Operating System : Ch4 b threads

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O P E R A T I N G S Y S T E M S
Module 4b : Thread
• Overview
• Multithreading Models
• Threading Issues
• Pthreads
• Solaris 2 Threads
• Windows 2000 Threads
• Linux Threads
• Java Threads

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Module 4: Threads
 Overview
 Multithreading Models
 Threading Issues
 Pthreads
 Solaris 2 Threads
 Windows 2000 Threads
 Linux Threads
 Java Threads

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Single and Multithreaded Processes

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Benefits
 Responsiveness
 Resource Sharing
 Economy
 Utilization of MP Architectures

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User Threads
 Thread management done by user-level threads library
 Examples
- POSIX Pthreads
- Mach C-threads
- Solaris threads

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Kernel Threads
 Supported by the Kernel
 Examples
- Windows 95/98/NT/2000
- Solaris
- Tru64 UNIX
- BeOS
- Linux

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Multithreading Models
 Many-to-One
 One-to-One
 Many-to-Many

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Many-to-One
 Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread.
 Used on systems that do not support kernel threads.

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Many-to-One Model

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One-to-One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread.
 Examples
- Windows 95/98/NT/2000
- OS/2

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One-to-one Model

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Many-to-Many Model
 Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many
kernel threads.
 Allows the operating system to create a sufficient
number of kernel threads.
 Solaris 2
 Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package

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Many-to-Many Model

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Threading Issues
 Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls.
 Thread cancellation.
 Signal handling
 Thread pools
 Thread specific data

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Pthreads
 a POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation
and synchronization.
 API specifies behavior of the thread library,
implementation is up to development of the library.
 Common in UNIX operating systems.

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Solaris 2 Threads

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Solaris Process

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Windows 2000 Threads
 Implements the one-to-one mapping.
 Each thread contains
- a thread id
- register set
- separate user and kernel stacks
- private data storage area

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Linux Threads
 Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads.
 Thread creation is done through clone() system call.
 Clone() allows a child task to share the address space of
the parent task (process)

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Java Threads
 Java threads may be created by:
 Extending Thread class
 Implementing the Runnable interface
 Java threads are managed by the JVM.

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Java Thread States