Observation African savannas have a large diversity of ungu.pdf
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Observation: African savannas have a large diversity of ungulate herbivores that live in a range of habitats from open plains to dense thickets of trees. Since savanna herbivores are of various sizes and have different feeding habits, they might respond differently to variation in woody cover. However, the extent to which these responses are driven by feeding preferences or predator avoidance are poorly understood. In savanna systems most predators rely on stealth, so the ability to detect predators may be more important than the ability to hide from them. If this is true, then herbivores may prefer to forage in more open areas (with lower woody cover) than areas with higher woody cover. A study was conducted to examine the relationship between wild herbivore abundance and tree density (amount of woody cover). This was compared with the relationship between cattle abundance and tree density. Farmed cattle do not have the natural fear of predation that wild animals do and may therefore be expected to respond differently to the amount of woody cover. Task [10 marks] a) Name the dependent variable. Indicate the type of data (continuous or discrete) and the data scale for this variable. (2) b) Name the independent variable. Indicate the type of data (continuous or discrete) and the data scale for this variable. (2) c) First, you must choose and compute an appropriate graph to visualize the data provided. Using the information presented in your graph(s), describe and compare the observed relationships. (4) d) What explanation could you give for the relationships you observed? (2).
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![Observation: African savannas have a large diversity of ungulate herbivores that live in a range of
habitats from open plains to dense thickets of trees. Since savanna herbivores are of various sizes
and have different feeding habits, they might respond differently to variation in woody cover.
However, the extent to which these responses are driven by feeding preferences or predator
avoidance are poorly understood. In savanna systems most predators rely on stealth, so the ability
to detect predators may be more important than the ability to hide from them. If this is true, then
herbivores may prefer to forage in more open areas (with lower woody cover) than areas with
higher woody cover. A study was conducted to examine the relationship between wild herbivore
abundance and tree density (amount of woody cover). This was compared with the relationship
between cattle abundance and tree density. Farmed cattle do not have the natural fear of
predation that wild animals do and may therefore be expected to respond differently to the amount
of woody cover.
Task [10 marks]
a) Name the dependent variable. Indicate the type of data (continuous or discrete) and the data
scale for this variable. (2)
b) Name the independent variable. Indicate the type of data (continuous or discrete) and the data
scale for this variable. (2)
c) First, you must choose and compute an appropriate graph to visualize the data provided. Using
the information presented in your graph(s), describe and compare the observed relationships. (4)
d) What explanation could you give for the relationships you observed? (2)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/observationafricansavannashavealargediversityofungu-230322045905-e6e98425/85/Observation-African-savannas-have-a-large-diversity-of-ungu-pdf-1-320.jpg)
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Hannah's ISS
This study investigated the effects of habitat restoration in 12 urban parks in Metro Vancouver on plant and pollinator communities. Restored plots had higher plant species richness and diversity compared to control plots, but similar plant abundance. Pollinator abundance, richness and diversity were not significantly different between restored and control plots. Network analysis found control plots had higher asymmetry, suggesting invasive plants increase network resilience. The results suggest that while restorations improved plant diversity, added native plants did not provide enough additional floral resources to significantly change pollinator communities compared to resources from invasive species in control plots. Managers should ensure alternative forage is available after invasive removal by planting generalist native species with overlapping blooms.
home range and territoriality.pptx
Home ranges are areas where individual animals carry out normal activities like finding food, water, and shelter. They are not defended from other animals and home ranges of different individuals may overlap. Within a home range is a core area where most activities are concentrated, like around a nest site. The size of home ranges varies depending on factors like body size, sex, diet, habitat, and resources. Territories are smaller defended areas that provide necessary resources and do not overlap with each other. Animals use behaviors like scent marking and aggression to defend territories.
The influence of the foodscape on quaking aspen stand condition and use by un...
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How competition shapes communities
Competition occurs when multiple species rely on the same limited resources. Warblers avoid competition by specializing on different parts of the same trees. Species can coexist if they divide resources in their realized niches to minimize overlap with their fundamental niches. Predation also reduces competition by controlling populations that could otherwise outcompete other species. Greater biodiversity in ecosystems leads to higher productivity and stability.
Biology 205 8
This document discusses population ecology concepts including:
- Populations are defined as groups of the same species in a specific area, characterized by number and density.
- Physical environment limits species' geographic distributions. Studies found climate influences kangaroo and plant species distributions.
- On small scales, individual distributions within populations can be random, regular, or clumped based on resource availability. On large scales, distributions are often clumped.
- Population density generally declines with increasing organism size, shown in studies of mammals, birds, and plants.
- Rarity is determined by a species' geographic range, habitat tolerance, and local population sizes, with less common combinations more vulnerable to extinction.
Nuria Bio abstract
This research abstract proposes comparing the micro-communities of arthropods inhabiting riparian and chaparral ecosystems in Mill Creek Canyon in the San Bernardino National Forest. The study would evaluate the frequencies of arthropod species' occurrences, compositions, and richness between the two habitats. Arthropods would be collected using pit-traps, classified morphologically, and their frequencies analyzed using statistical tests. The diversity and change in species composition between the communities would also be compared using an index that measures beta diversity. As plant communities define terrestrial environments and arthropods are important for ecosystem stability and nutrient cycling, preserving both is important for different biomes.
Keystone species
This document defines and provides examples of keystone species. It introduces the concept of the keystone species, which was established in 1969 by Robert T. Paine, and provides starfish and mussels as the original keystone predator and prey. Keystone species have a disproportionate impact on their environment relative to their abundance and play a critical role in maintaining ecosystem structure. The document then provides examples of different types of keystone species, including herbivores like elephants in African savannas, mutualists like hummingbirds and plants in Patagonia, and predators like starfish that control mussel and barnacle populations. It concludes by stating keystone species are integral to ecosystems and their conservation is essential for ecosystem maintenance and restoration.
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