The document provides a comprehensive overview of oil palm cultivation, including its scientific classification, plant description, propagation methods, irrigation requirements, and various oil palm varieties. It also discusses crop management practices, harvesting processes, product uses, and health benefits of palm oil. Additionally, it highlights potential pests and diseases affecting oil palm and emphasizes the need for domestic cultivation in Pakistan to reduce import reliance.

2. By:-
Rahul riwaria
Oil Plam

3.  Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil
derived from the mesocarp (reddish
pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms.
 Oil palm belongs to the Genus Elaeis
(from Greek, meaning "oil"). Elaeis is
a genus of palms containing two
species, called oil palms.
Introduction

4. Scientific Classification
 Kingdom: Plantae
 Division: Magnoliophyta
 Class: Liliopsida
 Order: Arecales
 Family: Arecaceae
 Genus: Elaeis Jacq.
 Species: Elaeis guineensis
Elaeis oleifera

5. Plam Species
Elaeis guineensis Elaeis oleifera

6. Plant Description
Tree
Mature palms are single- stemmed, and can grow
well over 20 m (66 ft) tall.
Leaves
The leaves are pinnate, and reach between 3-5 m
(10-16 ft.) long.

7. Plant Description
Flowers
• The flowers are produced in dense clusters;
each individual flower is small, with three
sepals and threepetals.
Palm Fruit
• Each fruit is made up of an oily, fleshy
outer layer , and endocarp, with a single
seed,also rich in oil.

8. Plant Description
 No. of Bunches/plant/year 19
 Single bunch weight 10-15 kg
 Fruitlets per bunch 1000/3000
 No. of palms per hectare 148
 Nursery Period 18-24 month
 Palm height up to 2.3 meter

9. Climate
 Oil palm is a humid tropical crop and thrives best in theb areas
where temprature ranges from:
22C to 24C (minimum)
28c to 33C (maximum)
 Oil palm require at least 5 to 6 hours of bright sunshine per day
and 80% of humidity for optimum growth.
 This crop require annual evenly distributed rainfall of 2500 to
4000 mm monthly.

10. Soil
 Well-drained deep loamy moist and alluvial
soils rich in organic matter.
 These trees require at least 1 meter soil depth.
 Avoid highly saline, highly alkaline, coastal
sandy and water stagnation soils.
 High yields are obtained in soilswhich are rich
in humus and have a crumby structure.
 Optimum soil reaction is from pH 6.5 to 7.5

11. The Propagation in oil palmcultivation is mainly
by seeds.
 Seeds are extracted from fruitsusing depericarper.
Pre-heating of seeds is required for 75 days at
40°C temperature due to their high dormancy.
 Thereafter, seeds should be soaked in running
water and make them tocool down for 4 to 5 days.
10 to 12 days after germination, sprouts should be
transplanted to poly bags.
Propagation

12. In nursery raising, the single stagepoly bag
system is a very popular propagation method.
 In this process, a poly bag should befilled
with top soil, sand and wellrotten manure.
. Then sprouts should be placed at a depth of
2.5 cm in the center of the poly bag.
The seedlings will be ready for transplanting
in 12-14 months.
Propagation

13.  Land Preparation
• Land should be made weed free.
• Two ploughings should be given to get the soil fine tilth stage.
• Supplement the field with good organic matter to makethe soil rich field.
 Optimum time
• The best season for oil palm planting is from June toDecember. However,
crops grown during summer should be provided with sufficient irrigation and
mulching
• Growing cover crops in the tree basin is preferred toavoid hot winds in
summer season
Transplanting

14. • Healthy Seedling of 12 to 15 months age old with at least 1 meter height and 12 to
13 functional leaves are recommended for cultivation.
• Mix the soil with 400 grams of single super phosphate and apply at base of the pit
as soon as planting is done.
• 143 to 145 oil palm plants can be accommodated in 1 hectare land.
Transplanting

15. Planting Geometry
• In triangular planting method, with a spacing of 9 m x 9 m x9m
• Planting should be done in the pits with size of 60 cm x 60 cm x 60

16. • Oil palms are a wide spaced perennial trees and inter space can be utilized for
intercropping during initial 3 year period
• The most suitable inter-crops during initial 3 year period are any vegetables,
chilies, banana, tobacco, ginger, pineapple
Intercropping

17.  Never do the following Practices:
1. Leave the palm basin while growing intercrop
2. Do not plant the intercrops within the palm basin.
3. Do not cut the oil palm leaves while growing intercrops
4. Do not tie the leaves
5. Do not grow oil palm in ill drained soils/low lands
Avoid these Practices

18. Flowering and Ablation
• Oil palm trees start flowering in 14 to 18 months after planting the crop.
• Oil palm tree produces both male and female flowers separately on the same palm
tree.
• The process of removing male and female flowers in early stages of oil palm
plantation is called "ablation".
• Ablation is required in oil palm cultivation for development of stem girth, vigour
and string root system.
• This process can be extended up to 2 to 3 years depending on the tree vigour and
growth.

