To understand the principles of taking an obstetric history.
To understand the key components of an obstetric examination
The patient is normally a healthy woman undergoing a normal life event.
The type of questions asked during the history change with gestation, as does the purpose and nature of the examination.
The history will often cover physiology, pathology and psychology
A 58-year-old woman presents with pelvic heaviness and sensation of something protruding from her vagina that worsens with exertion. She sometimes feels and sees a bulge from her vagina and needs to push it back in to empty her bladder fully. The most likely diagnosis is pelvic organ prolapse. The doctor will examine her with a speculum while straining to determine the degree of prolapse. Conservative management with pelvic floor exercises and potentially a pessary will be recommended initially, with surgery as an option if symptoms persist or worsen.
Dyspareunia & vulvodynia by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s....alka mukherjee
This document discusses dyspareunia (recurring pain during sexual intercourse) and vulvodynia (chronic genital pain). It describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Dyspareunia and vulvodynia can have physical and psychological causes, and treatment may involve medications, physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sometimes surgery. A multidisciplinary approach is often needed to properly diagnose and address the underlying causes of genital pain.
This document discusses female infertility, including definitions of primary and secondary infertility, common causes, and initial investigations for infertile couples. It covers testing for ovulation and tubal patency, as well as the roles of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Tests of ovulation include LH kits, progesterone assays, basal body temperature tracking, examining cervical mucus, and transvaginal ultrasounds. Tests of tubal patency comprise hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy with dye tests, and sonohysterosalpingography.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum by Dr Alka Mukherjee Dr Apurva Mukherjeealka mukherjee
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) are common during the first trimester of pregnancy, affecting 50 to 80% of pregnant women. A much smaller proportion (0.3-3%) of pregnant women encounter intractable vomiting, which may be complicated by dehydration, significant weight loss, and electrolyte disturbances necessitating hospital admission [1]. This condition is called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). HG has a major effect on patients’ quality of life and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including low birth weight, small for gestational age, and prematurity .Hyperemesis gravidarum is extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Morning sickness is mild nausea and vomiting that occurs in early pregnancy.
Most women have some nausea or vomiting (morning sickness), particularly during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The exact cause of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is not known. However, it is believed to be caused by a rapidly rising blood level of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is released by the placenta. Mild morning sickness is common. Hyperemesis gravidarium is less common and more severe.
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum have extreme nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It can cause a weight loss of more than 5% of body weight. The condition can happen in any pregnancy, but is a little more likely if you are pregnant with twins (or more babies), or if you have a hydatidiform mole. Women are at higher risk for hyperemesis if they have had the problem in previous pregnancies or are prone to motion sickness.
This document provides an overview of pelvic organ prolapse. It defines prolapse as the descent of pelvic organs, like the bladder, bowel or uterus, into the vagina due to weakness in their supporting structures. It discusses the epidemiology, relevant anatomy, risk factors, classification, clinical features and management. Conservative options include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises and pessaries. Surgical management ranges from repairs to more radical procedures like hysterectomy, depending on the severity of prolapse and patient factors. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and support the pelvic organs in their proper anatomical position.
- Family planning, also known as contraception, involves limiting family size and preventing unwanted pregnancy. There are about 1.2 billion women of reproductive age worldwide.
- In Nigeria, the total fertility rate is high at 5.7, leading to high population growth and a doubling of the population every 22 years if trends continue. However, contraceptive use is low, with only 14.6% using any method and 9.7% using modern methods.
- Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, patches, rings, and IUDs. Barrier methods and permanent sterilization procedures
Introduction
Pregnancy is a normal physiological process and any intervention that is offered to the pregnant or expectant mother should have known benefits and should be acceptable to the woman
Screening in pregnancy is the process of surveying a population of women with markers and defined screening cut-off levels, to identify those at higher risk for a particular disorder
All pregnant women, regardless of age, should be offered, through an informed counselling process, the option of a prenatal screening test for the most common clinically significant fetal aneuploidies
A 58-year-old woman presents with pelvic heaviness and sensation of something protruding from her vagina that worsens with exertion. She sometimes feels and sees a bulge from her vagina and needs to push it back in to empty her bladder fully. The most likely diagnosis is pelvic organ prolapse. The doctor will examine her with a speculum while straining to determine the degree of prolapse. Conservative management with pelvic floor exercises and potentially a pessary will be recommended initially, with surgery as an option if symptoms persist or worsen.
Dyspareunia & vulvodynia by dr alka mukherjee dr apurva mukherjee nagpur m.s....alka mukherjee
This document discusses dyspareunia (recurring pain during sexual intercourse) and vulvodynia (chronic genital pain). It describes the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Dyspareunia and vulvodynia can have physical and psychological causes, and treatment may involve medications, physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and sometimes surgery. A multidisciplinary approach is often needed to properly diagnose and address the underlying causes of genital pain.
This document discusses female infertility, including definitions of primary and secondary infertility, common causes, and initial investigations for infertile couples. It covers testing for ovulation and tubal patency, as well as the roles of laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. Tests of ovulation include LH kits, progesterone assays, basal body temperature tracking, examining cervical mucus, and transvaginal ultrasounds. Tests of tubal patency comprise hysterosalpingography, laparoscopy with dye tests, and sonohysterosalpingography.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum by Dr Alka Mukherjee Dr Apurva Mukherjeealka mukherjee
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) are common during the first trimester of pregnancy, affecting 50 to 80% of pregnant women. A much smaller proportion (0.3-3%) of pregnant women encounter intractable vomiting, which may be complicated by dehydration, significant weight loss, and electrolyte disturbances necessitating hospital admission [1]. This condition is called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). HG has a major effect on patients’ quality of life and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, including low birth weight, small for gestational age, and prematurity .Hyperemesis gravidarum is extreme, persistent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It can lead to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. Morning sickness is mild nausea and vomiting that occurs in early pregnancy.
