oil palm is plantation crop
Oil palm is the second largest source of edible oil, next only to soybean. It contributes approximately one-fifth of the world's production of oils and fats, and belongs to the genus Elaeis. There are two important species in the genus Elaeis, E. guineensis (African oil palm) and E.
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms.
Oil palm belongs to the Genus Elaeis (from Greek, meaning "oil"). Elaeis is a genus of palms containing two species, called oil palms.
It's cheap and efficient making it the world's most widely used vegetable oil – and global consumption is rising. Palm oil is used in the production of foods such as cake, chocolate, biscuits, margarine and frying fats. It is also found in cosmetics, soap, shampoo, cleaning products and can be used as a biofuel.
Economic importance and Production technology of Oil PalmGhulam Asghar
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.
Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
package practice of mustard in indian climatic conditions. in this presentation you can easily understand the practices done in mustard crop during a crop period with proper management of disease and knowledge about the different verities grown in india.
it will be very helpful for masters students to remind themselves about this crop.
Economic importance and Production technology of Oil PalmGhulam Asghar
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.
Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit.
Propagation methods of Important Medicinal Plantsvandanashukla18
Propagation methods for Azadirachta indica, Rauvolfia serpentina,Terminalia chebula,Terminalia bellirica, Embelica officinalis by seeds and other vegetative parts.
package practice of mustard in indian climatic conditions. in this presentation you can easily understand the practices done in mustard crop during a crop period with proper management of disease and knowledge about the different verities grown in india.
it will be very helpful for masters students to remind themselves about this crop.
cultivation practices of garden peas along with processingManasa Chinnu
this deals with the study of cultivation practices along with processing technology of garden peas.i added more information regarding garden peas and other cultivation tactics which are dealed under PG and also useful for UG students aswell.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
For higher studies
Export agricultural crops Vanilla
uses or product of vanilla
cultivation areas
soil and climatic requirements for vanilla
propagation of vanilla
field planting of vanilla
fertilizer application and weed management in vanilla cultivation
pollination of vanilla
harvesting and processing of vanilla
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
cultivation practices of garden peas along with processingManasa Chinnu
this deals with the study of cultivation practices along with processing technology of garden peas.i added more information regarding garden peas and other cultivation tactics which are dealed under PG and also useful for UG students aswell.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
For higher studies
Export agricultural crops Vanilla
uses or product of vanilla
cultivation areas
soil and climatic requirements for vanilla
propagation of vanilla
field planting of vanilla
fertilizer application and weed management in vanilla cultivation
pollination of vanilla
harvesting and processing of vanilla
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
3. Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil
derived from the mesocarp (reddish
pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms.
Oil palm belongs to the Genus Elaeis
(from Greek, meaning "oil"). Elaeis is
a genus of palms containing two
species, called oil palms.
Introduction
6. Plant Description
Tree
Mature palms are single- stemmed, and can grow
well over 20 m (66 ft) tall.
Leaves
The leaves are pinnate, and reach between 3-5 m
(10-16 ft.) long.
7. Plant Description
Flowers
• The flowers are produced in dense clusters;
each individual flower is small, with three
sepals and threepetals.
Palm Fruit
• Each fruit is made up of an oily, fleshy
outer layer , and endocarp, with a single
seed,also rich in oil.
8. Plant Description
No. of Bunches/plant/year 19
Single bunch weight 10-15 kg
Fruitlets per bunch 1000/3000
No. of palms per hectare 148
Nursery Period 18-24 month
Palm height up to 2.3 meter
9. Climate
Oil palm is a humid tropical crop and thrives best in theb areas
where temprature ranges from:
22C to 24C (minimum)
28c to 33C (maximum)
Oil palm require at least 5 to 6 hours of bright sunshine per day
and 80% of humidity for optimum growth.
This crop require annual evenly distributed rainfall of 2500 to
4000 mm monthly.
10. Soil
Well-drained deep loamy moist and alluvial
soils rich in organic matter.
These trees require at least 1 meter soil depth.
Avoid highly saline, highly alkaline, coastal
sandy and water stagnation soils.
High yields are obtained in soilswhich are rich
in humus and have a crumby structure.
Optimum soil reaction is from pH 6.5 to 7.5
11. The Propagation in oil palmcultivation is mainly
by seeds.
Seeds are extracted from fruitsusing depericarper.
Pre-heating of seeds is required for 75 days at
40°C temperature due to their high dormancy.
Thereafter, seeds should be soaked in running
water and make them tocool down for 4 to 5 days.
10 to 12 days after germination, sprouts should be
transplanted to poly bags.
Propagation
12. In nursery raising, the single stagepoly bag
system is a very popular propagation method.
In this process, a poly bag should befilled
with top soil, sand and wellrotten manure.
. Then sprouts should be placed at a depth of
2.5 cm in the center of the poly bag.
The seedlings will be ready for transplanting
in 12-14 months.
Propagation
13. Land Preparation
• Land should be made weed free.
• Two ploughings should be given to get the soil fine tilth stage.
• Supplement the field with good organic matter to makethe soil rich field.