19. Pollination
• fertilization of all females flowers in the bunch especially during
rainyseason.
• The oil palm is a highly cross-pollinated crop in which the insects and wind
assist pollination.
• kamerunicus has an important role in pollinating oil palm plants

20. Male and Female Inflorescences

21. Irrigation
• Oil palm crop requires sufficient irrigation as its growth rate
is faster and produces high yield and biomass.
• Each growing plant requires about 20 liters of water per day.

22.  Drip irrigation
• This system can be adopted in the undulated
terrain land,if the water is a main constraint.
• In case of drip irrigation method, each palm
requires 4 dippers at the base.
• With 4 dippers ejecting 5 liters of water for
five hours perday.
Irrigation

23. Weed
Scienctific Name Coman Name
Clidemia hirta Soapbush
Mimosa pudica Sensitive plant, touch-me-not
Lantana camara Sage
Chromolaena odorata Siam weed

24. Fertilizer

25. Varities
There are three main types of oil palm. They are dura, pisifera
and tenera.
Dura:
• The fruits are characterized by a very thick shellvarying from 2 to 8 mm.
• This results in a low mesocarp percentage in fruits.
• To start with only dura variety was cultivated all over oil palm growing
countries.
Varities

26. Pisifera:
• This fruit type is characterized by the absence of shell, the vestiges of
shell being represented by a ring of fibres around the kernel.
• They may contain embryo (fertile) or may be embryoless (sterile).
• The latter form is preferred as pollen parents.
Varities

27. Tenera:
• The shell is thin (0.5-4 mm) with a characteristic fibre ring around the shell
• Tenera is the hybrid between dura and pisifera and is the only
commercially cultivated form all over oil palm growing countries since
1960 when this hybrid was first identified.
• With the introduction of tenera, a revolution was made in oil palm
cultivation.
Varities

28. Varities

29. • The oil palms will be ready for harvesting in 2.5 to 3 years after the plantation in the
main field.
• Harvesting can be done when the fruits on palm turn into yellowish-orange colour
and 5 to 8 fruits drop on their own.
Harvesting

30. Oil Palm Age Yield
24th- 36th month 03-05 tons/ha
37th-48th month 06-08 tons/ha
49th-60th month 08-10 tons/ha
61st-72nd month 18-20 tons/ha
Yield

31. Products
Palm oil comes from the fleshy
orange portion of the fruit
Palm oil comes from the fleshy
orange portion of the fruit
Palm Kernal Oil Comes from
the inner most kernal

32. Products
Oil Palm Processing
FreshFruit bunches
Slide Sterilization
Striping
Sterilized Fruit Empty Bunches
Digestion
Processing
Crude Oil Mesocarp waste

33. 1.Cosmetics (mainly palm kernel oil
2. Biofuel and energy
3.Animal feed (palm kernel expeller
4. Pharmaceutical
5. Industrial Organic Chemical
6. Food Industry
Uses
• Used as a cooking oil
• Shortening of Salads
• Manufacture of margarine
• Non-dairy creamers
• Ice cream

34. Uses

35. Uses

36. Health Benifits
• Palm oil plays a role in promoting cardiovascular health.
• The tocotrienols found in palm oil also help support the heart
against stress
• Improved blood circulation
• Regulated cholesterol levels
• Reduced free radical damage and inflammation
• Reduced blood pressure

37. Health Benifits
• Studies suggest that palm oil's antioxidant properties help prevent various
types of cancers.
• ncreases your protection against diseases like dementia, Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's, and other mental conditions.
• palm oil can help strengthen immune function and promote bone, eye, oral,
lung, skin, and liver health.
• As a fat-rich oil, palm oil helps provide energy and enhance the absorption
of fat-soluble nutrients such as vitamins A, D, and E.

38. Calories and Vitamins
• Palm oil, like all other oils and fats, provides 9 kcal g-1 compared
with 4 kcal each for protein and carbohydrates.
• Fats are also a source of vitamin A, D and E and act ascarriers of
these and of vitamin K in the human body.
• Palm oil is a rich source of pro-vitamin A, in the form of
carotenoids (500-700 mg kg-1).
Nutrition

39. • A highly versatile vegetable oil.
• Rapidly growing market share.
• World's top selling vegetable oil
• In Pakistan, very low area under cultivation of oil palm
• All of palm oil requirement is fulfilled by import
• There is need to plant oil palm for self requirement as well as for export.
• Sub-humid areas of Pakistan are suitable for oil palm cultivation.
Future Prospective

40. Rhinoceros beetles
Insect Pest
Mealy bug

41. Diseases
 Pestalotiopsis leaf spot:- The fungus Pestalotiopsis
causes leaf spots, petiole/rachis blights and sometimes
a bud rot of palms.

42. Diseases
 Ganoderma butt rot:- It is caused by the fungus
Ganoderma zonatum. This fungus degrades the lignin
in the lower 4–5 feet of the trunk

43. Diseases
 Bacterial bud rot:- Bud rot is not lethal to oil palm in
most cases, but affected palms may require up to three
years to recover.

44. Diseases
 Oil palm wilt:- It is caused by Fusarium
oxysporum f.