O Level History Examination, June 19179
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These are the two papers I took for my History `O' level in 1979, when I was 16. I thought they might be worth sharing for those doing GCSE or equivalent nowadays
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Over the past decade, the landscape of academic publishing has changed dramatically, with publishers moving from subscription-based models to "open access" in which papers are available to read free of charge. Many journals have made the decision to maintain revenue by charging authors for this, via so-called "Article Processing Charges" (APCs) which can run to $1000s thereby closing the door on those without funds to pay. More recently, there have been moves to encourage researchers to publish using "Diamond" Open Access wherein papers are published without charge to the authors and without cost to the reader. In this talk I shall discuss the ennvironment for Open Access Publishing in Astrophysics with reference to the Open Journal of Astrophysics (OJAp), which offers a not-for-profit service of this kind using an arXiv-overlay model. I will also offer a possible vision of the future of truly "Open Access" publishing based on a global network of institutional and/or subject-based repositories.
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Over the past decade, the landscape of academic publishing has changed dramatically, with publishers moving from subscription-based models to "open access" in which papers are available to read free of charge. Many journals have made the decision to maintain revenue by charging authors for this, via so-called "Article Processing Charges" (APCs) which can run to $1000s thereby closing the door on those without funds to pay. More recently, there have been moves to encourage researchers to publish using "Diamond" Open Access wherein papers are published without charge to the authors and without cost to the reader. In this talk I shall discuss the ennvironment for Open Access Publishing in Astrophysics with reference to the Open Journal of Astrophysics (OJAp), which offers a not-for-profit service of this kind using an arXiv-overlay model. I will also offer a possible vision of the future of truly "Open Access" publishing based on a global network of institutional and/or subject-based repositories.
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Over the past decade, the landscape of academic publishing has changed dramatically, with publishers moving from subscription-based models to "open access" in which papers are available to read free of charge. Many journals have made the decision to maintain revenue by charging authors for this, via so-called "Article Processing Charges" (APCs) which can run to $1000s thereby closing the door on those without funds to pay. More recently, there have been moves to encourage researchers to publish using "Diamond" Open Access wherein papers are published without charge to the authors and without cost to the reader. In this talk I shall discuss the ennvironment for Open Access Publishing in Astrophysics with reference to the Open Journal of Astrophysics (OJAp), which offers a not-for-profit service of this kind using an arXiv-overlay model. I will also offer a possible vision of the future of truly "Open Access" publishing based on a global network of institutional and/or subject-based repositories.
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2) The measurements found light bending of 1.61 ± 0.40 seconds of arc in Principe and 1.98 ± 0.16 seconds of arc in Sobral, consistent with Einstein's prediction of 1.74 seconds of arc.
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2) The expeditions were led by Arthur Eddington and took place in Principe and Sobral, where they measured the positions of stars near the sun during the eclipse and found their results confirmed Einstein's prediction of light bending.
3) This made Einstein famous worldwide and was a landmark achievement that helped establish general relativity as the new theory of gravity, replacing Newton's theory.
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i.e. dark matter consisting of extremely light particles whose e ective de Broglie wavelength is
suciently large to be astrophysically relevant, but it can be used to model more general scenarios
and has a number of advantages over standard methods based on Eulerian perturbation theory. I
illustrate the formalism with some calculations for cosmic voids and discuss its application to the
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2) It explains that dark matter and dark energy make up most of the universe and are not fully understood.
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2) The measurements found light bending of 1.61 ± 0.40 seconds of arc in Principe and 1.98 ± 0.16 seconds of arc in Sobral, consistent with Einstein's prediction of 1.74 seconds of arc.
3) This confirmed Einstein's theory of general relativity and made him famous worldwide, revolutionizing our understanding of space, time, gravity and the universe.
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1) In 1919, two expeditions were sent to observe a solar eclipse in order to test Einstein's theory of general relativity, which predicted light would bend near massive objects like the sun.
2) The expeditions were led by Arthur Eddington and took place in Principe and Sobral, where they measured the positions of stars near the sun during the eclipse and found their results confirmed Einstein's prediction of light bending.
3) This made Einstein famous worldwide and was a landmark achievement that helped establish general relativity as the new theory of gravity, replacing Newton's theory.
The Open Journal of Astrophysics
The document discusses open access in academic publishing and introduces The Open Journal of Astrophysics. It notes that most astrophysics research is publicly funded yet access is restricted behind publisher paywalls. The Open Journal of Astrophysics is a free, open access overlay journal that reviews papers already posted to the arXiv to make them openly available. It has very low annual costs compared to traditional journals and helps achieve the goal of openly accessible research.
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Information and Communication Technology in Education
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
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