Optimum time
• The best season for oil palm planting is from June toDecember. However,
crops grown during summer should be provided with sufficient irrigation and
mulching
• Growing cover crops in the tree basin is preferred toavoid hot winds in
summer season
Transplanting
14. • Healthy Seedling of 12 to 15 months age old with at least 1 meter height and 12 to
13 functional leaves are recommended for cultivation.
• Mix the soil with 400 grams of single super phosphate and apply at base of the pit
as soon as planting is done.
• 143 to 145 oil palm plants can be accommodated in 1 hectare land.
Transplanting
15. Planting Geometry
• In triangular planting method, with a spacing of 9 m x 9 m x9m
• Planting should be done in the pits with size of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60
16. • Oil palms are a wide spaced perennial trees and inter space can be utilized for
intercropping during initial 3 year period
• The most suitable inter-crops during initial 3 year period are any vegetables,
chilies, banana, tobacco, ginger, pineapple
Intercropping
17. Never do the following Practices:
1. Leave the palm basin while growing intercrop
2. Do not plant the intercrops within the palm basin.
3. Do not cut the oil palm leaves while growing intercrops
4. Do not tie the leaves
5. Do not grow oil palm in ill drained soils/low lands
Avoid these Practices
18. Flowering and Ablation
• Oil palm trees start flowering in 14 to 18 months after planting the crop.
• Oil palm tree produces both male and female flowers separately on the same palm
tree.
• The process of removing male and female flowers in early stages of oil palm
plantation is called "ablation".
• Ablation is required in oil palm cultivation for development of stem girth, vigour
and string root system.
• This process can be extended up to 2 to 3 years depending on the tree vigour and
growth.
19. Pollination
• fertilization of all females flowers in the bunch especially during
rainyseason.
• The oil palm is a highly cross-pollinated crop in which the insects and wind
assist pollination.
• kamerunicus has an important role in pollinating oil palm plants
21. Irrigation
• Oil palm crop requires sufficient irrigation as its growth rate
is faster and produces high yield and biomass.
• Each growing plant requires about 20 liters of water per day.
22. Drip irrigation
• This system can be adopted in the undulated
terrain land,if the water is a main constraint.
• In case of drip irrigation method, each palm
requires 4 dippers at the base.
• With 4 dippers ejecting 5 liters of water for
five hours perday.
Irrigation
25. Varities
There are three main types of oil palm. They are dura, pisifera
and tenera.
Dura:
• The fruits are characterized by a very thick shellvarying from 2 to 8 mm.
• This results in a low mesocarp percentage in fruits.
• To start with only dura variety was cultivated all over oil palm growing
countries.
Varities
26. Pisifera:
• This fruit type is characterized by the absence of shell, the vestiges of
shell being represented by a ring of fibres around the kernel.
• They may contain embryo (fertile) or may be embryoless (sterile).
• The latter form is preferred as pollen parents.
Varities
27. Tenera:
• The shell is thin (0.5-4 mm) with a characteristic fibre ring around the shell
• Tenera is the hybrid between dura and pisifera and is the only
commercially cultivated form all over oil palm growing countries since
1960 when this hybrid was first identified.
• With the introduction of tenera, a revolution was made in oil palm
cultivation.
Varities
29. • The oil palms will be ready for harvesting in 2.5 to 3 years after the plantation in the
main field.
• Harvesting can be done when the fruits on palm turn into yellowish-orange colour
and 5 to 8 fruits drop on their own.
Harvesting
31. Products
Palm oil comes from the fleshy
orange portion of the fruit
Palm oil comes from the fleshy
orange portion of the fruit
Palm Kernal Oil Comes from
the inner most kernal
33. 1.Cosmetics (mainly palm kernel oil
2. Biofuel and energy
3.Animal feed (palm kernel expeller
4. Pharmaceutical
5. Industrial Organic Chemical
6. Food Industry
Uses
• Used as a cooking oil
• Shortening of Salads
• Manufacture of margarine
• Non-dairy creamers
• Ice cream
36. Health Benifits
• Palm oil plays a role in promoting cardiovascular health.
• The tocotrienols found in palm oil also help support the heart
against stress
• Improved blood circulation
• Regulated cholesterol levels
• Reduced free radical damage and inflammation
• Reduced blood pressure
37. Health Benifits
• Studies suggest that palm oil's antioxidant properties help prevent various
types of cancers.
• ncreases your protection against diseases like dementia, Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's, and other mental conditions.
• palm oil can help strengthen immune function and promote bone, eye, oral,
lung, skin, and liver health.
• As a fat-rich oil, palm oil helps provide energy and enhance the absorption
of fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins A, D, and E.
38. Calories and Vitamins
• Palm oil, like all other oils and fats, provides 9 kcal g-1 compared
with 4 kcal each for protein and carbohydrates.
• Fats are also a source of vitamin A, D and E and act ascarriers of
these and of vitamin K in the human body.
• Palm oil is a rich source of pro-vitamin A, in the form of
carotenoids (500-700 mg kg-1).
Nutrition
39. • A highly versatile vegetable oil.
• Rapidly growing market share.
• World's top selling vegetable oil
• In Pakistan, very low area under cultivation of oil palm
• All of palm oil requirement is fulfilled by import
• There is need to plant oil palm for self requirement as well as for export.
• Sub-humid areas of Pakistan are suitable for oil palm cultivation.
Future Prospective