OPTOMETRY

1. SPECTACLE FRAMES

2. History
 The earliest historical reference
to magnification dates back to ancient
Egyptian hieroglyphs in the 5th
century BC, which depict "simple
glass meniscal lenses

3.  The first eyeglasses were made in Italy at
about 1286, according to a sermon
delivered on February 23, 1306 by the
Dominican friar Giordano da Pisa

4. 1580–1645 Current

5. Frames

6. Frame Types and Parts
 A frame generally consists of the
front, which in one form
 Temples ,which attach to the front
and hook over the ears to help hold
the spectacles in place.

7. Parts
Frame Fronts
 That area of the frame front between
the lenses that rests on the nose is
the bridge.
 The hinges hold the temples to the
front.
 Nose pads ,which are plastic pieces
that rest on the nose to support the
frame.

8. The frame front

9. Parts of a temple.

10. Frames
 Frames without an eyewire going
completely around the lens are called
mountings.
 Lenses are “inserted” into frames, but
“mounted” into mountings.
 Frames themselves can be classified
in a simplified manner by one of the
following categories of frames or
mountings.

11. TYPES OF FRAMES
Plastics
Metal

12. Plastics
 Plastic frames were occasionally
referred to as shell frames, dating
back to the time when eyeglass
frames were made of tortoise shell.
 Another general term that many still
use for certain plastic frames is zyl,
since at one time zylonite (cellulose
nitrate) was a commonly used
material.

13. • Made up of plastic materials
• Commonly used plastic material
cellulose acetate
• Inexpensive
Plastics

14. Plastics
 Thermoplastic
 Thermosetting
 Thermoplastic materials can be
heated & cooled with out losing
their plasticity.

15. Metal
 Metal frames are those made of all
metal parts, except for the nose pads
and the posterior temple sections,
which are plastic covered.
 The eyewire runs completely around
the lens.

16. Nylon cord frames
 Nylon cord frames, sometimes called
string mounted frames or nylon
supras hold the lenses in place by
means of a nylon cord that fits
around the edge of the lens.
 This gives the glasses the appearance
of being rimless.

17.  Usually the top of the lens is fitted
into the upper rim of the frames.
 The rest of the lens has a small
groove cut into an otherwise fl at
edge.

18. Combination
 Combination frames are commonly
frames having a metal chassis and
plastic top rims and temples.
 Although this is the most common
construction, technically any frame
with a combination of metal and
plastic could be included in this
category.

19. Half-eye
 Half-eyes are frames made especially
for those who need a reading
correction.

20. Rimless mountings

 Rimless mountings hold the lenses in place
by some method other than eyewires or
nylon cords.
 Often screws are used, but cement,
clamps, and plastic posts have been used.
 Most rimless mountings have two areas of
attachment per lens, one nasally and one
temporally.
Rimless mountings are sometimes referred
to as 3-piece mountings.

21. 3-piece mounting

22. Semi rimless
 It similar to the rimless except for a
metal reinforcing arm, which follows
the upper posterior surface of the lens
and joins the centerpiece of the frame
to the endpiece.
 The centerpiece of a mounting consists
of bridge, pad arms, and pads.

23. Numont mountings

24. BRIDGE AREA

25. BRIDGE
 Plastic Bridges
Saddle bridge
Modified Saddle bridge
Keyhole
 Metal Bridges
pad bridge
Comfort bridge.

26. Saddle bridge
 It is shaped like a saddle in a smooth
curve and follows the bridge of the
nose
 This spreads the weight of the frame
evenly over the sides and crest of the
nose.

27. Modified saddle,
 Modified saddle, same as the saddle
bridge does when viewed from the
front.
 The difference is that there are nose
pads that are part of the back of the
bridge.
 These pads help to carry some of the
weight of the frame

28. Modified saddle

29. Keyhole
 Is shaped like an old-fashioned
keyhole.
 At the top, the bridge flare out
slightly. The bridge rests on the sides
of the nose, but not on the crest

30. Keyhole

31.  Metal frame is equipped with a clear
plastic saddle-type bridge, the bridge
type is referred to as a comfort
bridge.
Metal frame bridge

33. Endpiece Construction

34. Plastic end piece
Three types
Butt types
Mitre
Turn back

35. Plastic Endpiece Construction
(B) butt
(C) turn-back
(A) Mitre

36. Metal Endpiece Construction
•This traditional metal endpiece has a turn-back

37. “wrap” endpiece
Some metal end pieces
are not really end
pieces at all. The end
piece and temple are
one continuous piece of
material as in this
“wrap” end piece design

38. Temple Construction

39. TEMPLE
 Five major categories
1.Skull temples
 The bent-down portion is narrower
atthetopof the ear& widens
towardstheend.

40. Library temples
An average width at the butt & increases
in width posteriorly.
Straight – back temples.

41. Convertible temples
1. Variety of temple, the temple may
be easily straightened out & then re-
bent to the wearer.

42. Riding bow
1. Used in children’s & safetyframes.

43. Comfort cable
1. Same as riding bow temples
2. Metal construction behind the ear
portion.

44. Coloration
 Plastic frames may be partially
classified by coloration.
 A solid frame is all one color. A
vertically gradient frame
 A horizontally gradient
The multitude of color combinations

45. ENDPIECE
Plastic end piece
Metal end piece

46. THANK YOU