Most women have some nausea or vomiting (morning sickness), particularly during the first 3 months of pregnancy. The exact cause of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy is not known. However, it is believed to be caused by a rapidly rising blood level of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG is released by the placenta. Mild morning sickness is common. Hyperemesis gravidarium is less common and more severe.
Women with hyperemesis gravidarum have extreme nausea and vomiting during pregnancy. It can cause a weight loss of more than 5% of body weight. The condition can happen in any pregnancy, but is a little more likely if you are pregnant with twins (or more babies), or if you have a hydatidiform mole. Women are at higher risk for hyperemesis if they have had the problem in previous pregnancies or are prone to motion sickness.
This document provides an overview of pelvic organ prolapse. It defines prolapse as the descent of pelvic organs, like the bladder, bowel or uterus, into the vagina due to weakness in their supporting structures. It discusses the epidemiology, relevant anatomy, risk factors, classification, clinical features and management. Conservative options include lifestyle changes, pelvic floor exercises and pessaries. Surgical management ranges from repairs to more radical procedures like hysterectomy, depending on the severity of prolapse and patient factors. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and support the pelvic organs in their proper anatomical position.
- Family planning, also known as contraception, involves limiting family size and preventing unwanted pregnancy. There are about 1.2 billion women of reproductive age worldwide.
- In Nigeria, the total fertility rate is high at 5.7, leading to high population growth and a doubling of the population every 22 years if trends continue. However, contraceptive use is low, with only 14.6% using any method and 9.7% using modern methods.
- Family planning methods include natural methods like fertility awareness and lactational amenorrhea, as well as hormonal methods like oral contraceptives, implants, injections, patches, rings, and IUDs. Barrier methods and permanent sterilization procedures
Introduction
Pregnancy is a normal physiological process and any intervention that is offered to the pregnant or expectant mother should have known benefits and should be acceptable to the woman
Screening in pregnancy is the process of surveying a population of women with markers and defined screening cut-off levels, to identify those at higher risk for a particular disorder
All pregnant women, regardless of age, should be offered, through an informed counselling process, the option of a prenatal screening test for the most common clinically significant fetal aneuploidies
This document discusses gynecological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including abnormal vaginal discharge, trichomoniasis, yeast infections, cervical ectopy, cervical polyps, congenital uterine and vaginal malformations, cervical cancer, fibroids, and ovarian tumors. For each condition, it describes how pregnancy may impact the disorder and vice versa, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches during pregnancy and delivery.
This document outlines various female genital tract malignancies. It discusses vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, womb cancer, ovarian cancer, and fallopian tube cancer. For each cancer, it covers epidemiology, causes and risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, and treatment approaches. It provides details on surgical procedures, radiation therapy regimens, chemotherapy regimens, and strategies for prevention. The document aims to comprehensively overview the major female genital tract cancers.
Taking a good history is very important in making a proper and most appropriate diagnosis.
And it is applicable to all specialties of the medical field.
Influenza in pregnancy , what every clinician should do?Ashraf ElAdawy
This document discusses the risks of influenza in pregnancy and recommendations for vaccination and treatment. Key points:
- Pregnant women are at higher risk of severe complications from influenza compared to non-pregnant women. This risk is highest in the second and third trimesters.
- Influenza vaccination is recommended for all pregnant women during any trimester to protect both mother and baby. However, vaccine uptake among pregnant women remains low.
- Early treatment with oral oseltamivir is recommended for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed influenza, regardless of trimester. Treatment should begin within 48 hours of symptom onset.
The document describes degrees of uterine prolapse from first to third degree. It also discusses pelvic organ prolapse staging from 0 to 4. Symptoms include feeling of something coming down, backache, dyspareunia, urinary and bowel symptoms. Clinical examination involves inspection of vagina and cervix in dorsal, standing, and squatting positions while performing Valsalva maneuver. Levator ani muscle tone is assessed digitally. Investigations like urine test and renal function tests may be done if urinary symptoms persist or renal failure is suspected.
An obstetric physical examination involves a full examination of the pregnant woman, including abdominal and pelvic examinations. The abdominal examination assesses the size, shape, and position of the uterus to determine information like fetal presentation, position, and lie. The pelvic examination allows assessment of cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station and engagement. Together these examinations provide important information about the fetus and progress of the pregnancy or labor.
Seizures during pregnancy can cause: Slowing of the fetal heart rate. Decreased oxygen to the fetus. Fetal injury, premature separation of the placenta from the uterus (placental abruption) or miscarriage due to trauma, such as a fall, during a seizure
Abdominal pain in pregnancy can have many potential causes including obstetric, gynecological, surgical, and medical issues. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which may include conditions like preterm labor, placental abruption, appendicitis, or ectopic pregnancy. Based on the findings, appropriate investigations like urine tests, ultrasound, and fetal monitoring can help make the diagnosis. Management is tailored to the specific cause but the priority is always the health and safety of the mother and baby.
- Stillbirth is defined as fetal death occurring after 20 weeks of gestation or a fetal weight of at least 500 grams. The worldwide stillbirth rate is over 3 million per year.
- The causes of stillbirth are often unknown, but may include maternal conditions like diabetes or hypertension, fetal conditions like growth restriction, and placental conditions like abruption. Advanced maternal age, obesity, and multiple gestations are also risk factors.
- Evaluation of stillbirth includes fetal autopsy, placental examination, and genetic testing. However, the optimal testing and management for subsequent pregnancies after an unexplained stillbirth remains uncertain due to lack of evidence.
This document provides information about complications that can occur during the postpartum period. It discusses common postpartum symptoms like breast swelling and pain, as well as potential complications such as postpartum hemorrhage, infection, and postpartum depression. The document outlines ways to prevent complications such as eating a nutritious diet, limiting stress, and limiting internal exams during labor. It also notes that postpartum depression is a serious potential complication that requires treatment and can threaten both mother and newborn if left untreated.
