Early Christian missionaries arrived in Ireland in the 5th century AD, with St. Patrick's conversion of the Celtic pagans to Christianity being the most well known. Most Irish had become Christian by 600 AD, though Celtic culture and traditions continued with druidic practices declining. Remote monasteries like Skellig Michael and Glendalough were established and became centers of manuscript illumination, metalworking, and high cross carving, with Irish monks traveling abroad to found monastic communities in places like Iona and Bobbio, Italy, earning Ireland a reputation as the 'Island of Saints and Scholars'.
Christianity and Identity in Ireland 1: Early Christian Irelandjamiemcmillan
The document provides an overview of early Christian Ireland from 431-795 AD. It discusses the origins of the Irish people, how some came to believe in Christianity, the missions of Palladius and St. Patrick in the 5th century, and the emergence of influential Irish monasticism between the 5th-12th centuries under founding figures like Columcille and Finnian. Key aspects of Irish monastic life are outlined such as their spiritual emphasis on contemplation, scholarship, and evangelism. The summary concludes by noting how political and social changes eventually led to the secularization of some monasteries by the 8th century.
Early Christian missionaries arrived in Ireland in the 5th century AD, with St. Patrick's conversion of the Celtic pagans to Christianity being the most well known. Most Irish had become Christian by 600 AD, though Celtic culture and traditions continued with druidic practices declining. Remote monasteries like Skellig Michael and Glendalough were established and became centers of manuscript illumination, metalworking, and high cross carving, with Irish monks traveling abroad to found monastic communities in places like Iona and Bobbio, Italy, earning Ireland a reputation as the 'Island of Saints and Scholars'.
Christianity and Identity in Ireland 1: Early Christian Irelandjamiemcmillan
The document provides an overview of early Christian Ireland from 431-795 AD. It discusses the origins of the Irish people, how some came to believe in Christianity, the missions of Palladius and St. Patrick in the 5th century, and the emergence of influential Irish monasticism between the 5th-12th centuries under founding figures like Columcille and Finnian. Key aspects of Irish monastic life are outlined such as their spiritual emphasis on contemplation, scholarship, and evangelism. The summary concludes by noting how political and social changes eventually led to the secularization of some monasteries by the 8th century.
This document provides an overview of Irish history from prehistoric times through the early 20th century. It describes Ireland's geography and division into provinces. Celtic peoples arrived around 400 BC and brought new technologies and artistic styles. Celtic mythology was later recorded by Christian monks, including tales of heroes like Finn MacCumhail and Cuchulain. Ireland was Christianized in the 5th century AD and produced illuminated manuscripts. The country experienced Viking raids and Norman conquest. English Protestant rule in the 17th-18th centuries displaced Catholics. The Great Famine of the 1840s killed millions and changed Irish society. Nationalist movements led by O'Connell, Parnell, and the 1916 Easter Rising sought home rule and independence
The life and influence of the Venerable Bede, monk of Wearmouth and Jarrow in the 8th Century. Presented at the anniversary of the dedication of the Chapel of St. Bede, Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, Oxford, OH, May 2009. PDF format of a Keynote original.
The history of theatre spans over 2500 years, originating in ancient Greece in the 6th century BC with competitions for tragedies. Some of the earliest and most influential playwrights include Euripides, Aristophanes, and William Shakespeare. Theatre evolved through various cultures, with traditions developing in Rome, China, Japan, and across Europe. Significant milestones include the first stone theatre built in Athens around 300 BC, the emergence of mystery play cycles in Europe in the 1300s, the first public theatre opening in England in 1567, and the construction of The Globe theatre in London where many of Shakespeare's plays premiered in 1598. Theatre continued advancing with innovations like gas lighting in 1817, electric lights in 1881, and
This document provides an overview of prehistoric art in Europe from the Paleolithic to Neolithic periods. It discusses key time periods and ideas, including that the earliest works were cave paintings and sculptures from 30,000-4000 BCE. Little is known about their original meaning. Neolithic structures like Stonehenge showed the ability to build elaborate religious monuments. Key works mentioned include cave paintings from Lascaux and Altamira and sculptures like the Venus of Willendorf and Lion-Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel.
