This document provides an introduction to the 740: Computer Architecture course taught by Profs. Onur Mutlu and Seth Copen Goldstein at Carnegie Mellon University in Fall 2013. It outlines the course logistics, instructors' backgrounds and research interests, online nature of the course, recommended background videos and lectures, course goals of familiarizing students with computer architecture fundamentals and research, and expectations of students to learn the material and work hard through assignments and a semester-long research project.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The purpose of the lab to the latest skills required for Job opportunities in many industries . This helps faculties to develop their skills and publish papers in intenational conferences and also innovate solutions
The purpose of the lab to the latest skills required for Job opportunities in many industries . This helps faculties to develop their skills and publish papers in intenational conferences and also innovate solutions
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
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CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Agenda
Syllabus
Course logistics, info, requirements
Online nature of the course
Introduction
Background Videos and Lectures to Study
2
3. Non-Agenda
Grading and Policies
Details on Course Project
Details on Paper Review Assignments
Initial Assignments and Homeworks
These are covered in separate videos.
3
4. Course Info: Who Are We?
Instructor: Prof. Onur Mutlu
onur@cmu.edu
Office: CIC 4105
Office Hours: W 2:30-3:30pm (or by appointment)
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~omutlu
PhD from UT-Austin, worked at Microsoft Research, Intel,
AMD
Research interests:
Computer architecture, hardware/software interaction
Many-core systems
Memory and storage systems
Improving programmer productivity
Interconnection networks
Hardware/software interaction and co-design (PL, OS, Architecture)
Fault tolerance
Hardware security
Algorithms and architectures for genomics and embedded systems 4
5. Course Info: Who Are We?
Instructor: Prof. Seth Copen Goldstein
seth@cmu.edu
Office: GHC 7111
Office Hours: T 1-2pm (or by appointment)
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~seth
Research interests:
Computer architecture
Compilers
Massively distributed systems
Programmable matter
Programming Languages
Nanotechnology
Modular Robotics
Governance
Web Technology
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6. Course Info: Who Are We?
Teaching Assistants
Tyler Huberty
thuberty@andrew.cmu.edu
Brian Osbun
bosbun@andrew.cmu.edu
Hongyi Xin
hxin@andrew.cmu.edu
TBD
6
7. Where to Get Up-to-date Course Info?
Website: http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece740
Syllabus and contact information
Links to videos and online education site
Lecture notes
Readings and link to review website
Project information
…
Blackboard: Linked from website
Your email
Email to us: 740-official@ece.cmu.edu
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8. This is a Hybrid Course
Heavily online
With in-person recitations and office hours
8
9. Lectures, Readings and Recitations
Lectures will be online
Purpose: Learn the basics of a topic
You are expected to watch them fully as assigned by the due date
Videos and supplemental material will be linked from the website
Readings will be online
Purpose: Enhance understanding beyond the lectures
You are expected to do them before the due date (& enter reviews)
Recitations will be both in-person and online
Purpose: Enhance understanding via deeper discussion
During the specified times in the syllabus and course schedule
We will announce recitation times and format weekly
In-person recitations will be recorded and posted online
9
10. Office Hours
Office hours will be both in-person and online
Purpose: Clarify unclear points, delve deeper
Locations and times will be posted
10
11. A Note
Please provide us feedback with the online lectures and
quality of the online environment
If there are issues, we would like to know these early
Especially true if you are remotely attending the class
11
12. What Will You Learn?
Computer Architecture: The science and art of
designing, selecting, and interconnecting hardware
components and designing the hardware/software interface
to create a computing system that meets functional,
performance, energy consumption, cost, and other specific
goals.
Traditional definition: “The term architecture is used
here to describe the attributes of a system as seen by the
programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional
behavior as distinct from the organization of the dataflow
and controls, the logic design, and the physical
implementation.” Gene Amdahl, IBM Journal of R&D, April
1964
12
14. What Will You Learn?
Hardware/software interface, major components, and
programming models of a modern microprocessor
State-of-the-art as well as research proposals
Tradeoffs and how to make them
Emphasis on cutting-edge research
Hands-on research in a computer architecture topic
Semester-long project
How to design better architectures (not an intro course)
How to dig out information
No textbook really required
But, see the syllabus
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15. An Example: Multi-Core Systems
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CORE 1
L2
CACHE
0
SHARED
L3
CACHE
DRAM
INTERFACE
CORE 0
CORE 2 CORE 3
L2
CACHE
1
L2
CACHE
2
L2
CACHE
3
DRAM
BANKS
Multi-Core
Chip
*Die photo credit: AMD Barcelona
DRAM MEMORY
CONTROLLER
16. Unexpected Slowdowns in Multi-Core
16
Memory Performance Hog
Low priority
High priority
(Core 0) (Core 1)
17. 17
Why the Disparity in Slowdowns?
CORE 1 CORE 2
L2
CACHE
L2
CACHE
DRAM MEMORY CONTROLLER
DRAM
Bank 0
DRAM
Bank 1
DRAM
Bank 2
Shared DRAM
Memory System
Multi-Core
Chip
unfairness
INTERCONNECT
matlab gcc
DRAM
Bank 3
18. For More Information, Read
Mutlu and Moscibroda, “Memory Performance Attacks:
Denial of Memory Service in Multi-Core Systems”, USENIX
Security 2007.
18
19. Course Goals
Goal 1: To familiarize computer architecture students and those
interested in computer system design with both fundamental
design tradeoffs and recent research issues/trends in processor,
memory, and platform architectures in today’s and future
systems.
Strong emphasis on fundamentals and design tradeoffs.
Goal 2: To provide the necessary background and experience to
advance the state-of-the-art in computer architecture by
performing cutting-edge research.
Strong emphasis on
Critically evaluating research papers (through literature review
assignments)
Developing new mechanisms that advance the state of the art
(through the course research project).
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20. This is a Graduate-Level Class
Required background:
basic architecture (18-447)
basic compilers
basic OS
programming skills
spirit, excitement, and dedication for deep exploration of a
topic in computer architecture
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21. What Do I Expect From You?
Learn the material
And, research it find the original source of ideas
Do the work & work hard
Ask questions, take notes, participate in discussion
Read and review the assigned research papers & readings
Discuss/critique them online with peers and us
Write your critique/review online
Start the research project early and focus on it
If you want feedback, come to office hours
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22. Recommended Background Videos and Lectures (I)
All 447 lecture videos and notes are at:
http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59
REog9jDnPDTG6IJ
http://www.ece.cmu.edu/~ece447/s13/doku.php?id=schedule
Please watch as many as you can, to brush up on
background material
I would especially encourage everyone to watch:
Lecture 1: Basics of Computer Architecture
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ87rZCGWU0&list=PL5PH
m2jkkXmidJOd59REog9jDnPDTG6IJ&index=1
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23. Recommended Background Videos and Lectures (II)
Lectures 2-3: Fundamental Concepts and ISA, ISA Tradeoffs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqJgYN6S6Qw&list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59REog9j
DnPDTG6IJ&index=2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqJgYN6S6Qw&list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59REog9j
DnPDTG6IJ&index=3
Lecture 8: Pipelining
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5E_W7EeNs8U&list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59REog9j
DnPDTG6IJ&index=8
Lecture 9: Data Dependence Handling
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gpz1I47LfDo&list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59REog9jD
nPDTG6IJ&index=9
Lecture 10-11: Branch Prediction
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XkerLktFtJg&list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59REog9jDn
PDTG6IJ&index=11
Lecture 16: Virtual Memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppPq-
ntaAWU&list=PL5PHm2jkkXmidJOd59REog9jDnPDTG6IJ&index=16
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