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Sterility and infertility are often used interchangeably to refer to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex. Specifically, sterility refers to the inability to produce offspring while infertility refers to an inability to conceive due to clinical issues or miscarriage after implantation. However, according to Professor CS Dawn, sterility and infertility essentially mean the same thing - an inability to conceive without contraception after a year of regular unprotected sex when the couple desires a child.
Bartholin's glands are paired oval-shaped glands located on each side of the vaginal opening that produce lubricating secretions. Bartholin's gland infection, or Bartholinitis, can be caused by various bacteria and may result in complete resolution, recurrence, abscess formation, or cyst formation. A Bartholin's abscess is an infection of one of the glands that causes severe pain and swelling. Treatment involves antibiotics, sitz baths, and draining the abscess. A Bartholin's cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can cause discomfort and dyspareunia, and treatment is marsupialization to remove the cyst.
This document discusses genital prolapse, defined as the protrusion of a pelvic organ beyond normal anatomical boundaries. It describes the three main types - uterine, vaginal, and vault prolapse. Risk factors include congenital weakness, childbirth injuries, and menopause. Symptoms include feeling of something coming down and bearing down. Examination is done with the patient in lateral or Sims position while bearing down or coughing. Treatment options discussed are pessary use and surgery. Pessaries can be used during pregnancy, as a test for surgery, or for symptomatic relief in unfit patients.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that requires hospitalization. It is diagnosed after ruling out other causes and is characterized by dehydration, weight loss, and an inability to keep food or fluids down. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV rehydration, electrolyte and nutritional supplementation, antiemetic medications, and monitoring for complications of dehydration and malnutrition. The goals are to rehydrate the mother and prevent risks to her and fetal health.
This document provides an overview of Cesarean section (C-section) including:
- Definition, types (elective vs emergency; lower segment vs upper segment incisions), indications, complications, technique, and management both pre-operatively, intra-operatively, and post-operatively.
The presentation covers the objective, definition, types according to timing and uterine incision, common indications for C-section, potential complications, surgical technique during and after delivery, and guidelines for pre-op, intra-op, and post-op patient care and medication administration.
Caesarean section is the delivery of a baby through surgical incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus. It can be performed as an emergency procedure if there are threats to the mother or baby, or electively if there are risk factors present but no urgency. The most common reasons for C-section are prior C-section, non-progressing labor, abnormal fetal position, and fetal distress. Regional anesthesia is preferred to allow the mother to experience childbirth while remaining safe. The surgery involves making incisions in the abdomen and lower uterine segment to deliver the baby and placenta, followed by closure of the incisions. Complications can include hemorrhage, infection, and injury to nearby organs, but with
The document provides a framework for capturing a basic obstetric history. It outlines 7 key areas of focus: 1) previous obstetric history; 2) current pregnancy; 3) past medical history; 4) mental health; 5) drug history; 6) family history; and 7) social history. For each area, it lists important details to inquire about including previous pregnancies, complications, current symptoms, medical conditions, medications, support systems, and lifestyle factors. A physical examination is also described focusing on uterine size, fetal heart rate, and maternal health indicators.
This document outlines various general and specific risk factors to consider when assessing a pregnancy. It discusses factors related to maternal age, weight, height, parity and socioeconomic status. It also discusses risk factors based on previous reproductive and medical history, complications in the present pregnancy, and previous surgeries. Various methods for monitoring the pregnancy through clinical, biochemical and biophysical means are also outlined.
This document discusses gynecological disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including abnormal vaginal discharge, trichomoniasis, yeast infections, cervical ectopy, cervical polyps, congenital uterine and vaginal malformations, cervical cancer, fibroids, and ovarian tumors. For each condition, it describes how pregnancy may impact the disorder and vice versa, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment approaches during pregnancy and delivery.
This document outlines various female genital tract malignancies. It discusses vulvar cancer, vaginal cancer, cervical cancer, womb cancer, ovarian cancer, and fallopian tube cancer. For each cancer, it covers epidemiology, causes and risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, staging, and treatment approaches. It provides details on surgical procedures, radiation therapy regimens, chemotherapy regimens, and strategies for prevention. The document aims to comprehensively overview the major female genital tract cancers.
Taking a good history is very important in making a proper and most appropriate diagnosis.
And it is applicable to all specialties of the medical field.
Influenza in pregnancy , what every clinician should do?Ashraf ElAdawy
This document discusses the risks of influenza in pregnancy and recommendations for vaccination and treatment. Key points:
- Pregnant women are at higher risk of severe complications from influenza compared to non-pregnant women. This risk is highest in the second and third trimesters.
- Influenza vaccination is recommended for all pregnant women during any trimester to protect both mother and baby. However, vaccine uptake among pregnant women remains low.
- Early treatment with oral oseltamivir is recommended for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed influenza, regardless of trimester. Treatment should begin within 48 hours of symptom onset.
The document describes degrees of uterine prolapse from first to third degree. It also discusses pelvic organ prolapse staging from 0 to 4. Symptoms include feeling of something coming down, backache, dyspareunia, urinary and bowel symptoms. Clinical examination involves inspection of vagina and cervix in dorsal, standing, and squatting positions while performing Valsalva maneuver. Levator ani muscle tone is assessed digitally. Investigations like urine test and renal function tests may be done if urinary symptoms persist or renal failure is suspected.
An obstetric physical examination involves a full examination of the pregnant woman, including abdominal and pelvic examinations. The abdominal examination assesses the size, shape, and position of the uterus to determine information like fetal presentation, position, and lie. The pelvic examination allows assessment of cervical dilation, effacement, and fetal station and engagement. Together these examinations provide important information about the fetus and progress of the pregnancy or labor.
Seizures during pregnancy can cause: Slowing of the fetal heart rate. Decreased oxygen to the fetus. Fetal injury, premature separation of the placenta from the uterus (placental abruption) or miscarriage due to trauma, such as a fall, during a seizure
Abdominal pain in pregnancy can have many potential causes including obstetric, gynecological, surgical, and medical issues. A thorough history and physical exam is important to determine the cause, which may include conditions like preterm labor, placental abruption, appendicitis, or ectopic pregnancy. Based on the findings, appropriate investigations like urine tests, ultrasound, and fetal monitoring can help make the diagnosis. Management is tailored to the specific cause but the priority is always the health and safety of the mother and baby.