2. KAROLINŠKA DOBA – kronanje 751 v pariški
baziliki Saint-Denis ...
3. sodelovanje med cesarstvom in Cerkvijo:
ustanovitev PAPEŠKE DRŽAVE,
KAREL VELIKI razbije Langobarde,
800 okronan za cesarja svetega rimskega
cesarstva,
4. na dvoru zbira
učenjake iz celega
cesarstva,
pobudnik oživitve
antične misli,
KAROLINŠKA
RENESANSA,
namerno vračanje k
oblikam visoke antike,
5. poudarek
na klasični
izobrazbi,
zahteva, da
imajo vsi
samostani
in katedrale
svoje šole,
6. namen: zagotoviti
politično, versko in
kulturno poenotenje
države!
7. karolinška
doba kratkega
veka,
razpad
mogočne
frankovske
države,
8. umetnost pade …
red vzpostavi OTON I.,
936 okronan v Aachnu,
9. zgledi v slavni
karolinški preteklosti,
povezava s Cerkvijo,
SVETO RIMSKO
CESARSTVO
NEMŠKE
NARODNOSTI (962),
11. pod vplivom antičnih, bizantinskih in
karolinških vzorov ustvarjena vrsta
samostojnih del,
značilna izrazna poduhovljenost in
ornamentalna prepričljivost:
bazilike z dvema koroma in dvema prečnima
ladjama,
westwerk,
monumentalna sakralna plastika,
freske,
12. miniaturno slikarstvo (evangeliarij Henrika
II., Codex Aureus, Zakramentarij iz
Lorscha, evangeliarij opatinje Hilde),
izdelki iz slonovine,
zlatarski izdelki,
bronasti in leseni reliefi,
13. ARHITEKTURA
zgled po antični,
posnemanje stavbnih členov antičnih
spomenikov,
opuščanje lesene gradnje – cerkve,
samostane in dvore gradili iz opeke ali
kamna …
14. • ZAHODNO
PROČELJE dobi
novo podobo,
• samostojen stavbni
del WESTWERK
cerkvi daje trdnjavski,
utrdbeni videz,
16. • westwerk ima vhod,
vhodno dvorano,
kapelo in galerije,
• značilnost je 12 oken
ali portikov,
• ponazarjajo 12 vrat
Nebeškega
Jeruzalema,
• motiv slavoloka z
enim ali tremi
polkrožnimi vhodi,
17. • ZASNOVA Z DVEMA KOROMA – koru cerkve,
ki običajno stoji na V strani, dodali še enega,
popolnoma enakega na Z strani
18. • običajno so
karolinški (in
romanski) kori
nekaj stopnic
dvignjeni višje od
ladje,
• pod njimi kripte
(hranijo relikvije),
19. • cerkve z vzdolžno zasnovo zgrajene kot jasne,
pregledne arhitekture – razmerja med dolžino,
širino in višino določa SREDIŠČNI KVADRAT –
kvadrat na sečišču glavne in prečne ladje,
20. • kvadrat se ponovi v obeh prečnih ladjah,proti
oltarnemu delu in proti glavnemu vhodu na Z
strani
21. PRIMER 1 : Dvorna kapela KV, ok.
800, Aachen
cesar v Aachnu
postavi dvorno kapelo
po antičnem vzoru …
22. zgled: ravenska
cerkev San Vitale
(dvorna cerkev
cesarja Justinijana),
23. arhitekt Odo iz Metza
izrazi enake oblike in
prostorska razmerja,
vendar v germanski
tektoniki, skladno z
domačo tradicijo
kamnite, masivne
zidave,
24. cerkev v osnovi
osmerokotnik,
osrednji oktogon
ovijata dva
obhoda, vsak v
svoji ravnini (dve
nadstropji),
arkade v
nadstropju delita
dve vrsti stebrov
25.
