Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching and learning materials that are freely available online for anyone to use, without cost. OER includes resources like textbooks, videos, tests and course content. While similar to Open Courseware, OER can also include materials that are not fully developed courses. OER has potential to improve education by increasing access to materials, but institutions must support its use through policies, staff incentives, and investment in developing high-quality open resources.

1. Open Educational Resources
Open Educational Resources (OER) describes any educational
resources (including curriculum maps, course materials,
textbooks, streaming videos, multimedia applications,
podcasts, and any other materials that have been designed for
use in teaching and learning) that are openly available for use
by educators and students, without an accompanying need to
pay royalties or licence fees.
The term OER is largely synonymous with another term:
Open CourseWare (OCW), although the latter may be used to
refer to a specific, more structured subset of OER. An Open
CourseWare is defined by the OCW Consortium as ‘a free and
open digital publication of high quality university-level
educational materials. These materials are organized as
courses, and often include course planning materials and
evaluation tools as well as thematic content’1.
OER has emerged as a concept with great potential to support
educational transformation. While its educational value lies in
the idea of using resources as an integral method of
communication of curriculum in educational courses (i.e.
resource-based learning), its transformative power lies in the
ease with which such resources, when digitized, can be shared
via the Internet. Importantly, there is only one key
differentiator between an OER and any other educational
resource: its licence. Thus, an OER is simply an educational
resource that incorporates a licence that facilitates reuse, and

2. potentially adaptation, without first requesting permission
from the copyright holder.
The most important reason for harnessing OER is that openly
licensed educational materials have tremendous potential to
contribute to improving the quality and effectiveness of
education. The challenges of growing access, combined with
the ongoing rollout of ICT infrastructure into educational
institutions, indicates that it is becoming increasingly
important for them to support, in a planned and deliberate
manner, the development and improvement of curricula,
ongoing programme and course design, planning of contact
sessions with students, development of quality teaching and
learning materials, and design of effective assessment –
activities all aimed at improving the teaching and learning
environment while managing the cost of this through
increased use of resource based learning.
The key issues of relevance when considering the potential
applications of OER can be summarized as follows:
1. Educational systems and organizations that are serious
about teaching and learning will need to ensure that spending
on personnel and other related expenses reflects a sustained
institutional or systemic effort to invest in creating more
effective teaching and learning environments for their
students. This will entail investment in developing and
improving curricula, ongoing programme and course design,
planning of contact sessions with students, development and
procurement of quality teaching and learning materials, design
of effective assessment activities and so on. Many educational

3. systems and institutions do not yet make such investments in a
planned and deliberate way, but it is an essential part of their
core function.
2. As educational systems and institutions make strategic
decisions to increase their levels of investment in design and
development of better educational programmes, the most cost-
effective way to do this is to embrace open licensing
environments. Thus, commitment to OER implies increased
investment in teaching and learning, but promises to increase
the efficiency and productivity of those investments by
harnessing new ways of developing better
programmes,courses and materials.
3. To be effective and sustainable, such strategic decisions
will most likely need to be accompanied by review of
institutional policies. Most importantly, institutions will need
to review their policies pertaining to intellectual property (by
ensuring that they support open licensing models) and staff
remuneration and incentives (by ensuring that time spent on
course design and development and other related activities is
appropriately rewarded through salary increases and
promotions, as part of broader policies covering staff
remuneration and incentives).
To facilitate this, supportive policy environments – whether at
a national or institutional level – are fundamental to any
sustainable effort to harness the potential of OER.

4. OER initiatives aspire to provide open access to high-quality
education resources on a global scale. From large institution-
based or institution-supported initiatives to numerous small-
scale activities, the number of OER related programmes and
projects has been growing quickly within the past few years.