- Stillbirth is defined as fetal death occurring after 20 weeks of gestation or a fetal weight of at least 500 grams. The worldwide stillbirth rate is over 3 million per year.
- The causes of stillbirth are often unknown, but may include maternal conditions like diabetes or hypertension, fetal conditions like growth restriction, and placental conditions like abruption. Advanced maternal age, obesity, and multiple gestations are also risk factors.
- Evaluation of stillbirth includes fetal autopsy, placental examination, and genetic testing. However, the optimal testing and management for subsequent pregnancies after an unexplained stillbirth remains uncertain due to lack of evidence.
This document provides information about complications that can occur during the postpartum period. It discusses common postpartum symptoms like breast swelling and pain, as well as potential complications such as postpartum hemorrhage, infection, and postpartum depression. The document outlines ways to prevent complications such as eating a nutritious diet, limiting stress, and limiting internal exams during labor. It also notes that postpartum depression is a serious potential complication that requires treatment and can threaten both mother and newborn if left untreated.
India is the highest TB burden country accounting for more than one-fourth of the global incidence .Genital TB is found in 5-10% of women with infertility problems, with low rates in Australia (1%) and high rates of up to 19% in India (ICMR,2011)
Sterility and infertility are often used interchangeably to refer to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sex. Specifically, sterility refers to the inability to produce offspring while infertility refers to an inability to conceive due to clinical issues or miscarriage after implantation. However, according to Professor CS Dawn, sterility and infertility essentially mean the same thing - an inability to conceive without contraception after a year of regular unprotected sex when the couple desires a child.
Bartholin's glands are paired oval-shaped glands located on each side of the vaginal opening that produce lubricating secretions. Bartholin's gland infection, or Bartholinitis, can be caused by various bacteria and may result in complete resolution, recurrence, abscess formation, or cyst formation. A Bartholin's abscess is an infection of one of the glands that causes severe pain and swelling. Treatment involves antibiotics, sitz baths, and draining the abscess. A Bartholin's cyst is a fluid-filled sac that can cause discomfort and dyspareunia, and treatment is marsupialization to remove the cyst.
This document discusses genital prolapse, defined as the protrusion of a pelvic organ beyond normal anatomical boundaries. It describes the three main types - uterine, vaginal, and vault prolapse. Risk factors include congenital weakness, childbirth injuries, and menopause. Symptoms include feeling of something coming down and bearing down. Examination is done with the patient in lateral or Sims position while bearing down or coughing. Treatment options discussed are pessary use and surgery. Pessaries can be used during pregnancy, as a test for surgery, or for symptomatic relief in unfit patients.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that requires hospitalization. It is diagnosed after ruling out other causes and is characterized by dehydration, weight loss, and an inability to keep food or fluids down. Treatment involves hospitalization, IV rehydration, electrolyte and nutritional supplementation, antiemetic medications, and monitoring for complications of dehydration and malnutrition. The goals are to rehydrate the mother and prevent risks to her and fetal health.
This document provides an overview of Cesarean section (C-section) including:
- Definition, types (elective vs emergency; lower segment vs upper segment incisions), indications, complications, technique, and management both pre-operatively, intra-operatively, and post-operatively.
The presentation covers the objective, definition, types according to timing and uterine incision, common indications for C-section, potential complications, surgical technique during and after delivery, and guidelines for pre-op, intra-op, and post-op patient care and medication administration.
Caesarean section is the delivery of a baby through surgical incisions in the mother's abdomen and uterus. It can be performed as an emergency procedure if there are threats to the mother or baby, or electively if there are risk factors present but no urgency. The most common reasons for C-section are prior C-section, non-progressing labor, abnormal fetal position, and fetal distress. Regional anesthesia is preferred to allow the mother to experience childbirth while remaining safe. The surgery involves making incisions in the abdomen and lower uterine segment to deliver the baby and placenta, followed by closure of the incisions. Complications can include hemorrhage, infection, and injury to nearby organs, but with
The document provides a framework for capturing a basic obstetric history. It outlines 7 key areas of focus: 1) previous obstetric history; 2) current pregnancy; 3) past medical history; 4) mental health; 5) drug history; 6) family history; and 7) social history. For each area, it lists important details to inquire about including previous pregnancies, complications, current symptoms, medical conditions, medications, support systems, and lifestyle factors. A physical examination is also described focusing on uterine size, fetal heart rate, and maternal health indicators.
This document outlines various general and specific risk factors to consider when assessing a pregnancy. It discusses factors related to maternal age, weight, height, parity and socioeconomic status. It also discusses risk factors based on previous reproductive and medical history, complications in the present pregnancy, and previous surgeries. Various methods for monitoring the pregnancy through clinical, biochemical and biophysical means are also outlined.
The document provides guidelines for taking a thorough gynecology history. It emphasizes maintaining patient comfort and privacy, using sensitive communication, and exploring all relevant medical, surgical, obstetric, menstrual, sexual and family histories. The key components of history taking are outlined, including chief complaints, menstrual, obstetric and medical histories. Factors to assess for various presenting issues like abnormal bleeding, discharge, masses, pain and infertility are described.
The document provides guidelines for taking a thorough gynecology history. It emphasizes maintaining patient comfort and privacy, using sensitive communication, and exploring all relevant medical, surgical, obstetric, menstrual, sexual and family histories. The key components of history taking are outlined, including chief complaints, menstrual, obstetric and medical histories. Factors to assess for various presenting issues like abnormal bleeding, discharge, masses and infertility are described.
