Its mainly depend on operating system

1. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.1
Operating System Concepts
Chapter 5: Threads
 Overview
 Multithreading Models
 Threading Issues
 Pthreads
 Solaris 2 Threads
 Windows 2000 Threads
 Linux Threads
 Java Threads

2. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.2
Operating System Concepts
Single and Multithreaded Processes

3. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.3
Operating System Concepts
Benefits
 Responsiveness
 Resource Sharing
 Economy
 Utilization of MP Architectures

4. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.4
Operating System Concepts
User Threads
 Thread management done by user-level threads library
 Examples
- POSIX Pthreads
- Mach C-threads
- Solaris threads

5. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.5
Operating System Concepts
Kernel Threads
 Supported by the Kernel
 Examples
- Windows 95/98/NT/2000
- Solaris
- Tru64 UNIX
- BeOS
- Linux

6. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.6
Operating System Concepts
Multithreading Models
 Many-to-One
 One-to-One
 Many-to-Many

7. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.7
Operating System Concepts
Many-to-One
 Many user-level threads mapped to single kernel thread.
 Used on systems that do not support kernel threads.

8. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.8
Operating System Concepts
Many-to-One Model

9. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.9
Operating System Concepts
One-to-One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread.
 Examples
- Windows 95/98/NT/2000
- OS/2

10. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.10
Operating System Concepts
One-to-one Model

11. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.11
Operating System Concepts
Many-to-Many Model
 Allows many user level threads to be mapped to many
kernel threads.
 Allows the operating system to create a sufficient number
of kernel threads.
 Solaris 2
 Windows NT/2000 with the ThreadFiber package

12. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.12
Operating System Concepts
Many-to-Many Model

13. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.13
Operating System Concepts
Threading Issues
 Semantics of fork() and exec() system calls.
 Thread cancellation.
 Signal handling
 Thread pools
 Thread specific data

14. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.14
Operating System Concepts
Pthreads
 a POSIX standard (IEEE 1003.1c) API for thread creation
and synchronization.
 API specifies behavior of the thread library,
implementation is up to development of the library.
 Common in UNIX operating systems.

15. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.15
Operating System Concepts
Solaris 2 Threads

16. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.16
Operating System Concepts
Solaris Process

17. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.17
Operating System Concepts
Windows 2000 Threads
 Implements the one-to-one mapping.
 Each thread contains
- a thread id
- register set
- separate user and kernel stacks
- private data storage area

18. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.18
Operating System Concepts
Linux Threads
 Linux refers to them as tasks rather than threads.
 Thread creation is done through clone() system call.
 Clone() allows a child task to share the address space of
the parent task (process)

19. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.19
Operating System Concepts
Java Threads
 Java threads may be created by:
 Extending Thread class
 Implementing the Runnable interface
 Java threads are managed by the JVM.

20. Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002
5.20
Operating System Concepts
Java Thread States