with breakage in cold
weather.
Because of the thermal problems, it is imperative that the
material not be directly worked with right after it has been
outside.
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50. Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate is a material usually associated with lenses,but
can be molded into frames.
Frames made from polycarbonate are primarily for sport or
safety purposes.
Frames (and lenses) made from polycarbonate are very impact
resistant.
Unfortunately, polycarbonate frames do not work well for
conventional eyeglasses because of their resistance to
adjustment.
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51. Kevlar
Kevlar is a material that is also mixed with nylon. It, too, is a
strong, lightweight ophthalmic frame material.
Kevlar will remain stable over a large temperature range, but is
difficult to adjust.
Although it becomes pliable with heat, it will not shrink or
stretch.
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52. Rubber
Some sports eyewear and sunglass frames may be made from a
combination of nylon and rubber.
As would be expected, these frames are flexible and will
return to their original shape, but are not adjustable.
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53. Combinations of Plastic Materials
These include materials sometimes called memory plastics.
Memory plastics are tough and flexible.
They can be bent or twisted and still return to their original
shape.
Not all composite plastic materials are memory plastics.
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54. Metal Frame Materials
In the past, gold-containing alloys were the more predominant
metals used for spectacle frames.
Today few frames contain any gold.
Great progress has been made in metal frames because of the
electrolytic treatment techniques, which allow for corrosion
resistance and finished beauty.
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55. Nickel-Based Materials
Nickel is a material that is often used for eyeglass frames.
It is strong and malleable.
The main disadvantage is the number of people who may have
an allergic reaction to nickel.
It is reported that 10% of the population may be allergic to
nickel
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56. Fortunately high-quality ophthalmic frames are coated with a
protective material that both prevents corrosion and keeps the
metal from coming in direct contact with the skin while the
coating remains on the frame.
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57. Nickel resists corrosion. Because of malleability, pure nickel
frames are easily adjusted.
Nickel’s characteristic of accepting color well makes these
frames versatile.
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58. Nickel Silvers
Nickel silvers contain more than 50% copper, 25% nickel, and
the rest zinc.
But “nickel silver” contains no silver.
Copper gives the material its pliability, zinc adds strength, and
nickel gives the alloy a whitish appearance.
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59. When the nickel content of nickel silver exceeds 12%, the
copper color no longer shows through.
Another name for nickel silver is German silver.
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60. Monel Metal
Monel is whitish in color, is pliable for good adjustment,
resists corrosion, and accepts a high polish. It is made from
nickel, copper, iron, and traces of other elements.
The largest component of the material (63% to 70%) is nickel.
The second largest component is copper. Iron constitutes only
2.5%, and there are traces of silicium, carbon, and sulfur.
Monel is used quite often as a frame material.
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61. Aluminum
Aluminum is both strong and extremely lightweight.
It can be finished in a wide variety of colors and does not corrode.
Aluminum does not solder or weld well, so must be made such that
its parts are assembled with screws or rivets.
It holds the adjustment well, but has no flexibility. If it bends, it stays
that way.
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62. Stainless Steel
It is made mainly from iron and chrome and is highly resistant
to corrosion.
Stainless steel is strong.
When made very thin, it has an element of springiness and
flexibility that makes it well suited for temples.
Yet that very springiness means that “adjustments are difficult
and often do not hold.”
Stainless steel is one of the more non allergenic materials.
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63. Titanium
Titanium is a versatile and abundant material that has become
increasingly common for use in ophthalmic frames.
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64. advanteges
Titanium is extremely light in weight. When compared with
conventional metal frame materials, titanium is 48% lighter.
Titanium is very strong, which allows titanium frames to be
designed exceedingly thin. Thinness also contributes to still
more weight reduction.
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65. Titanium is very corrosion resistant. This makes titanium an
excellent choice for people in hot climates or those working in
conditions where they would be perspiring a great deal.
Titanium is hypoallergenic.
It should be noted that titanium is often used in combination with
other metals.