Prenatal care involves planned examinations and monitoring of the woman from conception to birth. The goals are to reduce maternal and infant mortality and morbidity through early detection and treatment of any complications. Prenatal visits include assessment of medical history, symptoms, vital signs, weight, fetal growth and position. Screening tests are performed to check for conditions like anemia and gestational diabetes. Regular visits allow monitoring of the pregnancy and risks are assessed based on factors like maternal age, pre-existing conditions, and family history. Genetic screening options are offered depending on risk level. Prenatal care aims to promote the health of the mother and baby and prepare for delivery.
1. Antenatal care includes regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby, provide supplements and immunizations, educate on warning signs, and plan for delivery.
2. Less than half of women in India receive antenatal care during their first trimester as recommended. Home births are still common which increases risks.
3. Objectives of antenatal care include promoting maternal and infant health, detecting high-risk pregnancies, advising on self-care, preparing for labor and lactation, and reducing anxiety. Regular checkups and tests are done to monitor progress and identify any issues.
Group Reproductice health Coursework.pptssuser504dda
The document summarizes the goals and components of antenatal care. It discusses:
1) The goals of antenatal care which include reducing maternal and infant mortality and morbidity, improving physical and mental health, and preparing women for labor and delivery.
2) The components of assessment during antenatal care visits, which involve taking a medical history, conducting a physical exam including vital signs, abdominal exam to check fetal position and growth, and assessing other body systems.
3) The physical exam focuses on assessing the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological systems, as well as weight, height and abdominal growth. Fetal presentation, position and growth are evaluated through abdominal palpation.
Obesity in pregnancy is now rampant and bringing about concern because of the associated morbidity and mortality both to the mother and child. All hands must be on deck to prevent and manage this condition and associated sequel.
Prenatal care involves regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby and prevent or identify potential complications. The goals are to promote healthy pregnancies and deliveries through education, screening, identification of risk factors, and treatment or intervention if needed. Initial visits involve a full medical history, exam, lab work, estimation of due date, and education about nutrition, safety, and signs of concern to watch out for. Later visits focus on brief history updates, monitoring growth and fetal well-being through exams and testing, and addressing any issues that arise.
This document provides details on examining an obstetrics case, including taking a thorough history and conducting a physical examination. The history includes vital statistics, obstetric history, medical/surgical history, and social history. The physical examination involves general examination of vital signs, nutrition status, and specific obstetric examination of the abdomen and vagina/cervix. Taking a complete history and examination allows screening for high-risk cases and ensuring normal pregnancy and delivery of a healthy baby.
This document provides guidelines for taking a gynecologic and obstetric history. It outlines the key components to include such as identification data, chief complaints, obstetric history including gravidity and parity, menstrual and gynecologic history, past medical and surgical history, review of systems, and physical examination including vital signs, examination of external genitalia, speculum and bimanual pelvic exam. The physical exam section provides details on assessing the vagina, cervix, uterus, adnexa, and rectal exam. The history and exam allow providers to evaluate patients' obstetric and gynecologic health concerns.
Prenatal care involves regular examinations and advice during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and fetus. It aims to screen for high-risk cases, prevent or treat complications early, provide health education, and discuss delivery plans. Preconception counseling identifies risks and optimizes health before pregnancy. Prenatal visits assess health status, growth, and provide preventative care. Postnatal care ensures the rapid recovery of both mother and baby and provides family planning services and education.
This document discusses high risk approaches in maternal and child health. It defines high risk pregnancies as those complicated by factors that can adversely impact maternal or neonatal outcomes. Approximately 20-30% of pregnancies are considered high risk. The document outlines various risk factors to screen for during antenatal exams and describes how to manage high risk cases through close monitoring, early interventions, specialized care, and strengthening the healthcare system and community support networks. Traditional approaches like risk screening and antenatal care are important but have limitations in predicting and preventing life-threatening complications, demonstrating that all pregnancies carry some risk.
The document discusses antenatal care (ANC), which includes care provided during pregnancy by health professionals to prevent maternal mortality. ANC involves estimating gestational age, taking a full medical and obstetric history, performing physical examinations, screening tests, and providing health education. The World Health Organization recommends a minimum of 4 ANC visits. The first visit includes confirming pregnancy and obtaining histories. Subsequent visits monitor pregnancy progression. ANC aims to ensure healthy pregnancies and deliveries.
This document provides guidance on antenatal care. It discusses the importance of preconception care, screening and risk assessment during pregnancy, and the essential components of antenatal visits. The goals of antenatal care are to ensure the best outcomes for women and babies by screening for problems, assessing risk, treating issues, providing medications and information. Key aspects covered include taking a medical history, conducting physical exams, estimating gestation, performing essential screening tests, discussing medications and vaccines, creating a management plan, and covering topics for subsequent routine prenatal visits.
This document summarizes guidelines for antenatal care including the number of recommended appointments based on pregnancy history, risk factors requiring obstetrician-led care, vitamins and supplements recommended during pregnancy, testing for Rhesus D status, monitoring fetal growth, and how to perform an obstetric examination. Key points include recommendations for 10 appointments with a midwife for first pregnancies and 7 for subsequent ones, higher dose folic acid and vitamin D for those at high risk, testing all women for Rhesus D status, monitoring fetal size with fundal height measurements and ultrasounds if high risk, and steps for examining the mother and fetus during an obstetric exam.
The document discusses prenatal care and adaptations to pregnancy. It defines key terms related to obstetric history and pregnancy. The major goals of prenatal care are to promote the health of the mother, fetus, and family. Prenatal care includes assessing risk factors, providing education on self-care, nutrition counseling, and promoting family adaptation to pregnancy. Signs of pregnancy are divided into presumptive, probable, and positive. Estimated due dates are calculated using the last normal menstrual period and other methods. Prenatal visits involve routine assessments of vital signs, weight, fetal growth, and identifying any problems.