26. KIPARSTVO
karolinške in otonske dobe
slonokoščeni reliefi (knjižne platnice),
kipi velikih dimenzij (razpela v naravni
velikosti, kipi Marije na prestolu),
zlatarski izdelki,
bronasti in leseni reliefi,
27. PRIMER 2: Očitanje greha, ok.
1000 Hildesheim, cerkev sv.
Mihaela
škof BERNWARD iz Hildesheima,
učitelj OTONA III., mecen umetnosti,
oživi rimsko umetnost vlivanja v bron,
krščanstvo je temelj EV kulture in
reliefi na vratih so, namesto da bi
slavili cesarja, raje pripovedovali …
28. skoraj 4,5 m visoka
krilna vrata razdeljena
na 8 širokih
horizontalnih polj,
vsako polje vsebuje
biblični prizor izdelan
v visokem reliefu …
tridimenzionalne
figure postavljene na
plosko ozadje,
arhitekturni detajli
kombinirani s
stiliziranimi vzorci,
29. iz zgovornih gest in drž teles prepoznavamo
vsebino prizorov in čustvovanje oseb …
vitka telesa polna dramatičnosti – nagibajo se iz
bronaste plošče …
30. očitanje greha in prelaganje krivde
upodobljeno zelo nazorno,
tragičnost greha povezana z razkritjem
neprijetne človeške lastnosti – da napako
težko prizna …
31. PRIMER 3: Križ nadškofa Gerona,
pred 976, Kölnska katedrala
Geronov križ najstarejša
monumentalna skulptura
Z EV – razpelo v naravni
velikosti,
prvič se pokaže trpljenje
Odrešenika,
globoko vrezane gube na
obrazu kažejo ugasel
obraz iz katerega so
izginili znaki življenja …
32. rešitev izhaja iz bizantinske umetnosti
(bizantinski vpliv v D po poroki Otona II. z
bizantinsko princeso) …
iz antičnih zgledov poleg naturalizma
izhaja tudi kontrapost (harmonična
izravnava nasprotujočih si gibov),
33. SLIKARSTVO
karolinške in otonske dobe
knjižno slikarstvo vezano na nabožna besedila
(EVANGELIJI, PSALTERJI),
slikarji s posnemanjem antičnih predlog skušajo
doseči vtis plastičnosti in zaobljenosti teles,
upodobitve oseb dopolnili z rastlinskimi in
arhitekturnimi prvinami, ki ustvarjajo prizorišče,
bistvo je sporočilo teksta, na katerega se slika
nanaša,
34. Ikonografske novosti:
podoba Kristusa v slavi (med simboli 4
evangelistov),
upodobitve 4 evangelistov z njihovimi evangeliji,
pojavijo se kopije antičnih del,
pomembna je upodobitev vladarja in njegovih
dinastičnih prednikov (izražanje veličastja) …
ohranjenih veliko rokopisov ter malo fresk in
mozaikov …
35. PRIMER 4: Evangelist Matej iz t.i.
Kronanjskega evangeliarja
(evangelij Karla Velikega), ok. 800,
Dunaj
miniaturno slikarstvo se v figuralnih prizorih
opira na bizant. in gr. – italske vzore,
v ornamentiki poleg antičnih na keltske in
angloirske zglede ,
36. če sv. Matej ne bi imel
avreole ga z lahkoto
zamenjamo z antičnim
filozofom,
obraz južnjaka,
odet v togo sedi na
sklopnem sedežu z
blazino – kot sredi rimskih
ali carigrajskih vrtov,
avtor vešč rimske
slikarske tradicije,
helenistično dediščino
opredeljuje prepričljiva
telesnost, senčenje
obraza, bogato
niansiranje barv, odprtost
prizorišča …
38. poudarjena vladarjeva
veličina – sedi na
prestolu, v rokah ima
simbole oblasti (žezlo z
orlom + zemeljsko oblo s
križem), poleg stojijo
predstavniki Cerkve in
plemstva …
na sosednji strani
ponižno prihajajo 4 figure
z darovi, to so pokrajine:
Roma, Gallia, Germania
in Sclavinia … telesnost
je nakazana s toniranjem
gub in prostor slutimo v
barvnih prelivih …