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66. If the wearer is allergic to another of the metals in the alloy,
then, unless the frame is appropriately coated, allergic
reactions could still occur.
But when titanium is not mixed with other metals, it is the
metal of choice for those with skin allergies related to frame
wear. This makes titanium a very attractive frame material for
those with skin allergies.
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67. When used in combination with other metals, titanium allows
frames to be made so that they are very flexible. It should be
noted that some frames use titanium in combination with
nickel to increase flexibility.
Without an appropriate coating on the frame, this would
increase the likelihood of an allergic response for some.
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68. disadvantages
Titanium is hard to solder or weld.
Because the manufacturing process is more demanding,
titanium is more expensive than conventional materials.
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69. To be certified, the titanium content of the frame must be tested
by an independent accredited laboratory.
Here are the guidelines:
Certified 100% Titanium—All major components of the frame
are at least 90% titanium by weight and, to assure there will be no
problems with wearer allergy, the frame must not contain any
nicke
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70. • Certified Beta Titanium—All major components of the frame
are at least 70% titanium by weight, and there must be no nickel
content
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71. combination titanium—a name applied to frames with titanium
for the major parts of the frame and trim pieces made from
other metals.
The name nickel titanium or shape memory alloy (SMA) is
applied to a titanium alloy made with 40% to 50% titanium
and the rest nickel.
Sometimes simply called memory metal, this material is
extremely flexible and returns to its original shape after being
twisted or flexed.
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72. Bronze
Bronze is a metal alloy traditionally made from copper and tin.
It is suited for spectacle frames because it is corrosion-
resistant, lightweight, and takes color well.
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73. Magnesium
Magnesium is even lighter in weight than titanium.
Frames made from magnesium are extremely lightweight and
exceptionally durable.
The exterior of the frame is normally sealed because of the
corrosiveness of raw magnesium.
Magnesium is also used as part of an alloy in combination
with other metals.
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74. ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO FRAME
MATERIALS
most frame manufacturers will use a coating on their plastic
frames to protect the frames and also to reduce any possibility of
allergic reactions.
To reduce the possibility of a reaction for people who have a
history of skin reactions to wearing frames, use frame materials
that are known to be hypoallergenic.
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75. Here are some that are reported to be hypoallergenic:
• Optyl material
• Polyamide/Copolyamide
• Titanium
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76. •Stainless steel if a person is already having a reaction to their
frame, here are some things that may be done to the frame to reduce
allergic reactions:
• Have a clear coat finish applied to a frame.
Companies that specialize in frame repairs may offer this service.
• Use ultrathin, clear heat-shrink tubing over the temples.
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77. If a person has an allergic reaction to nosepads, there are
replacement pads available that will eliminate the problem.
These pads are:
• Gold-plated metal nose pads
• Titanium nosepads
• Crystal nosepads
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78. For allergic reactions to metal cable temples, use a temple
cover to cover the temple.
Temple covers come in plastic, vinyl, and silicone materials.
There is also “heat shrink” tubing sold for this purpose, which
reportedly takes care of eliminating allergic reactions.
There is a liquid lens liner sometimes used in the groove of a
frame to make a loose lens more secure. This material contains
latex and should not be used on frames whose wearers have
latex allergies.
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That area of the frame front between the lenses that rests on the nose is the bridge. The rim going around the lenses is known as the eye wire or rim. The outer areas of the frame front, to the extreme left and right where the temples attach, are known as the end pieces.
Zylonite(“zyl”) is highly flammable and no longer used for spectacle frames.
The most common end piece construction is the butt type, in which the front is straight and the temple butt is flat, and both meet at a 90-degree angle. The mitre end piece causes the frame front contact area and temple butt to meet at a 45-degree angle. In the turn-back type, the frame front bends around and meets the temple end to end.
Because this temple is versatile and can be made to fit people with a variety of temple length requirements, it is commonly used. However, it now comes already bent down for a certain temple fit. If the bend is in the wrong location, the temple may be easily straightened out and then re-bent to fit the wearer.