The document discusses prenatal care and adaptations to pregnancy. It defines key terms related to obstetric history and pregnancy. The major goals of prenatal care are to promote the health of the mother, fetus, and family. Prenatal care includes assessing risk factors, providing education on self-care, nutrition counseling, and promoting family adaptation to pregnancy. Signs of pregnancy are divided into presumptive, probable, and positive. Estimated due dates are calculated using the last normal menstrual period and ultrasound can confirm the date.
This document provides guidance on antenatal care during the second trimester of pregnancy. It discusses the goals and aims of antenatal care, the timing and frequency of visits, assessments and screenings to be performed, common discomforts experienced and their management, and counseling of patients. The key aspects covered are initial evaluation if the first visit is in the second trimester, ongoing assessments at follow-up visits, screening tests and their timing, and identifying and managing high-risk pregnancies.
Second Trimester work up and Algorithms by Dr Pratima Mittal NARENDRA C MALHOTRA
The document provides guidance on antenatal care in the second trimester. It recommends ongoing assessments of the health of the mother and fetus between 14 to 28 weeks of gestation, including accurate dating, screening tests, and monitoring for potential complications. Regular visits allow for early detection and treatment of issues. Common discomforts of pregnancy like back pain, nausea, and constipation are also addressed.
Similar to Obstetric history & examination (20)
Late pregnancy bleeding can occur after 20 weeks of gestation and has several potential causes. Placental abruption occurs when the placenta separates from the uterine wall before delivery, presenting with abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, and contractions. Uterine rupture is a complete separation of the uterine wall that endangers the mother and fetus, often occurring in those with prior uterine surgery. Placenta previa is when the placenta implants in the lower uterine segment, presenting with painless vaginal bleeding. Vasa previa occurs when fetal vessels traverse the membranes over the cervical os, presenting with bleeding upon rupture of membranes or contractions and fetal bradycardia. Abnormal placenta attachment like accreta,
Globally, over 600,000 new cases and 300,000 deaths were estimated for cervical cancer in 2020 .
Third most common gynecological cancer in Palestine.
Palestine has a higher age-standardized mortality rate than other countries in the region
A 5-year-old boy has moved from the 50th percentile for both weight and height to the 95th percentile for weight and 50th percentile for height, indicating he is now obese. When counseling the family, the doctor should discuss the health consequences of childhood obesity, including increased risk of diseases like diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Obesity in children can also negatively impact psychological health and quality of life.
A 5-year-old boy has moved from the 50th percentile for both weight and height to the 95th percentile for weight and 50th percentile for height, indicating he is now obese. When counseling the family, the doctor should discuss the health consequences of childhood obesity like increased risk of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychosocial issues. Obesity in children can lead to obesity in adults and is one of the most common chronic illnesses among adolescents.
This document provides an outline and overview of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). It begins with a case presentation of a 42-year-old woman exhibiting symptoms of gait and stance issues, tremors, and cognitive decline. It then defines CJD as a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions, an abnormal form of a protein normally found in the brain. The document discusses the etiology, modes of transmission including genetic and acquired forms, epidemiology including mortality rates varying by region, pathogenesis involving prion protein conversion and neuronal death, clinical diagnosis challenges, lack of treatment options, and infection control recommendations.
Breast milk jaundice.
The key features that point to breast milk jaundice in this case are:
- Jaundice onset after the first week of life
- Progressive deepening of jaundice over 1 week
- Exclusively breastfed
- Pale/gray stool color indicating reduced bilirubin conjugation
Breast milk jaundice results from high levels of beta-glucuronidase in breast milk interfering with bilirubin conjugation in the infant's liver and gut. It typically presents after the first week of life and can persist for several weeks if breastfeeding continues.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a large group of cancers that develop from lymphocytes, with around 85% originating from B cells and 15% from T or NK cells. T-cell lymphomas presenting with lymphadenopathy rather than outside the lymph nodes are a rare and heterogeneous group of tumors that are usually of the CD4+ phenotype.
he term myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) describes a
group of conditions arising from marrow stem cells and characterized by clonal proliferation of one or more haemopoietic
components in the bone marrow and, in many cases, the liver
and spleen. They are often called the myeloproliferative diseases. The three major non‐leukaemic disorders included in
this classification are:
1 Polycythaemia vera (PV);
2 Essential thrombocythaemia (ET); and
3 Primary myelofibrosis.
Malta Fever , Brucellosis , is one of the most prevalent zoonotic infection globally. It’s a
bacterial infection caused by Brucella , a Gram-Negative bacteria1
. Brucella melitensis
(transmitted from sheep and goats), B. abortus (transmitted from cattle and bovina), and B.
suis (transmitted to humans from pigs) are the most common species causing human
brucellosis
Gastroparesis is a syndrome of objectively delayed gastric emptying in the absence of a mechanical obstruction and cardinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, early satiety, bloating, and/or upper abdominal pain
Common disorder with an annual incidence of 0.1% to 0.5%.
The peak age at onset is 20 to 30 years
Men > Women ( until 50s )
Wide geographic variations exist, due to differences in diet and water composition, as well as ambient and sunlight exposure. 5-9% in Europe 20% in Saudi Arabia
It is an inflammation of the middle ear cleft (( not middle ear cavity)).
Account for almost 1/3 of the office visit to pediatricians
Peak incidence 6-24 month of life
More common in boys and in low socioeconomic persons
Incidence increased in children with: HIV , cleft palate, trisomy 21
Many systemic diseases are reflected in the oral mucosa, maxilla, and mandible.
Mucosal changes may include ulceration or mucosal bleeding.
Immunodeficiency can lead to opportunistic diseases such as infection and neoplasia.
Bone disease can affect the maxilla and mandible.
Systemic disease can cause dental and periodontal changes.
Drugs prescribed for a systemic disease can affect oral tissue.
Trotter's triad is a set of three symptoms seen in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients: middle ear effusion, palatal asymmetry, and a nasopharyngeal tumor. An example case showed a patient with left-sided middle ear effusion, palatal asymmetry, and a nasopharyngeal tumor that had extended intracranially through the foramen ovale and invaded the pterygoid muscles.
The facial nerve emerges from the brainstem and has both motor and sensory functions. It innervates the muscles of facial expression and provides parasympathetic innervation to glands. Facial paralysis can result from lesions to the facial nerve. Bell's palsy is the most common cause of unilateral facial paralysis and usually resolves over time with treatment like corticosteroids. Grading systems like the House-Brackmann scale are used to assess facial nerve function.
this ppt presents pancreatitis and tumors of the pancreas
The fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States and has a mean age of 55 at diagnosis.
I GET SMASHED
Phoniatrics is the branch of medicine concerned with communication disorders related to phonation, speech, and language. It deals with the science of voice production, speech articulation using the mouth, tongue, and lips, and the four modalities of human language: comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing. Communication disorders can involve defects in phonation (voice), resonance (in the pharynx, mouth, and nose), speech articulation, or language development and use. Phoniatrists work to diagnose and treat these disorders through medical treatment, surgery, voice therapy and other methods.
The document provides an overview of brain anatomy and various types of head injuries and brain hemorrhages that can be seen on CT imaging. It begins with a brief description of brain anatomy including skull bones, meninges, ventricles, and cortical structures. It then discusses different types of head trauma such as skull fractures, depressed fractures, and basilar fractures. Finally, it covers brain hemorrhages including extra-axial hemorrhages like epidural hematomas and subdural hematomas, as well as subarachnoid hemorrhage and intra-axial bleeding.
The document discusses septic arthritis, an inflammatory joint condition caused by bacterial infection. It notes that septic arthritis most commonly affects the knee, with Staphylococcus aureus now the most common pathogen in most patients. Risk factors include advanced age, medical conditions like diabetes, joint surgery, IV drug use, and recent bacteremia. Symptoms include joint pain, swelling, warmth, and fever. Diagnosis involves joint aspiration and fluid analysis, along with blood tests. Treatment requires antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage, while complications can include permanent joint damage if not addressed promptly.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Learning Outcomes
• To understand the principles of taking an
obstetric history.
• To understand the key components of an
obstetric examination.
3. Why Is It Different ?
• The patient is normally a healthy woman undergoing a
normal life event.
• The type of questions asked during the history change
with gestation, as does the purpose and nature of the
examination.
• The history will often cover physiology, pathology and
psychology.
4. Obstetric History
• Always :
– introduce yourself; tell the patient who you are and why you
have come to see them.
– Make sure that the patient is seated comfortably.
– The questions asked must be tailored to the purpose of the
visit :
• At a booking visit : baseline information is established.
• antenatal visits :for a specific reason or because a complication
has developed
Some areas of the obstetric history cover subjects that are
intensely private it is vital to be aware of and sensitive to
each individual situation.
6. Obstetric History
• Dating the Pregnancy:
– Pregnancy has been historically dated from the last
menstrual period (LMP),
– Naegele’s Rule
• EDD = last menstrual period + 7 days – 3 months
7.
8. Obstetric History
• The Pregnancy:
• It is important to define the EDD at the booking visit:
– as accurate dating is important in later pregnancy for
assessing fetal growth
– accurate dating reduces the risk of premature elective
deliveries, such as induction of labor for postmature
pregnancies and elective caesarean sections.
9. Crown-rump length
• Used in first trimester (< 13 weeks)
– • Correlates with gestational age
– • Most accurate biometric parameter for pregnancy dating
• If done before ≤ 9 weeks of gestation: dates to ± 5 days
– Dates to ± 7 days from 9 to 13 weeks
11. Obstetric History
• The Pregnancy:
• What are the patient’s main concerns?
• Have there been any other problems in this pregnancy?
• Has there been any bleeding, contractions or loss of fluid
vaginally?
12. Obstetric History: Social history
• Social circumstances can have a dramatic influence on
pregnancy outcome.
• Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and Morbidity
(2009–12) echoes previous reports and details that “maternal
mortality is higher amongst older women, those living in the
most deprived areas and amongst women from some ethnic
minority groups”
13. Obstetric History: Social history
• Women who are experiencing domestic abuse, may be at
higher risk of abuse during pregnancy and of adverse
pregnancy outcome, because they may be prevented from
attending antenatal appointment.
• Smoking/alcohol/drugs.
• Marital status.
• Occupation, partner’s occupation.
• Who is available to help at home?
• Are there any housing problems
14. Obstetric History: Social history
• Generally whether there is a stable income coming into the
house.
• What sort of housing the patient occupies (e.g. a flat with
lots of stairs and no lift may be problematic).
• Whether the woman works and for how long she is
planning to work during the pregnancy.
• Smoking: causes a reduction in birthweight in a dose-
dependent way. It also increases the risk of miscarriage,
stillbirth and neonatal death.
20. Features that are likely to have impact
on future pregnancies
• Recurrent miscarriage :
– Increased risk of miscarriage.
– IUGR.
• Preterm delivery :
– Increased risk of preterm delivery.
• Early onset preeclampsia:
– Increased risk of preeclampsia.
– IUGR.
22. Gynaecological history
• Age of menarche
• Regularity of cycle: irregular cycles = PCOD
Duration between each?/ how many days of
flow?/ Amount of blood?>>number of daily
pads? Soaked with blood or not? Clots?
• Date of last cervical smear
• Previous disease: ovarian cysts/ fibroid/PID
• Previous gynecological surgery
• Contraceptive use ( IUD )
24. Medical History
• (HIV) infection: risk of mother-to-child transfer if untreated.
• Connective tissue diseases (e.g. SLE), pre-eclampsia,
IUGR.
• Myasthenia gravis/myotonic dystrophy: fetal neurological
effects and increased materna muscular fatigue in labor.
26. Psychiatric history
• Anti psychotic medication.
• Postpartum blues or depression.
• Depression unrelated to pregnancy.
• Major psychiatric illness.
27. Drug History
• It is vital to establish what drugs a woman has been taking
for their condition and for what duration
• All medication
• Anti HTN
• Antdiabetic
• Antiallergic drugs
• Corticosteroids
• Allergies To what? What problems do they cause?
28. Family history
• Family history is important if it can:
– • Impact on the health of the mother in pregnancy or afterwards.
– • Have implications for the fetus or baby.
• Important areas are a maternal history of a first degree relative
(sibling or parent) with:
– • Diabetes (increased risk of gestational diabetes).
– • Thromboembolic disease (increased risk of thrombophilia,
thrombosis).
– • Pre-eclampsia (increased risk of pre-eclampsia).
– • Serious psychiatric disorder (increased risk of puerperal
psychosis).
29. Family history
• For both parents, it is important to know about any family
history of babies with congenital abnormality and any
potential genetic problems, such as haemoglobinopathies
30. Obstetric examination
• adherence to the principles of infection reduction is
vital.
– Arm should be bare from the elbow down.
– Alcohol gel should be used when moving from one
clinical area to another (e.g. between wards).
– hands should always be washed or gel used before and
after any patient contact
• Be courteous and gentle.
• Always ensure the patient is comfortable and warm.
• Always have a chaperone present when you examine
patients.
31. Maternal weight and height
• to identify women who are significantly underweight or
overweight
• Women with a (BMI) of less than 20 are at higher risk of
fetal growth restriction and increased perinatal mortality.
• In the obese woman (BMI >30), the risks of gestational
diabetes and hypertension are increased
– Additionally, fetal assessment, both by palpation and
ultrasound, is more difficult
– Obesity is also associated with increased birthweight and a
higher perinatal mortality rate
32. Maternal weight and height
• In women of normal weight at booking, and in whom
nutrition is of no concern, there is no need to repeat weight
measurement in pregnancy.
33. Blood pressure measurement
• Blood pressure measurement is one of the few aspects of
antenatal care that is truly beneficial.
• The first recording of BP should be made as early as
possible in pregnancy and thereafter it should be
performed at every visit.
• Hypertension diagnosed for the first time in early
pregnancy (blood pressure >140/90 mmHg on two
separate occasions at least 4 hours apart) should prompt a
search for underlying causes (i.e. renal, endocrine and
collagen-vascular disease)
34. Urinary examination
• All women should be offered routine screening for
asymptomatic bacteriuria by midstream urine culture early
in pregnancy.
– To reduces the risk of pyelonephritis. Which increases the
risk of pregnancy loss/premature labor and is associated with
considerable maternal morbidity.
• If there is any proteinuria, a thorough evaluation with
regard to a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia should be
undertaken
35. General medical examination
• In fit and healthy women presenting for a routine visit there
is little benefit in a full formal physical examination.
36. Examination of the pregnant abdomen
• Always have a chaperone with you to perform this
examination and before starting, ask about pain and areas
of tenderness.
• place her in a semi-recumbent position on a couch or bed.
• n late pregnancy women should never lie completely flat;
the semi-prone position or a left lateral tilt will avoid
aortocaval compression
• The abdomen should be exposed from just below the
breasts to the symphysis fundus
38. Symphysis–fundal height measurement
• Symphysis–fundal height (SFH) should be measured and
recorded at each antenatal appointment from 24 weeks’
gestation.
39.
40. Fetal lie, presentation and engagement
• After measuring the SFH, next palpate to count the number
of fetal poles
• A pole is a head or a bottom
• If you can feel one or two, it is likely to
be a singleton pregnancy
• If you can feel three or four, a twin
pregnancy is likely
• large fibroids can mimic a fetal pole
41. • fetal lie and presentation:
– only necessary in late pregnancy
– a pole over the pelvis, the lie is
longitudinal regardless of whether the
other pole is lying more to the left or
right.
– An oblique lie is where the leading pole
does not lie over the pelvis, but just to
one side;
– a transverse lie is where the fetus lies
directly across the abdomen
42.
43. • Presentation can either be cephalic (head down) or
breech (bottom/feet down
– Using a two-handed approach and watching the woman’s
face, gently feel for the presenting part. The head is generally
much firmer than the bottom
44. • At the same time as feeling for the presenting part, assess
whether it is engaged or not:
– if the whole head is palpable and it is easily movable, the
head is likely to be ‘free’. This equates to 5/5th palpable and
is recorded as 5/5.
– As the head descends into the pelvis, less can be felt. When
the head is no longer movable, it has ‘engaged’ and only 1/5th
or 2/5th will be palpable
46. • Auscultation: if the baby active (no need):
– we use hand-held device to allow the mother to hear
the heart beat.
• if you want to use stethoscope … put it over the
fetal shoulder
• Don’t say there is no heart beat with stethoscope
only (hand-held doppler device)
47. Pelvic examination
• Routine pelvic examination is not necessary
• Pelvic exam done in some cases:
– excessive or offensive discharge
– vaginal bleeding (absence of a placenta praevia)
– perform a cervical smear
– to confirm potential rupture of membranes.
– *** done by using speculum.
48. • a female chaperone must be
present regardless of the sex
of the examiner.
• A digital examination may be
performed when an
assessment of cervix is
required (dilation and
effacement). that is not
obtainable from a speculum
examination.
49. • Examining from the patient’s right, two fingers of the gloved
right hand are gently introduced into the vagina and
advanced until the cervix is palpated. Prior to induction of
labor, a full assessment of the Bishop’s score can be made
50. • exceeds 8 describes the patient most likely to achieve a
successful vaginal birth.
• Bishop scores of less than 6 usually require that a cervical
ripening method (pharmacologic or physical, such as a
foley bulb) be used before other methods.
51. • In women with suspected pre-eclampsia, the reflexes
should be assessed. These are most easily checked at the
ankle. The presence of more than three beats of clonus is
pathological.
• Edema of the extremities affects 80% of term
pregnancies and is not a good indicator for preeclampsia
as it is so common. However, the presence of non-
dependent edema such as facial oedema should be noted